The document discusses dental luxation injuries, which involve disruption of the tooth and surrounding tissues from trauma. It describes different types of luxation including intrusive, extrusive, lateral, and concussive luxations. For each type, it outlines the typical clinical findings, recommended treatment approaches, and prognosis. Intrusive luxations have the tooth driven into the socket, while extrusive luxations see the tooth elongated out of the socket. Lateral luxations displace the tooth labially, lingually, mesially or distally. Treatment involves repositioning the tooth and splinting, with endodontics sometimes needed. Prognosis depends on healing of the periodontium and pulpal response.
Dentin dysplasia (DD) is a rare hereditary disturbance is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait.
unknown etiology that affects approximately 1 :100,000.
In 1972, Witkop classified it into type I and type II which affect both dentitions.DD Type I
Radicular dentin dysplasia
Characterized by:-
1.Both dentitions are affected.
2.Normal appearing crowns
3.No or only rudimentary root development (rootless teeth)
4.Incomplete or total obliteration of the pulp chamber.
5.Teeth may exhibit extreme mobility and exfoliate prematurely.DD type II
coronal dentin dysplasia
Characterized by:-
1.partial pulpal obliteration.
2.Thistle-tube-or flame-shaped coronal pulp chambers
3. Thread-like root canals
4. Usually the absence of periapical radiolucencies.
5. In this type of anomaly, teeth roots are of normal shape and contour.The enamel and the immediately subjacent dentin appear normal.
Deeper layers of dentin show an atypical tubular pattern with an amorphous, atubular area, and irregular organization.
Normal dentinal tubule formation appears to have been blocked so that new dentine forms around obstacles and takes on the characteristic appearances described as “lava flowing around boulders”The radiograph revealed features of dentine dysplasia type I with normal appearance of crown but no root development Autosomal Dominant Disorder:
Manifested in heterozygous states
At least one parent of index case is usually affected
Both males and females are affected.
Clinical feature can be modified by variation in penetrance and expressivity. Some individual inherit the mutant gene but are phenotpically normal. This is reffered to as “incomplete penetrance”.
In many condition the age of onset is delayed.
Inheritance Pattern:
Typical pattern is a heterozygous affected parent with a homozygous unaffected parent.
Every child has one chance in two of having the disease
Both sexes are affected equally..Autosomal Recessive Disorder
Largest category of Mendelian disorder
Usually does not affect the parent of the affected individual, but sibling may show the disease.
Complete penetrance is common.
Onset is frequently early in life.
Usually affect enzymatic proteins.
Pattern Of Inheritance:
Typical pattern is two heterozygous unaffected (carrier) parent.
The triat does not usually affect the parent, but siblings may show the disease
Siblings have one chance in four of being affected
Both sexes affected equally.
Dentin dysplasia (DD) is a rare hereditary disturbance is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait.
unknown etiology that affects approximately 1 :100,000.
In 1972, Witkop classified it into type I and type II which affect both dentitions.DD Type I
Radicular dentin dysplasia
Characterized by:-
1.Both dentitions are affected.
2.Normal appearing crowns
3.No or only rudimentary root development (rootless teeth)
4.Incomplete or total obliteration of the pulp chamber.
5.Teeth may exhibit extreme mobility and exfoliate prematurely.DD type II
coronal dentin dysplasia
Characterized by:-
1.partial pulpal obliteration.
2.Thistle-tube-or flame-shaped coronal pulp chambers
3. Thread-like root canals
4. Usually the absence of periapical radiolucencies.
5. In this type of anomaly, teeth roots are of normal shape and contour.The enamel and the immediately subjacent dentin appear normal.
Deeper layers of dentin show an atypical tubular pattern with an amorphous, atubular area, and irregular organization.
Normal dentinal tubule formation appears to have been blocked so that new dentine forms around obstacles and takes on the characteristic appearances described as “lava flowing around boulders”The radiograph revealed features of dentine dysplasia type I with normal appearance of crown but no root development Autosomal Dominant Disorder:
Manifested in heterozygous states
At least one parent of index case is usually affected
Both males and females are affected.
Clinical feature can be modified by variation in penetrance and expressivity. Some individual inherit the mutant gene but are phenotpically normal. This is reffered to as “incomplete penetrance”.
In many condition the age of onset is delayed.
Inheritance Pattern:
Typical pattern is a heterozygous affected parent with a homozygous unaffected parent.
Every child has one chance in two of having the disease
Both sexes are affected equally..Autosomal Recessive Disorder
Largest category of Mendelian disorder
Usually does not affect the parent of the affected individual, but sibling may show the disease.
Complete penetrance is common.
Onset is frequently early in life.
Usually affect enzymatic proteins.
