The document presents an overview of endoscopy, defined as the ability to look inside the body using small cameras attached to flexible or rigid tubes, which aids in diagnosing various gastrointestinal disorders in animals. It details the history and evolution of endoscopy, its types, principles, advantages, and disadvantages, emphasizing its significance in veterinary medicine. The document also highlights the various applications and procedures enabled by endoscopy, including biopsies and therapeutic interventions.

1. ENDOSCOPY
PRESENTED BY
DR. DHIREN B. BHOI
M. V. Sc.
VETERINARY GYNAECOLOGY AND OBSTETRICS
COLLEGE OF VETERINARY SCI. & ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
ANAND

2. Definition
Definition
 Endoscopy Greek Word “Endo”means “Inside”
“Skopeein ”means “To See”
 Means the ability to look inside the body
Means the ability to look inside the body
using a variety of very small cameras
using a variety of very small cameras
attached to either a flexible or rigid tube.
attached to either a flexible or rigid tube.
 Direct viewing interior of an organ is often
Direct viewing interior of an organ is often
very helpful in determining the cause of a
very helpful in determining the cause of a
problem & helpful in establishing a diagnosis.
problem & helpful in establishing a diagnosis.
 Endoscopy exceptionally valuable tool for
Endoscopy exceptionally valuable tool for
the diagnosis of many small animal
the diagnosis of many small animal
gastrointestinal disorders
gastrointestinal disorders.
.

3. History
History
 1806 Philp Bozzini developed first kind endoscope,
1806 Philp Bozzini developed first kind endoscope,
examination of canals & cavities of human body.
examination of canals & cavities of human body.
 1822 William Beaumont ,first introduced into human
1822 William Beaumont ,first introduced into human
being.
being.
 Jacobeus, developed endoscopic exploration,
Jacobeus, developed endoscopic exploration,
1910 – Thoracoscopy,
1910 – Thoracoscopy,
1912 - Laparoscopy
1912 - Laparoscopy
 1937 Hope reported laparoscopy to diagnose ectopic
1937 Hope reported laparoscopy to diagnose ectopic
pregnancy.
pregnancy.
 1944 Raoul Palmer performed gynecological
1944 Raoul Palmer performed gynecological
laparoscopy
laparoscopy
 1984 first laparoscopic cholecsytectomy performed
1984 first laparoscopic cholecsytectomy performed
 1987 first video-laparoscopic cholecystectmoy.
1987 first video-laparoscopic cholecystectmoy.

4. Kelling in 1902 – 1st
reported
cystoscopy in dogs & later was know
as “father of veterinary laparoscopy”.
Lettow in 1960 performed laparoscopy
in dogs involving ovarian function
studies & in 1972 1st
laparoscopic liver
biopsy procedure in dog.

5. HISTORY OF ENDOSCOPY
.
FIRST ENDOSCOPE by Philip Bozzini 1806

6. Fiber-optic Endoscopy was pioneered by the
south African born physician Basil Hirschowitz at
the University of Michigan began in the 1957.
Introduction of video computer chip projection of the
image 1986

7. Indications
Indications
 Role of evaluation gastrointestinal motility
Role of evaluation gastrointestinal motility
disorders, gastric adenocarcinoma, remove
disorders, gastric adenocarcinoma, remove
foreign bodies, submucosal lesion, duodenal
foreign bodies, submucosal lesion, duodenal
or colonic abnormalities, stomach ulcers
or colonic abnormalities, stomach ulcers
&colon polyps.
&colon polyps.
 Perform therapeutic procedures esophageal
Perform therapeutic procedures esophageal
stricture dilation.
stricture dilation.
 Enabling visual examination of mucosal
Enabling visual examination of mucosal
surface, ability to mucosal biopsy for
surface, ability to mucosal biopsy for
histopathological examination or fluid
histopathological examination or fluid
aspiration for analysis.
aspiration for analysis.
 Used Placement of gastrotomy tube in
Used Placement of gastrotomy tube in
stomach.
stomach.

8. Types of Endoscopy
Types of Endoscopy

9.  Types of Endo Cont……
Types of Endo Cont……
 Endoscopic equipment visualize & collect
Endoscopic equipment visualize & collect
specimen
specimen
 Esophagus, stomach & duodenum
Esophagus, stomach & duodenum
(Esophagogasrtodudenoscopy)
(Esophagogasrtodudenoscopy)
 Small intestine (Enteroscopy)
Small intestine (Enteroscopy)
 Colon (Colonoscopy)
Colon (Colonoscopy)
 Sigmoid colon (proctosigmoidscopy)
Sigmoid colon (proctosigmoidscopy)
 Bile duct (Choleangiopancreatoscopy)
Bile duct (Choleangiopancreatoscopy)
 Cervix (Colposcopy)
Cervix (Colposcopy)
 Uterus (Hysteroscopy)
Uterus (Hysteroscopy)
 Fallopian tubes (falloscopy)
Fallopian tubes (falloscopy)
 Fetus (Fetoscopy)
Fetus (Fetoscopy)

