1. Success rates for initial endodontic treatment range from 54-95% depending on studies and definitions of success.
2. Factors affecting success or failure include diagnosis, root canal anatomy, debridement, quality of filling, and systemic health.
3. Causes of endodontic failure include residual bacteria, incomplete debridement, hemorrhage, iatrogenic errors, and systemic factors.
4. Retreatment involves removing previous fillings and obstructions, regaining patency, and thoroughly cleaning and refilling canals. Outcomes depend on regaining patency and quality of
One of the most dreaded nightmares of any clinician is broken instruments in the midst of an endodontic treatment. NiTi rotary instruments show a high incidence of instrument fracture despite their favourable qualities.
One of the most dreaded nightmares of any clinician is broken instruments in the midst of an endodontic treatment. NiTi rotary instruments show a high incidence of instrument fracture despite their favourable qualities.
This short presentation discuss very important subject in endodontic field, which is the complications that most commonly occur during root canal treatment, like sodium hypochlorite accident and air emphysema and others. management of these complications is also discussed.
This presentation is all about restoration of endodontically treated teeth, prefabricated post and core, cast post and core, direct and indirect technique.
About failures of root canal treatment and retreatment. This presentation describes about various techniques for gutta percha removal, posts removal, pastes removal, and removal of separated instrument
A simple presentation to guide a dentist to choose best irrigant for the case. types of irrigants, their properties, advantages and disadvantages and tips has been discussed through this presentation.
Electronic apex locator by dr.imran m.shaikhImran Shaikh
. Knowledge of apical anatomy, prudent use of radiographs and the correct use of an electronic apex locator will assist practitioners to achieve predictable results.
A detailed presentation on Endodontic failures starting from the basics in case selection to final prosthesis. Good for Post Graduates and Under Graduates.
This short presentation discuss very important subject in endodontic field, which is the complications that most commonly occur during root canal treatment, like sodium hypochlorite accident and air emphysema and others. management of these complications is also discussed.
This presentation is all about restoration of endodontically treated teeth, prefabricated post and core, cast post and core, direct and indirect technique.
About failures of root canal treatment and retreatment. This presentation describes about various techniques for gutta percha removal, posts removal, pastes removal, and removal of separated instrument
A simple presentation to guide a dentist to choose best irrigant for the case. types of irrigants, their properties, advantages and disadvantages and tips has been discussed through this presentation.
Electronic apex locator by dr.imran m.shaikhImran Shaikh
. Knowledge of apical anatomy, prudent use of radiographs and the correct use of an electronic apex locator will assist practitioners to achieve predictable results.
A detailed presentation on Endodontic failures starting from the basics in case selection to final prosthesis. Good for Post Graduates and Under Graduates.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Presentación del tema 2 La revolución industrial de la editorial Santillana para 1º de bachillerato que se imparte en el colegio Escolapias en la asignatura de Historia del mundo contemporáneo
The New American Dream: Why People Are Choosing to RentSuong Nguyen
As more people choose to rent apartments over buying homes, North American Properties - Atlanta (NAP) has released “The New American Dream” SlideShare that looks at who the new renter is, what factors are contributing to this trend and what it means for the future of multi-housing. NAP first became interested in studying this phenomenon after receiving a flood of inquiries for its luxury rental property, Haven, at Avalon, a $600 million mixed-use development opening Oct. 30 in Alpharetta, Georgia.
Objectives and rationale
Indications
Contraindications
False indications
Treatment planning and presurgical notes
Classification
Gutmann’s
Kim’s
Steps in endosurgery
Treatment planning & Presurgical notes
Mandatory investigations
Premedication
Local anaesthesia and hemostasis
Flap
Requirements of an ideal flap
Flap design
Semilunar flap
Vertical flaps
Horizontal flap
Ochsenbein-Luebke flap
Two-step or filling first technique
Disinfection immediately prior to filling
Preparation of surgical site
Soft tissue management
Opening the flap
Flap elevation
Flap retraction
Hard tissue considerations
Locating root apex
Osteotomy
Apical curettage
Apical rood end resection
Surgery from palatal access
Post-resection filling
Root end preparation
Root end filling materials
Reverse filling
Surgery for root fractures
Surgical management of internal resorption
Radisectomy and hemisection
Intentional replantation
Closure of surgical area
Repositioning of flap and compression
Needle selection
Suturing
Post surgical care
explained with Limited matter moreover I have included all the images. if you go through a standard textbook and referred to this PPT it will help you so much I hope It helps you. ask me for the books details.
All furcation defects need to be classified and their possible prognosis should be defined. The treatment of the furcation defects should be carried out accordingly. Treatment include
Osteoplasty, Odontoplasty, Tunnel preparation, Root resection, Hemisection
Operative Dentistry Viva questions. To help you revise your syllabus for examination.
If you found it helpful, please leave a feedback.
Thank You,
Dr. Almas Muhammad Arshad
Dr. Muaaz Amjad
hypomineralization of systemic origin of one to four permanent first molars frequently associated with affected incisors and these molars are related to major clinical problems in severe cases
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
2. Introdution
• In different studies success rate ranges from 54
percent to 95 percent.
