This document discusses the use of composite materials for restoring posterior teeth. It provides indications for using composites such as small-moderate lesions in premolars/first molars where esthetics is important. Contraindications include an inability to control moisture or large lesions. Advantages are good esthetics, conservation of tooth structure, and bonding benefits, while disadvantages include polymerization shrinkage and being more technique sensitive than amalgam. Strategies to reduce shrinkage like incremental layering and stress-absorbing layers are described. The protocol for posterior reconstruction with composites is also outlined.
This presentation is all about restoration of endodontically treated teeth, prefabricated post and core, cast post and core, direct and indirect technique.
This presentation is all about restoration of endodontically treated teeth, prefabricated post and core, cast post and core, direct and indirect technique.
Techniques of direct composite restorationMrinaliniDr
Techniques of the direct composite restoration. Includes different instruments, matrix system, wedges, bevel, etching, bonding, and placement of composite along with finishing and polishing and clinical management
An inlay may cap none, or may cap all but one cusp.
Sturdevant’s 4th ed. page579
Inlays may be used as single-tooth restorations for proximo-occlusal or gingival lesions with minimal to moderate extensions
Shillingburg page 1
An inlay may be defined as a restoration which has been constructed out of mouth from gold, porcelain, or other material & then cemented into the prepared cavity of a tooth.
William McGehee pg410
explained with Limited matter moreover I have included all the images. if you go through a standard textbook and referred to this PPT it will help you so much I hope It helps you. ask me for the books details.
Smear layer is a controversial topic in the field of operative dentistry and endodontics. This presentation includes composition, concepts, structure, advantages, disadvantages, and removal methods of smear layer.
When a crown or Fixed Partial Dentures (FPD) fails, the primary question is whether the problem can be easily resolved, or requires extensive rehabilitation and reconstruction.
Techniques of direct composite restorationMrinaliniDr
Techniques of the direct composite restoration. Includes different instruments, matrix system, wedges, bevel, etching, bonding, and placement of composite along with finishing and polishing and clinical management
An inlay may cap none, or may cap all but one cusp.
Sturdevant’s 4th ed. page579
Inlays may be used as single-tooth restorations for proximo-occlusal or gingival lesions with minimal to moderate extensions
Shillingburg page 1
An inlay may be defined as a restoration which has been constructed out of mouth from gold, porcelain, or other material & then cemented into the prepared cavity of a tooth.
William McGehee pg410
explained with Limited matter moreover I have included all the images. if you go through a standard textbook and referred to this PPT it will help you so much I hope It helps you. ask me for the books details.
Smear layer is a controversial topic in the field of operative dentistry and endodontics. This presentation includes composition, concepts, structure, advantages, disadvantages, and removal methods of smear layer.
When a crown or Fixed Partial Dentures (FPD) fails, the primary question is whether the problem can be easily resolved, or requires extensive rehabilitation and reconstruction.
The presentation depicts in a very simplified manner the steps of cavity preparation and restoration of class 3 and class 5 composite restoration. It is well supported with illustrations that further provide a better understanding of the topic.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Copy of fundamentals of cavity preparations / dental implant coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Applications Of Intra- Oral Scanners( IOS) In Crown And Bridge.pptxAhmed Ali
application of intra-oral scanner in fixed prosthodontics:
Intraoral scanning, a cutting-edge advancement in dental technology, is rapidly transforming the landscape of modern dentistry. This innovative approach eliminates the need for traditional impression materials, which can often be messy, time-consuming, and uncomfortable for patients.
The Intraoral Scanner is a device used to digitally record topographical features of teeth and surrounding tissues. It produces 3D scans for later use in computer- assisted design and computer- assisted manufacturing of dental restorations.
dental Monoblock obturation technique or concept in endodonticsAhmed Ali
dental Monoblock obturation technique or concept in endodontics which are classified into primary ,secondary & tertiary based upon resin , now the bioceramics
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
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2. Introduction:
The use of the composite materials to restore
form and function of posterior teeth damaged
by disease, age or trauma is gaining wide
acceptance by the dental community.
3. Indication of posterior
composites restoration
Small to moderate sized lesions in
posterior teeth.
Incipient lesions.
In premolars and first molars where
esthetics is the main concern.
Core build up
When moisture control of operating
site is possible.
4. When tooth being restored,
experience normal occlusal
stresses.
Patient with low caries risk.
Occlusal contact(s) on enamel
may be considered desirable and,
ideally,
all cavity margins should be in
enamel.
Indications cont.
5. Contraindications for Use of Posterior
Composite Restorations:
difficulty to achieve moisture control.
When large lesion is present extending onto
the root surface.
In patients with high caries risk and poor oral
hygiene.
High occlussal stresses as in patients with
para-functional habits like clenching and
bruxism.
6. Advantages of Posterior Composite
Restoration
• Good esthetics.
• Conservation of tooth structure
• Low thermal conductivity
• bonding benefits.