Pattern Of Inheritance:
Typical pattern is two heterozygous unaffected (carrier) parent.
The triat does not usually affect the parent, but siblings may show the disease
Siblings have one chance in four of being affected
Both sexes affected equally.
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION
TYPES OF TRAUMA FROM OCCLUSION
GLICKMAN CONCEPT
WAERHAUG CONCEPT
STAGES OF TISSUE RESPONSE TO INJURY
CLINICAL AND RADIOGRAPHIC FEATURES OF TFO
CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS OF TFO
TFO AND IMPLANTS
TREATMENT OF TFO
CONCLUSION
REFRENCES
The wasting diseases of teeth, namely attrition, abrasion and dental erosion have taken their toll in the population around the world due to the changing lifestyles, increase in the stress levels and many others factors that were persistent earlier but have suddenly increased drastically. This presentation brings to light the new factors that have attributed to this condition as well as discusses the previous ones.
This lecture, which oriented to the level of mind of undergraduate students, discuss the topic of pulpectomy, its indications, contraindications, and procedural steps.
Visit us on Facebook:
https://www.facebook.com/iraqi.Dental.Academy
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION
TYPES OF TRAUMA FROM OCCLUSION
GLICKMAN CONCEPT
WAERHAUG CONCEPT
STAGES OF TISSUE RESPONSE TO INJURY
CLINICAL AND RADIOGRAPHIC FEATURES OF TFO
CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS OF TFO
TFO AND IMPLANTS
TREATMENT OF TFO
CONCLUSION
REFRENCES
The wasting diseases of teeth, namely attrition, abrasion and dental erosion have taken their toll in the population around the world due to the changing lifestyles, increase in the stress levels and many others factors that were persistent earlier but have suddenly increased drastically. This presentation brings to light the new factors that have attributed to this condition as well as discusses the previous ones.
This lecture, which oriented to the level of mind of undergraduate students, discuss the topic of pulpectomy, its indications, contraindications, and procedural steps.
Visit us on Facebook:
https://www.facebook.com/iraqi.Dental.Academy
Differential diagnosis of periapical radiolucent lesion HagerMohammed12
Differential diagnosis of periapical radiolucent lesion
Periapical radiolucency is the descriptive term for radiographic changes which are most often due to apical periodontitis and radicular cysts, that is, inflammatory bone lesions around the apex of the tooth which develop if bacteria are spread from the oral cavity through a caries-affected tooth with necrotic dental pulp
RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATIONS OF BONE LOSS AND PATTERN OF BONE LOSSMuhammadWasilKhan1
Radiographic examinations play a crucial role in the diagnosis and assessment of bone health and conditions related to bone loss. Bone loss is a common medical concern that can be caused by various factors, including aging, hormonal changes, metabolic disorders, and chronic diseases. Radiographic imaging techniques provide valuable insights into the extent and patterns of bone loss, helping healthcare professionals make informed decisions about patient care and treatment.
Trauma To The Permanent Maxillary Incisors In The Mixed Dentition And Orthodo...Mohamed Alkeshan
this presentation talking about treatment traumatic teeth specially maxillary incisor and orthodontic treatment possibility after trauma . dr mohammad alkeshan
hypomineralization of systemic origin of one to four permanent first molars frequently associated with affected incisors and these molars are related to major clinical problems in severe cases
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
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This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
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CDSCO and Phamacovigilance {Regulatory body in India}NEHA GUPTA
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Operating under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, the CDSCO is responsible for approving new drugs, conducting clinical trials, setting standards for drugs, controlling the quality of imported drugs, and coordinating the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.
Pharmacovigilance, on the other hand, is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The primary aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, thereby protecting public health.
In India, pharmacovigilance activities are monitored by the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI), which works closely with CDSCO to collect, analyze, and act upon data regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the benefits of drugs outweigh their risks, maintaining high standards of patient safety, and promoting the rational use of medicines.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
2. Dental luxation :
group of clinical situations , that present
disruption between the tooth and its surrounding
tissues secondary to trauma.
with or without visible tooth displacement
Damage maybe in cementum, periodontal ligament
(PDL), and pulpal neurovascular supply
3. In traumatology, luxations are
the most common
Most commonly involved tooth
being the maxillary central
incisor
Permanent dentition: 15% to
40% of dental injuries
Primary dentition: 62-69% of
injuries
Luxation Trauma - 44%
– SUB-50%
– CON-19%
– LUX-17%
– INT-6%
– EXT=AVU-4%•
5. Especially note
1. Direction of dislocation
2. Amount of dislocation
3. Mobility
4. Percussion - response and sound
5. Response to pulp sensibility tests
6. Intrusive luxation
Apical displacement of tooth into the alveolar
bone.