10. Principle
Principle
 Endoscopy minimally invasive diagnostic medical
Endoscopy minimally invasive diagnostic medical
procedure used to evaluate interior surface of an
procedure used to evaluate interior surface of an
organ.
organ.
 Endoscope may have rigid or flexible tube inserted
Endoscope may have rigid or flexible tube inserted
into body. It has ability to looking inside the body
into body. It has ability to looking inside the body
using a variety of very small cameras attached to
using a variety of very small cameras attached to
flexible or rigid tube. It facilitates direct viewing the
flexible or rigid tube. It facilitates direct viewing the
interior of an organ is often very helpful in
interior of an organ is often very helpful in
determining the cause of a problem.
determining the cause of a problem.
 Fiberoptic endoscope basic three parts are
Fiberoptic endoscope basic three parts are
Insertion tube, Hand piece & Umbilical cord.
Insertion tube, Hand piece & Umbilical cord.
 Video endoscopy performed by attaching a
Video endoscopy performed by attaching a
specialized video endoscope that has built in
specialized video endoscope that has built in
microchip camera at the insertion tube, setup
microchip camera at the insertion tube, setup
image is viewed on a video monitor
image is viewed on a video monitor.
.

11. FIBERSCOPES
SYSTEM

12. Distal tip of
insertion tube

13. Endoscope System
Endoscope System
Rigid endoscope Flexible endoscope

14. FLEXIBLE ENDOSCOPES
FIBERSCOPES VIDEO ENDOSCOPE

15. Complete Endoscope Assembly
Complete Endoscope Assembly

19. Materials and Methods Contd….

20. Advantages
Advantages
 Diagnostic as well as therapeutics solution.
Diagnostic as well as therapeutics solution.
 Minimum stress & mortality.
Minimum stress & mortality.
 Less traumatic surgery than std surgery.
Less traumatic surgery than std surgery.
 Faster recovery .
Faster recovery .
 Amount & duration of anesthesia much less than as
Amount & duration of anesthesia much less than as
compare to std surgical procedure.
compare to std surgical procedure.
 Minimal suture used, hence less body reaction.
Minimal suture used, hence less body reaction.
 Less adhesion after surgery.
Less adhesion after surgery.
 Can detect gastric parasite otherwise difficult to
Can detect gastric parasite otherwise difficult to
find.
find.
 Also used to place long term feeding tubes into the
Also used to place long term feeding tubes into the
stomachs of animals that cant eat.
stomachs of animals that cant eat.
 “
“According to an old adage in medicine-If you don’t
According to an old adage in medicine-If you don’t
look for it ,you will never diagnose it”.
look for it ,you will never diagnose it”.

21. Disadvantages
Disadvantages
 Requires expensive, flexible equipment,& specialized O.T
setup.
 Biopsies usually adequate but not as good as full thick-
ness.
 Cannot examine entire intestinal tract; lesion may be
beyond reach of scope.
 Cannot determine if an ulcer is going to rupture or
bleed.
 There are few chances herniation of abdominal contents
after laparoscopy.
 Always possibility of introduction unsertilized instrument
Always possibility of introduction unsertilized instrument
into the body
into the body
 Inexpert handling of the endoscope may lead to
Inexpert handling of the endoscope may lead to
punctured organ with variable effects.
punctured organ with variable effects.

22. PATIENT PREPARATION
ANESTHESIA PATIENT POSITIONING

23. Insertion of Endoscopy
Insertion of Endoscopy

25. Video Endoscopy
Video Endoscopy

26. Vaginoscopy and
Vaginoscopy and
Artificial Insemination
Artificial Insemination

27. Indications
visual examination,
organ biopsy,
acute or chronic colic,
cryptorchidectomy, castration,
LAPAROSCOPY

28. Examination of Gastrointestinal Region:
Gastric ulcer
Erosion:
Normal Stomach Chronic Erosive Gastritis

29. Bleeding in Stomach Linear hemorrhage
Gastric Polyps Snare Polypectomy

30. Intestinal intussusception in a pup
Intestinal intussusception in a pup

31. Duodenal ulcer
Duodenitis
Duodenal Affections

32. EXAMINATION OF OESOPHAGUS
Normal oesophagus Oesophagitis

33. Spleen abscess in a dog
Spleen abscess in a dog

34. THORACOSCOPY

35. • Distending the Joint With Fluid or Gas.
Location and Extent of Articular Trauma
ARTHROSCOPY

36.  It is used to examine &
resect the bovine teat, either
via the streak canal or with a
lateral, single puncture
approach.
 Used for removal of
obstruction, neoplasm's,
adhesions, polyps, ect.
Under visual aid.
THELORESECTOSCOPY

37. Cystoscopy / Urethroscopy
Urinary
calculi
Neoplasms
Bladder
worms
Rupture of
bladder

38. BIOPSY OF THE ORGANS
LIVER BIOPSY

40. View Of The Lower Respiratory Tract Through An
Endoscope

42. Gastric Parasite
Gastric Parasite

46. Removal of foreign body
Removal of foreign body

47. Foreign Body
Dog’s esophagus with a
chicken
bone lodged in the lumen.

48. Laparoscopic Castration (Vasectomy)

50. Laparoscopic Ovarihyserectomy
Laparoscopic Ovarihyserectomy

53. Thanking you