This document discusses endodontic surgical procedures and considerations for periapical surgery. It describes various endodontic surgical procedures including incision and drainage, periapical curettage, apicoectomy, retrograde endodontic treatment, perforation repair, root resection, hemisection, exploratory surgery, and intentional replantation. It also discusses possible indications for periapical surgery, considerations for surgery, flap designs including semi-lunar, gingival crest, triangular, trapezoidal, and Luebke-Oschenbein flaps. Potential post-operative sequelae and the lack of an ideal retrograde filling material are also covered.
This short presentation discuss very important subject in endodontic field, which is the complications that most commonly occur during root canal treatment, like sodium hypochlorite accident and air emphysema and others. management of these complications is also discussed.
Fixed partial dentures transmit forces through the abutments to the periodontium. Failures are due to poor engineering, the use of improper materials, inadequate tooth preparation, and faulty fabrication. Of particular concern to prosthodontist is the selection of teeth for abutments. They must recognize the forces developed by the oral mechanism, and resistance.
Successful selection of abutments for fixed partial dentures requires sensitive diagnostic ability. Thorough knowledge of anatomy, ceramics, the chemistry and physics of dental materials, metallurgy, Periodontics, phonetics, physiology, radiology and the mechanics of oral function is fundamental.
This short presentation discuss very important subject in endodontic field, which is the complications that most commonly occur during root canal treatment, like sodium hypochlorite accident and air emphysema and others. management of these complications is also discussed.
Fixed partial dentures transmit forces through the abutments to the periodontium. Failures are due to poor engineering, the use of improper materials, inadequate tooth preparation, and faulty fabrication. Of particular concern to prosthodontist is the selection of teeth for abutments. They must recognize the forces developed by the oral mechanism, and resistance.
Successful selection of abutments for fixed partial dentures requires sensitive diagnostic ability. Thorough knowledge of anatomy, ceramics, the chemistry and physics of dental materials, metallurgy, Periodontics, phonetics, physiology, radiology and the mechanics of oral function is fundamental.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Minor Oral Surgical Procedures -Stoma 2014, lecture by dr arun georgeArun1g
Lectures on Various minor Oral Surgical procedures , delivered by Dr Arun George MDS during minor oral Surgical workshop conducted at Mar Baselios Dental College, Kerala, India for more information regarding the procedures mail to -
drarun1g@gmail.com
endodontic Surgery /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental aca...Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
State of the art comprehensive training-Faculty of world wide repute &Very affordable.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting
training center with best faculty and flexible training programs
for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental
practice,Offers certified courses in Dental
implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic
Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Stepwise approach to adult male circumcision.Adeniji Victory
This slide is meant to advance knowledge . The author takes no responsibility for errors and no accountability for misrepresentation or misinterpretation
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
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Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
4. Possible Indications forPossible Indications for
Periapical SurgeryPeriapical Surgery
When a biopsy of the periapical lesion is requiredWhen a biopsy of the periapical lesion is required
5. Possible Indications forPossible Indications for
Periapical SurgeryPeriapical Surgery
When a biopsy of the periapical lesion is requiredWhen a biopsy of the periapical lesion is required
Foreign body reaction with extruded materialForeign body reaction with extruded material
6. Possible Indications forPossible Indications for
Periapical SurgeryPeriapical Surgery
When a biopsy of the periapical lesion is requiredWhen a biopsy of the periapical lesion is required
Foreign body reaction with extruded materialForeign body reaction with extruded material
Perforation repairPerforation repair (that can not be done conservatively)(that can not be done conservatively)
7. Possible Indications forPossible Indications for
Periapical SurgeryPeriapical Surgery
When a biopsy of the periapical lesion is requiredWhen a biopsy of the periapical lesion is required
Foreign body reaction with extruded materialForeign body reaction with extruded material
Perforation repairPerforation repair (that can not be done conservatively)(that can not be done conservatively)
If non-surgical treatment is not feasible - such as:If non-surgical treatment is not feasible - such as:
Very long or wide post; Post not in line with canalVery long or wide post; Post not in line with canal
Canal blocked by broken file, calcifications, etcCanal blocked by broken file, calcifications, etc
Tooth is not likely to be suitable for further restorationTooth is not likely to be suitable for further restoration
8. Possible Indications forPossible Indications for
Periapical SurgeryPeriapical Surgery
When a biopsy of the periapical lesion is requiredWhen a biopsy of the periapical lesion is required
Foreign body reaction with extruded materialForeign body reaction with extruded material
Perforation repairPerforation repair (that can not be done conservatively)(that can not be done conservatively)
If non-surgical treatment is not feasible - such as:If non-surgical treatment is not feasible - such as:
Very long or wide post; Post not in line with canalVery long or wide post; Post not in line with canal
Canal blocked by broken file, calcifications, etcCanal blocked by broken file, calcifications, etc
Tooth is not likely to be suitable for further restorationTooth is not likely to be suitable for further restoration
Patient factorsPatient factors
Medical / dental condition, time, costs, recent crown, etc.Medical / dental condition, time, costs, recent crown, etc.