• The definition of success is ambiguous
- stringent : radiographic and clinical normalcy
- lenient : only clinical normalcy
3. Endodontic treatment
outcome
• Healed:
both clinical and radiographic presentations are
normal
• Healing:
it’s a dynamic process, reduced radiolucency
combined with normal clinical presentation
• Disease:
No change or increase in radiolucency, clinical
signs may or may not be present or vice versa
4. Evaluation of success
• Success or failures following endodontic therapy
could be evaluated from combination of clinical,
histopathological and radio graphical criteria.
5. Clinical evaluation for
success
• No tenderness to percussion or palpation
• Normal tooth mobility
• No evidence of subjective discomfort
• Tooth having normal form, function and
aesthetics
• No sign of infection or swelling
• No sinus tract or integrated periodontal disease
• Minimal to no scarring or discoloration
6. Radiographic evaluation
for success
• Normal or slightly thickened periodontal ligament
space
• Reduction or elimination of previous rarefaction
• No evidence of resorption
• Normal lamina dura
• A dense three dimensional obturation of canal
space
7. Histological evaluation for
success
• Absence of inflammation
• Regeneration of periodontal ligament fibers
• Presence of osseous repair
• Repair of cementum
• Absence of resorption
• Repair of previously resorbed areas
8. Causes of the endodontic
failures
Bacteria somewhere in the root canal system
Divided into local and systemic
9. Factors affecting success or
failure of endodontic therapy
in every case
• Diagnosis and the treatment planning
• Radiographic interpretation
• Anatomy of the tooth and root canal system
• Debridement of the root canal space
10. Factors affecting success or
failure of endodontic therapy
in every case
• Quality and extent of apical seal
• Quality of post endodontic restoration
• Systemic health of the patient
• Skill of the operator
11. Factors affecting success or
failure of a particular case
Factors affecting success or
failure of a particular case
• Pupal and Periodontal status
• Size of periapical radioleucency
• Canal anatomy
• Crown and root fracture
12. Factors affecting success or
failure of a particular case
Factors affecting success or
failure of a particular case
• Iatrogenic errors
• Extent and quality of the obturation
• Quality of the post endodontic restoration
• Time of post treatment evaluation
13. Local Factors causing
endodontic failures
• Infection
• Incomplete debridement of the root canal system
• Excessive hemorrhage
• Chemical irritants
• Iatrogenic errors
14. Infection
• infected and necrotic pulp tissue→main irritant to
the periapical tissues
• The host parasite relationship 、 virulence of
microorganisms , ability of infected tissues to
heal→influence the repair of the periapical tissues
• Endo success →debridement
15. Incomplete debridement of
the root canal system
• Main objective of root canal therapy→complete
elimination
of the microorganisms and their
byproducts
• Poor debridement → residual
microorganisms 、 byproducts and
tissue debris → recolonize
16. Excessive hemorrhage
• Extirpation of pulp and instrumentation beyond
periapical tissues
• Local accumulation of the blood→mild
inflammation
• Extravasated blood cells and fluid : foreign body
nidus for bacterial growth
18. Chemical irritants
• Intracanal medicaments and irrigating solution
→extruded in the periapical tissues→the
prognosis of endodontic treatment ↓
• One should take care while Using medicaments to
avoid their periapical
extrusion
19. Iatrogenic errors
• Separated instruments—
• Caused by improper or overuse of
• instruments and forcing them in curved
canals
• Prognosis : no much affected in vital pulps
poor in necrotic tissue.
20. Iatrogenic errors
• Canal blockage and ledge formation—
• Accumulation of dentin chips or tissue debris
prevent the instruments to reach its
full working length
• Ledge formation—straight instruments in
curved canals
• These lead to bacteria & debris remained
endo failure
21. Iatrogenic errors
• Perforations—
• Lack of knowledge of anatomy of the tooth,
attention, misdirection of the instruments
• Prognosis : location, time, perforation seal and
size
• Poor prognosis remaining
infected tissue
22. Iatrogenic errors
• Incompletely filled teeth—
• Teeth filled more than 2mm short of apex
• Several studies shown :
• poor prognosis—underfillings with necrotic
pulps
• Overfilling of root canals—
• Overfilling extending ≧ 2mm beyond
• radiographic apex
• Continuous irritation of the periapical
• tissues endo failure
23. Iatrogenic errors
• Anatomic factors—
• Such as : overly curved canals, calcifications,
• numerous lateral and accessory canals,
• bifurcations, C or S shaped canals
• Problems in cleaning and shaping &
• incomplete filling of root canals
• endodontic failure
24. Iatrogenic errors
• Root fractures—
• Partial or complete fractures of roots
• Prognosis of teeth :
• vertical root is poor than horizontal fractures
• Traumatic occlusion –
• Cause endo failures because of its effect on
• periodontium
27. Before going to endodontic
retreatment
• when should Treatment be considered
• Patient’s needs
• Strategic importance of the tooth
• Periodontal evaluation of the tooth
• Chair time & cost
28. Before performing to