• cheap when compared to
indirect restorations.
• no galvanism.
• Repairable.
8. Disadvantages cont.
• Composite has not been shown
to release therapeutic levels of
fluoride.
• When compared with amalgam ,
Amalgam is more bactericidal
than composite and tends to
accumulate less decay.
10. Polymerization shrinkage
can result in:
Postoperative sensitivity
Recurrent caries
Failure of interfacial
bonding
Fracture of restoration
and tooth
11. Some of the strategies to reduce
Polymerizations Shrinkage:
C.factor
Altering Composite formulations
Incremental layering technique
Light curing procedures
Stress absorbing layers with low elastic modulus
Incorporation of macro-fillers (eg. ready made inserts) to
reduce the overall volume of composite
Preheating composites.
13. Configuration or C-factor
the ratio of bonded surface of the
restoration to the unbonded surfaces.
C-factor is internal surface area versus
external surface area.
14.
15.
16.
17. • the higher the value of ‘C’-
factor, the greater is the
polymerization shrinkage
• Realistically a number of 2 or
above is a problem when it
comes to performance of the
composite.
20. Incremental Layering Technique:
• The bonded/unbonded ratio would be
reduced and, consequently, the stress level
within the cavity might be reduced.
• Reduce volume being cured
• to facilitate proper light-activation
• development of correct anatomy.
21. Three variations
of the basic oblique-layering technique
are
described:
Successive cusp build-up
Separate dentine and enamel build-up
Separate dentine and enamel build-up
using an index.
32. The protocol proposed for
posterior reconstruction is:
1.Diagnostic and initial occlusal
check
2.Isolation and pre-wedging
3.Cavity preparation and cavity
finishing
4.Proximal reconstruction and
occlusal layering
5.Straining (Optional) and finishing
6.Polishing and final occlusal check
35. 3.Cavity preparation and cavity finishing
The main aims of
preparation
• Access should be
limited to that required
to visualize and remove
carious tooth tissue
and/or any previous
restoration
• permit access for
instruments
36. C o m p a r i s o n b e t w e e n a m a l g a m
& c o m p o s i t e c a v i t y f e a t u r e s
37. C o m p a r i s o n b e t w e e n a m a l g a m
& c o m p o s i t e c a v i t y
f e a t u r e s ( c o n t i n u e d )
The use of direct composite has been shown to be effective for the immediate treatment of painful, cracked teeth. The validity of this form of treatment and the need to provide cuspal coverage is the subject of debate and merits further investigation
Smear layer
when the monomer converts to the polymer produces a volume reduction in the polymer with a resulting decreased intermolecular distances the composite resin contracts by about 1.5% to 6%. When the gel point is reached, the material flows from unbound surfaces to accommodate for shrinkage ,As the composite resin becomes more rigid because of the increasing modulus of the composite, flow stops and the bonded composite resin transmits shrinkage stresses generated to the surrounding tooth. Shrinkage direction
Photoinitiator Systems: Changes in the photoinitiator
systems and polymerization inhibitors have also been
reported. It was shown that increased inhibitor
concentrations reduced the rate of polymerization and the
shrinkage stress without significantly compromising the
final degree of conversion [15]. It was found that
phenylpropanedione, substituting for part of the
The shrinkage can be measured as either volume or linearly. On a linear basis, most direct composites shrink 2% to 5%. All composites shrink on polymerization at this point, but the way the composite shrinks is critical and is based on the C-factor. The shape of the cavity preparation, the number of opposing walls, how they oppose one another, and the angle at which they oppose one another are extremely critical to the behavior of composite shrinkage.
The shape of the cavity preparation (Flat smooth flow surfaces and shallow cavities represent the most favorable conditions)
reduce the number of opposing walls
Increase the angle at which they oppose one another (saucer shaped) rounded line angles (obtuse)
Curing Charecteristics: These techniques of curing
provide an initial low rate of polymerization thereby
extending the time available for stress relaxation before
reaching the gel point.
Soft Start Polymerization:
This involves 100mW/cm for because they can chemically copolymerize with the 2
10 seconds followed by immediate radiance at an intensity
of 600mW/cm for 30 seconds [22]. 2
Pulse Delay Polymerization: In this method the clinician
apply the initial exposure with reduced light radiance for
a very short period of time (Seconds or minutes) and fully
radiate later.
Ramped Curing:
The intensity is gradually increased or
ramped up during the exposure. This ramping consists of
Delayed Curing: The restoration is initially cured at low
intensity. Then the restoration is contoured to the correct
occlusion and later applies the final cure. This delay
allows substantial relaxation to take place. Longer the time
period available for relaxation, the lower the shrinkage
stress.