The tooth is driven into the socket
7. displaced axially into the alveolar boneVisual signs
Usually high metallic (ankylotic) soundPercussion test
immobileMobility test
likely give negative Response
In immature, not fully developed teeth, pulpal revascularization may occur.
Sensibility test
As a routine: Occlusal, periapical exposure and lateral view from the
mesial or distal aspect of the tooth in question.
If the tooth is totally intruded a lateral exposure is indicated
Radiographs
recommended
9. 1. If intrusion less then 3 mm :
* allow the tooth to re erupt without
intervention .
if no movement is noticed after 2-4 weeks the
tooth may
*be repositioned orthodontically or surgically
before ankylosis
Closed Apex Root :
10. 2- If intrusion is 7 mm or more :
the tooth is repositioned surgically and stabilized for
4-8 weeks .
in most cases the root will become necrotic , root
canal treatment is required
Closed Apex Root :
1. Allow eruption without intervention
2. Same treatment m only the endodontic
treatment differ .
Open Apex Root :
11. Favorable Outcome
Tooth in place or
erupting.
Intact lamina dura
No signs of resorption.
Continuing root
development in
immature teeth.
12. Unfavorable Outcome
ankylosis (ankylotic tone
to percussion. )
Radiographic signs of
apical periodontitis
root resorption
13.
14. • extract
If the apex is displaced into the
developing tooth germ
Follow Up
• 1 week C
• 3 - 4 weeks C +
R
• 6 - 8 weeks C
• 6 months C + R
• 1 year C+R and
(C*)
15. Favorable Outcome
Tooth in place or erupting.
No or transient
discoloration.
UnFavorable Outcome
Tooth locked in place
Radiographic signs of apical
periodontitis
Persistent discoloration
Damage to the permanent
successor
16. the tooth is displaced in an incisal direction, with or
without a concomitant lateral luxation
Extrusive luxation :
17. Appears elongatedVisual signs
TenderPercussion test
Excessively mobileMobility test
Usually lack of response except for teeth with minor displacements.Sensibility test
Increased periapical ligament spaceRadiographic
findings
18. Repositioning
The tooth is gently pushed back in to its
socket
Administer local anaesthesia
Applying splinting material
Polishing the splint
19. The finished splint
the splint allows optimal oral hygiene in
the gingival region
Suturing the gingival wound
The gingival wound is closed with
interrupted silk sutures.
Follow Up
• 2 Weeks S+, C++
• 4 Weeks C++
• 6-8 Weeks C++
• 6 Months C++
• 1 Year C++
• Yearly 5 years C++
20. Favorable Outcome
Asymptomatic
Clinical and radiographic of
healed periodontium.
Positive response to pulp
testing
Continuing root development
in immature teeth.
UnFavorable Outcome
Symptoms and radiographic
sign consistent with apical
periodontitis.
Negative response to pulp
testing
External root resorption.
21.
22.
23. the tooth is displaced labially, lingually, distally, or
mesially, with or without an associated apical
displacement
Lateral luxation :
24. Displaced, usually in a palatal/lingual or labial directionVisual signs
Usually gives a high metallic (ankylotic) soundPercussion test
Usually immobileMobility test
Sensibility tests will likely give negative resultSensibility test
The widened periodontal ligament spaceRadiographic
findings
A steep occlusal radiographic exposure reveals, as expected, more
displacement than the bisecting angle technique.
A lateral radiograph reveals the associated fracture of the labial bone
plate
Radiographs
recommended
25. Repositioning
forcing the displaced apex
Axial pressure apically will bring the
tooth back to its original position
If the palatal aspect of the marginal bone
has also been displaced at the time of
impact. This must be repositioned with
digital pressure .
Administer Local Anaesthesia
26. Verifying Repositioning And
Splinting With The Acid-etch
Technique
Occlusion is checked and a radiograph
taken .
The incisal one-third of the labial aspect
of the injured and adjacent teeth is acid
etched (30 seconds) with phosphoric acid
gel.
Preparing The Splinting Material
The etchant is removed with a 20
seconds water spray.
The labial enamel is dried with
compressed air
28. Splint Removal
The splint is removed using fissure burs,
by reducing the splinting material
interproximally and thereafter thinning the
splint uniformly across its total span.
Once, thinned out, the splint can be
removed by using sharp explorer.
29. Favorable Outcome
Asymptomatic
Clinical and radiographic
signs of normal or healed
periodontium.
Positive response to pulp
testing (false negative
possible up to 3 months).
Marginal bone height
corresponds to that seen
radiographically after
repositioning.
Continuing root
development in immature
teeth.
Unfavorable Outcome
Symptoms and radiographic
sign consistent with apical
periodontitis.
Negative response to pulp
testing (false negative
possible up to 3 months).