endodontic retreatment
• May to prevent the potential disease
• Remove/remade extensive coronal restoration
• Technical problems
• May not achieve better results
• Filling materials have to be removed
• Prognosis could be poorer
• Patient might be more apprehensive
29. Case selection
• Careful history
• Anatomy of root canal , canal curvature,
calcifications,unusual configurations
• Quality of obturation
• Iatrogenic complications
• Cooperation of the patient
30. Factors affecting prognosis
of endodontic treatment
• Periapical radiolucency
• Quality of the obturation
• Apical extension of the obturation material
• Bacterial status
• Observation period
• Postendodontic coronal restoration
• Iatrogenic complication
31. Contraindications of
endodontic retreatment
• Unfavorable root anatomy
• Untreatable root resorptions or perforations
• Root or bifurcation caries
• Insufficient crown/root ratio
32. Problems of endodontic
retreatment
• Unpredictable result
• Frustration
• Cost factor
• Time consuming
33. Steps of Retreatment
1. Coronal disassembly
2. Establish access to root canal system
3. Remove canal obstructions
4. Establish patency
5. Thorough cleaning, shaping and obturation of
the canal
34. 1. Coronal Disassembly
• Removal of existing • Access made through
coronal restoration coronal restoration
35. Disadvantages of
Advantages of gaining retaining a
access through restoration:
original restoration:
a. Reduce visibility and
a. Facilitate rubber dam
accessibility
placement
b. Increased risks of
b. Maintaining form,
irreparable errors
function and aesthetics
c. Increased risks of
c. Reducing the
microbial infection if
cost of replacement crown margins are
poorly adapted
36. Advice:
Remove the existing restoration
Especially: poor marginal
adaptation, secondary caries
Place temporary crown
to maintain form, function
and aesthetics.
37. 2. Establish Access to Root
Canal System
Teeth restored with post and
core:
1.Post and core need to be
removed for gaining access to
root canal system
2.Post and core can be perforated
to gain access
38. Posts can be removed by:
1. Weakening retention of
posts by use of ultrasonic
vibration.
2. Forceful pulling of posts but it increases the risk
of root fracture
3. Removing posts with the help of special pliers
using post removal systems
44. 4-Rubber bumper
inserted on the tab & pushed on the occlusal
surface.
Act as a cushion, distribute the loads and
protect thetooth during the removal
procedure.
45. 5-Microtubular tap
• Inserted against the post head.
• Screwed it into post with counter clockwise
direction and strongly engage the post.
46. Post removal plier
• Mount the post removal plier on tubular tap
• Ultrasonic instrument using/torque bar inserting
Ultrasonic instrument
Screw knob Tubular tap
Rubber bumper
plier
47. Post removal plier
1 -Nonsurgical Removal of Posts Broken Instruments - YouTube_x264.mp4
54. Gutta-Percha Removal
• The relative difficulty in removing gutta-percha is
influenced by some factors of canal system:
Length
Diameter
Curvature
Internal configuration
• Progressive Manner :
gutta-percha is best removed from canal in
progressive manner to prevent its extrusion
periapically
55. Gutta-Percha Removal
• Coronal portion of gutta-percha should always be
explored by Gates-Gliddens to:
Quickly : Remove gutta-percha quickly
Solvent : Provide space for solvents
Convenience : Improve convenience form
• Gutta-percha can be removed by using:
Solvents
Hand instruments
Rotary instruments
Microdebrider
56. 1. Solvents
• GP is soluble in:
Chloroform : most effective but carcinogenic with
high concentratin , excessive filling in pulp
chamber is avoided
Methyl chloroform
Benzene
Xylene
Eucalyptol oil
Halothane
• GP dissolution should be supplemented by using
hand instruments
57. 2. Hand Instruments
Used mainly in apical portion of the canal.
• Hedstroem files
• Hot endodontic instrument like Reamer or files
Poorly condenced GP can be pulled easily
58. 3. Rotary Instruments
•They are Safe to be used in straight canals
Recently:
•ProTaper universal systems
Consisting of file :D1 D2 D3
500-700 rpm
59. Protaper universal system
• D1 :
Remove filling from the coronal third
• D2 :
Remove filling from the middle third
• D3 :
Remove filling from appical third
60. Microdebriders
A small files with 90 degrees bends
Removing remaining gutta-percha on the sides
of canal walls
61. Pastes and Cement
Soft setting pastes
Penetrated by endodontic instruments
Hard setting cements
Softened by solvents: xylene, eucalyptol......
Then removed by files .
Ultrasonic devices
62. Separated Instruments and
Foreign Objects
Coronal third – attempt retrieval
Middle third – attempt retrieval or bypass
Apical third – surgical treat
66. The beveled end of the microtube The introduction of the screw wedge which is
oriented toward the outer wall of the rotated CCW to engage and displace the head
canal to “scoop up” the head of the of the file out the side window.
broken file.
67.
68. Completion of the
Retreatment
Thorough cleaning, shaping and obturation
The outcome of retreatment
Short-term: no pain and swelling
Long-term: depended regaining canal patency &
obturation of the root canal system
Retreatment is mostly associated with procedural
complication.
Effective communication is required b/t dentist & patient.