10. Periapical SurgeryPeriapical Surgery
ConsiderationsConsiderations
Psychological aspectsPsychological aspects
Patients are reluctant to have any form of surgeryPatients are reluctant to have any form of surgery
Non-surgical endodontics has a higher success rateNon-surgical endodontics has a higher success rate
GrungGrung et alet al - 28% higher success if non-surgical- 28% higher success if non-surgical
re-treatment was done prior to surgeryre-treatment was done prior to surgery
11. Periapical SurgeryPeriapical Surgery
ConsiderationsConsiderations
Psychological aspectsPsychological aspects
Patients are reluctant to have any form of surgeryPatients are reluctant to have any form of surgery
Non-surgical endodontics has a higher success rateNon-surgical endodontics has a higher success rate
GrungGrung et alet al - 28% higher success if non-surgical- 28% higher success if non-surgical
re-treatment was done prior to surgeryre-treatment was done prior to surgery
Surgery is a “one visit” techniqueSurgery is a “one visit” technique
Can not disinfect the canal with irrigants and/or medicamentsCan not disinfect the canal with irrigants and/or medicaments
13. Periapical SurgeryPeriapical Surgery
ConsiderationsConsiderations
There is no IDEAL retrograde filling materialThere is no IDEAL retrograde filling material
Many have been tried & most do not “seal” canals wellMany have been tried & most do not “seal” canals well
Surgery “entombs” bacteria rather than killing orSurgery “entombs” bacteria rather than killing or
removing themremoving them
And only “treats” the apical 2 - 4 mm of the canalAnd only “treats” the apical 2 - 4 mm of the canal
14. Periapical SurgeryPeriapical Surgery
ConsiderationsConsiderations
There is no IDEAL retrograde filling materialThere is no IDEAL retrograde filling material
Many have been tried & most do not “seal” canals wellMany have been tried & most do not “seal” canals well
Surgery “entombs” bacteria rather than killing orSurgery “entombs” bacteria rather than killing or
removing themremoving them
And only “treats” the apical 2 - 4 mm of the canalAnd only “treats” the apical 2 - 4 mm of the canal
Surgery does not remove the pathway of entry alongSurgery does not remove the pathway of entry along
which the bacteria have entered & infected the toothwhich the bacteria have entered & infected the tooth
This is usually caries, a defective restoration, or a crackThis is usually caries, a defective restoration, or a crack
15. Periapical SurgeryPeriapical Surgery
ConsiderationsConsiderations
Over-extended root filling materialsOver-extended root filling materials
Will not always cause a foreign body reactionWill not always cause a foreign body reaction
Hence, always watch and reassess over timeHence, always watch and reassess over time
16. Periapical SurgeryPeriapical Surgery
ConsiderationsConsiderations
Over-extended root filling materialsOver-extended root filling materials
Will not always cause a foreign body reactionWill not always cause a foreign body reaction
Hence, always watch and reassess over timeHence, always watch and reassess over time
Large, well-defined radiolucenciesLarge, well-defined radiolucencies
Are not always cysts as often thought by many dentistsAre not always cysts as often thought by many dentists
Can be any form of periapical pathosisCan be any form of periapical pathosis
Size and borders indicate time & speed of developmentSize and borders indicate time & speed of development
17. Periapical SurgeryPeriapical Surgery
ConsiderationsConsiderations
Potential post-operative sequelaePotential post-operative sequelae
Swelling and bruisingSwelling and bruising
InfectionInfection
Pain / discomfortPain / discomfort
Anaesthesia / ParaesthesiaAnaesthesia / Paraesthesia
Tissue discolourationTissue discolouration
ScarringScarring
Gingival recessionGingival recession
Loss of interdental papillaLoss of interdental papilla
Altered aestheticsAltered aesthetics
18. Possible Indications forPossible Indications for
Periapical SurgeryPeriapical Surgery
““It must be recognised that few trueIt must be recognised that few true
indications exist for the endodonticindications exist for the endodontic
surgical approach”surgical approach”
Gutman JL.Gutman JL. Surgical EndodonticsSurgical Endodontics 1991: 501991: 50
24. Semi-Lunar FlapSemi-Lunar Flap
In the mucobuccal fold and attached gingivaIn the mucobuccal fold and attached gingiva
Poor accessPoor access
Incision often over the lesionIncision often over the lesion
Difficult moisture controlDifficult moisture control (haemorrhage)(haemorrhage)
Difficult to repositionDifficult to reposition
Uncomfortable during healingUncomfortable during healing
Leaves scarsLeaves scars
27. No access to apexNo access to apex
May be useful for coronalMay be useful for coronal
third perforationsthird perforations
Used for palatal flapsUsed for palatal flaps
But difficult !But difficult !