If breakdown of marginal
bone, splint for an additional
3-4 weeks.
External inflammatory root
resorption.
Endodontic therapy
appropriate for stage of root
development is indicated.
30. • The Tooth Is Allowed To Reposition
Spontaneously
No Occlusal Interference
• Slight Grinding Is Indicated
Minor Occlusal Interference
• The Tooth Can Be Gently
Repositioned
Severe Occlusal
Interference
• Extraction
Severe Displacement
Follow Up
• 1 week C
• 2 - 3 weeks C
• 6 - 8 weeks C +
R
• 1 year C + R
31. Favorable Outcome
Asymptomatic
Clinical and radiographic
signs of normal or healed
periodontium.
Transient discoloration
might occur
UnFavorable Outcome
Symptoms and radiographic
sign consistent with
periodontitis.
Grey persistent discoloration
32. 2-year-, 7-month-old
male
• Mother stated, “ Child was running in home, fell and
hit cement stairs three hours ago
Chief Complaint and History of Present
Injury
Soft tissue injuries: Bruising noted on lip
No other significant findings
Extra-oral Exam
Maxillary left primary central incisor: Intruded to
gingival margin
Maxillary left primary lateral incisor: Slight mobility,
brown discoloration noted middle third
Intra-oral Exam
33. Radiographs not possible due to very
poor patient cooperation
Vitality tests deferred
Diagnostic Tools
Maxillary left primary central incisor:
Intrusion
Diagnosis
34. No treatment is indicated at this
time
Discharge instructions
Watch for clinical signs such as
presence of parulis or fstula
Follow-up treatment
Treatment
The overall prognosis for this tooth
is based on the observation that it
did re-erupt. The four-month post-
op radiograph demonstrated no
periapical resorption or
radiolucency.
Prognosis and Discussion
35. 12-year-, 7-month-old male
• Foster dad reports, “He fell while running
and
• pushed his tooth up”
Chief Complaint and History of Present
Injury
No other significant findings
Extra-oral Exam
Attached gingiva lacerated adjacent to
intruded maxillary right permanent central
incisor
Intra-oral Exam
36. Intra-oral periapical radiographs of maxillary
anterior area:
Demonstrate mature root formation of
anterior teeth and closed apices
The maxillary right permanent central incisor
is intruded approximately 10mm and labially
luxated with concomitant fracture of alveolar
plate
The periodontal ligament (PDL) space is
obliterated on the occlusal radiographic image
Percussion tests
Maxillary right permanent lateral incisor:
Positive
Maxillary right permanent central incisor:
Negative, high metallic sound
Diagnostic Tools
37. Maxillary right permanent central incisor:
Surgically reposition as soon as possible and splint .
light orthodontic wire three to four weeks
Maxillary left permanent central incisor: Apply
glass ionomer or composite resin temporary
restoration on fracture to cover exposed dentin
Follow-up Treatment
Maxillary right permanent central incisor:
Complete pulpectomy within three weeks of injury.
Fill canal with Ca(OH)2 for two to four weeks.
Because this tooth is likely to ankylose and undergo
replacement resorption, do not place Gutta Percha
unless healing is indicated by presence of lamina
dura and no signs of resorption. Remove splint after
four weeks and complete final composite restoration
Maxillary left permanent central incisor: Complete
final composite restoration after splint is removed
Treatment
Editor's Notes
The greatest incidence of trauma to the primary dentition occurs at 2 to 3 years of age, when motor coordination is developing.
The most common injuries to permanent teeth occur secondary to falls, followed by traffic accidents, violence, and sports.
All sporting activities have an associated risk of orofacial injuries due to falls, collisions, and contact with hard surfaces
Reposition the tooth back into its normal position.
Technique: avoid damaging the root surface (especially at the cemento-enamel junction) by using
forceps or similar instrument and grip the crown only. Acid etching and bonding of a small amount
of composite resin on the labial and/or palatal surfaces will aid the gripping action of the forceps and
will help to avoid slipping of the forceps.
Treatments
If there is no occlusal interference, as is often the case in anterior open bite, the tooth is allowed to reposition spontaneously
In case of minor occlusal interference, slight grinding is indicated
When there is more severe occlusal interference, the tooth can be gently repositioned by
combined labial and palatal pressure after the use of local anesthesia
In severe displacement, when the crown is dislocated in a labial direction, extraction is the treatment of choice
Treatment
• No treatment is indicated at this time
• Discharge instructions
• Watch for clinical signs such as presence of parulis or fstula
• Follow-up treatment
• Patient was seen for follow-up at one and two months with minimal re-eruption noted
• Four-month follow-up: Per mother, patient is asymptomatic; the maxillary left primary central incisor has fully re-erupted into position
Vitality testsDeferred because results are not reliable at thetime of injury