Sited Light Curing or Transenamel Curing:
It has been
postulated that contraction takes place towards the
light source in light curing composites. To guide the
shrinkage towards the cavity walls, 3 sited light
curing has been developed. In this technique using
the light transmitting wedges, the composite is curd
from the buccal and lingual walls in addition to occlusal
[22, 24].
stepwise, linear or exponential modes [23].
side. But the efficacy of the technique is yet to be proved
Incremental Layering Technique: It is widelyaccepted incremental filling decreases shrinkage stressas a result of reduced polymerization material volume. Each increment is compensated by the next, and the
consequence of polymerization shrinkage is less
damaging since only the volume reduction of the last
layer can damage the bond surface. Theoretically, if an
infinite number of increments were used, the magnitude
of polymerization shrinkage would be insignificant [19].
The following are the best known techniques:
Here individual cusps are restored one at a time up to the level of the occlusal enamel. Small sloping increments are applied to each corner of the cavity in turn and manipulation is kept to a minimum, to avoid folding voids into the material. This method, while initially time consuming,
can greatly reduce finishing time by careful attention to progressive reconstruction of natural morphology.
Here sloping increments are again applied to cavity walls (and cured in turn) but only to the level of the amelo-dentinal junction (ADJ) occlusally (Figure 28). Final ‘enamel’ increments are then applied. Careful control of the final layer will again reduce the finishing stage.8,11 Some operators (if agreeable to the patient) place composite pit and fissure stain before placement of the final layer.8 An alternative method of achieving a more natural appearance is to use a dark (eg A4) shade of composite for the bulk of the restoration and a translucent or light shade for the ‘enamel’ increment(s).
Teflon coating
Bulk fill ORMOCER (“organically modified ceramics”)
Bulk Technique: The bulk technique reduces stress at
the cavosurface margins. Here the adhesive, flowable
composite are placed into the preparation in bulk and the
polymerized by curing through the tooth from the buccal
and lingual (Fig 2).
Use of flowable composites as a
lining is the subject of divided opinion.2,5,11,13
It is suggested that a flowable resin with
a lower modulus of elasticity may act as
a stress relaxation buffer,13 deforming to
absorb the tension stress of the overlying
composite,38 during polymerization and postcure.
Use of flowables has also been
advocated to improve composite adaptation
to the cavity.
If a decision is made to use
it, then a thin, uniform layer of maximum
0.5mm thickness is applied to the dentine.
Lighter shades may be employed as these
will cure more easily.10,11 It is applied to boxes
first and any air bubbles are popped with a
probe, before curing (Figure 26).
In this respect, flowable
composites may be best suited for
restoring small cavities in preventive resin
restorations39 (see Figure 2) and for sealing
narrow marginal defects when repairing
existing restorations.
Flowable composites from
different manufacturers show a wide
variation in formulation and offer different
Stress Absorbing Layers with Low Elastic
the shrinkage stress generated by a subsequent
layer of high modulus resin composite can be
absorbed by an elastic intermediary layer,
thereby reducing the stress at the tooth – restoration
interface manifested clinically as a reduction in cuspal
deflection.
Modulus: According to “elastic bonding concept”
Bases and linings
Glass ionomer, resin modified
glass ionomer and chemically cured
composite may also be used as part of
an open or closed ‘sandwich’ restorative
protocol.
Closed sandwich
Here a resin-modified glass
ionomer (RMGI) lining, eg Vitrebond (3M St
Paul, MN, USA), is placed over pulpal dentine
prior to etching. This will adhere to the
prepared cavity floor and may help to protect
the pulp by sealing deep dentine in an area
where bond strengths may be diminished.4
This, in turn, may lead to a reduction in postoperative sensitivity.1,4,6,11 Vitrebond may also
be used to protect calcium hydroxide pulp
caps from etchant, but should be confined
to as small an area of dentine as is practical
and must be kept well clear of cavity margins,
where it will dissolve over time.
Open sandwich
Here a glass ionomer, RMGI
or chemically cured composite is placed
over the dentine and into the cervical part
of a box. In this respect, the longevity of
restorations has been reported to be reduced
by the use of ‘elastic’ linings and base
layers.21 Potential benefits must be weighed
against reported increased fracture rates of
restorations overlying such ‘shock absorbing’
layers.
(eg ready
made inserts) to reduce the overall volume of
Composite divided into
those with and those without preparation instruments in combination with matching standardized inserts.
Preheating:
method to increase composite flow, Improve marginal adaptation and monomer conversion
has been proved. The benefits of with the application of shorter light exposure to
provide conversion values similar to those seen in
unheated condition. Increased temperature decreases
system viscosity and enhances radical mobility, resulting
in additional polymerization and higher degree
conversion. The collision frequency of unreacted active
groups and radicals could increases with elevated curing
temperature
Pre-wedging is very important and useful because
1. protect the proximal rubber to be broken during the cavity preparation
2. push the rubber and the gingiva more apically
3. separate the teeth so the proximal preparation is easier
4- guide to avoid overextension
of the gingival floor.
Smear layer diamond bur no carbide CHX disinfection
One of the most important steps in restoring Class II . In contrast to amalgam, which can be condensed to improve the proximal contact