Gingival FlapGingival Flap
Gingival crest incisionGingival crest incision
Extended horizontal incisionExtended horizontal incision
No vertical incisionNo vertical incision
29. Horizontal incision in the gingival sulcusHorizontal incision in the gingival sulcus
One vertical incisionOne vertical incision
Triangular FlapTriangular Flap
30. Horizontal incision in the gingival sulcusHorizontal incision in the gingival sulcus
One vertical incisionOne vertical incision
““First choice” flap for endodontic surgeryFirst choice” flap for endodontic surgery
Good accessGood access
Good visionGood vision
Good moisture controlGood moisture control
Heals without scarsHeals without scars
Easy to repositionEasy to reposition
Triangular FlapTriangular Flap
35. Horizontal incision in the gingival sulcusHorizontal incision in the gingival sulcus
Two vertical incisionsTwo vertical incisions
Trapezoidal FlapTrapezoidal Flap
36. Horizontal incision in the gingival sulcusHorizontal incision in the gingival sulcus
Two vertical incisionsTwo vertical incisions
““Second choice” for endodontic surgerySecond choice” for endodontic surgery
Trapezoidal FlapTrapezoidal Flap
37. Horizontal incision in the gingival sulcusHorizontal incision in the gingival sulcus
Two vertical incisionsTwo vertical incisions
““Second choice” for endodontic surgerySecond choice” for endodontic surgery
Begin as a triangular flap and then do 2Begin as a triangular flap and then do 2ndnd
vertical incision if extra access requiredvertical incision if extra access required
Good access & visionGood access & vision
Good moisture controlGood moisture control
Heals without scarsHeals without scars
Easy to repositionEasy to reposition
Trapezoidal FlapTrapezoidal Flap
40. Luebke-Oschenbein FlapLuebke-Oschenbein Flap
Scalloped horizontal incision in attached gingivaScalloped horizontal incision in attached gingiva
3 - 5 mm short of the gingival margin3 - 5 mm short of the gingival margin
Follows contours of the gingival marginFollows contours of the gingival margin
41. Luebke-Oschenbein FlapLuebke-Oschenbein Flap
Scalloped horizontal incision in attached gingivaScalloped horizontal incision in attached gingiva
3 - 5 mm short of the gingival margin3 - 5 mm short of the gingival margin
Follows contours of the gingival marginFollows contours of the gingival margin
Vertical incisionsVertical incisions
1 or 21 or 2
Depends on howDepends on how
much accessmuch access
is requiredis required
42. Luebke-Oschenbein FlapLuebke-Oschenbein Flap
Scalloped horizontal incision in attached gingivaScalloped horizontal incision in attached gingiva
3 - 5 mm short of the gingival margin3 - 5 mm short of the gingival margin
Follows contours of the gingival marginFollows contours of the gingival margin
Vertical incisionsVertical incisions
1 or 21 or 2
Depends on howDepends on how
much accessmuch access
is requiredis required
Little, if any, scarringLittle, if any, scarring
75. Poor tissue compatibilityPoor tissue compatibility
Due to continuous release of eugenolDue to continuous release of eugenol
Fibrosis of adjacent tissueFibrosis of adjacent tissue
SolubleSoluble
Large cavity requiredLarge cavity required
Difficult to handle materialDifficult to handle material
Esp. Super-EBAEsp. Super-EBA
IRM + Super-EBA
Disadvantages & Problems
76. Low tissue toxicityLow tissue toxicity
Bone appositionBone apposition
Good sealing abilityGood sealing ability
Chemical bond to dentineChemical bond to dentine
RadiopaqueRadiopaque
Easy to mix & placeEasy to mix & place
Colour contrast to toothColour contrast to tooth
Short setting timeShort setting time
Moisture controlMoisture control
HaemorrhageHaemorrhage
Relatively largeRelatively large
cavity requiredcavity required
Glass Ionomer
Advantages Disadvantages
77. Gutta Percha + Sealer
Low tissue toxicityLow tissue toxicity
Good sealing abilityGood sealing ability
RadiopaqueRadiopaque
Colour contrast to toothColour contrast to tooth
Conservative cavity onlyConservative cavity only
Anti-bacterial (sealer)Anti-bacterial (sealer)
Advantages
Easy to mix & placeEasy to mix & place
Good physical propertiesGood physical properties
Satisfies requirements ofSatisfies requirements of
root filling materialsroot filling materials
Proven and acceptableProven and acceptable
material for RCF’s formaterial for RCF’s for
over 120 yearsover 120 years
78. ReferenceReference FavourableFavourable Uncertain UnfavourableUncertain Unfavourable
NordenramNordenram et alet al 19701970 56 %56 % 36 %36 % 8 %8 %
HartyHarty et alet al 19701970 9090 -- 1010
RudRud et alet al 19721972 8383 1414 33
MalmströmMalmström et alet al 19821982 7474 1717 99
ForsellForsell et alet al 19881988 6868 2121 1111
AmagasaAmagasa et alet al 19891989 9595 -- 55
GrungGrung et alet al 19901990 8585 1414 11
FriedmanFriedman et alet al 19911991 7070 3030 --
RappRapp et alet al 19911991 5656 3333 1111
Abbott 1999Abbott 1999 92.392.3 4.24.2 3.53.5
Treatment Outcome StudiesTreatment Outcome Studies
All re-treats after
retro. amalgam
