Endocrine Glands. Explaination of different glands.Function of different glands and the disorders caused by the alterations in the level of hormone secreted by the different glands.
The endocrine system is a messenger system comprising feedback loops of the hormones released by internal glands of an organism directly into the circulatory system, regulating distant target organs. In vertebrates, the hypothalamus is the neural control center for all endocrine systems.
The endocrine system is a messenger system comprising feedback loops of the hormones released by internal glands of an organism directly into the circulatory system, regulating distant target organs. In vertebrates, the hypothalamus is the neural control center for all endocrine systems.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
2. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Endocrine System…. POOJA SAHARAN, M.Sc NSG I YR. M.M C.O.N, MULLANA
• System of ductless glands
• Regulates body functions via
hormones secreted into the
bloodstream.
4. Mechanisms of hormone release
(a) Humoral: in response to changing levels of ions
or nutrients in the blood
(b) Neural: stimulation by nerves
(c) Hormonal: stimulation received from other
hormones
Endocrine System…. POOJA SAHARAN, M.Sc NSG I YR. M.M C.O.N,
7. HYPOTHALAMUS
Endocrine System…. POOJA SAHARAN, M.Sc NSG. I YR. M.M C.O.N, MULLANA
4
• ‘Master Gland’
• Function : Control centre
• Attached to roof of third ventricle,
near thalamus
• Continuously receive information
on status of body systems via nerve
impulses
• Monitors composition &
temperature of blood
• Messages interpreted, evaluated :
outgoing messages dispatched via
nerves / hormones
• Plays role in feedback systems that
govern secretions of endocrine
system
8. 2. PITUITARY GLAND
Endocrine System…. POOJA SAHARAN, M.Sc NSG. I YR. M.M C.O.N, MULLANA
5
• Pea sized mass of glandular
tissue
• Lies in sella turcica
• Slender stalk: Infundibulum
connects pituitary gland to
hypothalamus
• 2 parts : Neurohypophysis
Adenohypophysis
Indirectly controls :
• Growth
• Metabolism
• Sexual reproduction
• Lactation
11. 2. PITUITARY GLAND: HORMONES
Endocrine System…. POOJA SAHARAN, M.Sc NSG. I YR. M.M C.O.N, MULLANA
7
HORMONES EFFECTS
Oxytocin (OC) Stimulates contraction of uterus & contractile
cells of breast
ADH Prevents excess urine production
GH General body growth
ACTH Stimulate adrenal cortex to release hormone
TSH Controls thyroid gland
LH Stimulates sexual & reproductive function
FSH Stimulate production of sperm & egg in
ovaries & testis
MSH Related to skin pigmentation
PRL Initiates milk production in breast
Posterior
Pituitary
Anterior
Pituitary
12. 3. THYROID GLAND
Endocrine System…. POOJA SAHARAN, M.Sc NSG. I YR. M.M C.O.N, MULLANA
• Located in middle anterior
part of neck: below larynx, in
front of trachea
• “Butterfly” shape
• 2 lobes connected by isthmus
• ↑ in size : puberty &
pregnancy
• Rich blood supply: able to
deliver high levels of
hormones in short period of
time
• Produces Thyroxin (T4) &
Tri-iodothyronine (T3)
• Calcitonin : involved in
calcium & phosphate
homeostasis
13. 4. PARATHYROID GLAND
Endocrine System…. POOJA SAHARAN, M.Sc NSG. I YR. M.M C.O.N, MULLANA
9
• Small rounded mass
• Attached to posterior surface of
thyroid gland
• Produces Parathyroid hormone
(PTH)
• Controls homeostasis of calcium
& phosphate in blood by
activating Vitamin D
14. 5. THYMUS
Endocrine System…. POOJA SAHARAN, M.Sc NSG. I YR. M.M C.O.N, MULLANA
10
•Plays a role in the immune
system
•Produces thymosin, thymic
humaral factor & thymic factor
•Responsible for maturation of
T-lymphocytes
15. HARMONES OF THYROID, PARATHYROID & THYMUS
Endocrine System…. POOJA SAHARAN, M.Sc NSG. I YR. M.M C.O.N, MULLANA
11
ORGAN HORMONE EFFECT
Thyroid gland
(Follicular cells)
T3 & T4 energy utilization
oxygen consumption
growth & development
Thyroid gland
(C cells)
Calcitonin ↓ Calcium ion concentration
in body fluids
Parathyroid PTH ↑ Calcium ion concentration
in body fluids
Thymus Thymosin Maturation & functional
competence of immune
system
↑
16. 6. ADRENAL GLAND
Endocrine System… POOJA SAHARAN, M.Sc NSG. I YR. M.M C.O.N, MULLANA
12
• Located superior to the
kidney
• Divided into: (i) outer cortex
(ii) inner
medulla
18. ADRENAL HORMONES
Endocrine System…. POOJA SAHARAN, M.Sc NSG. I YR. M.M C.O.N, MULLANA
14
EFFECTHARMONESREGION
↑cardiac activity
↑blood pressure
↑glycogen breakdown
↑blood glucose
Epinephrine
(Adrenaline),
Norepinephrine
(Noradrenaline)
Medulla
Androgens3. Zona Reticularis
Releases amino acids from skeletal
muscle & lipids from adipose.
Promotes liver glycogen & glucose
formation
Anti inflammatory effect
Glucocorticoid:
cortisol
2. Zona fasciculata
↑Renal reabsorption of sodium ions
& water.
↑renal potassium ion loss
Mineralocorticoid:
Aldosterone
Cortex
1. Zona glomerulos
19. Endocrine System…. POOJA SAHARAN, M.Sc NSG. I YR. M.M C.O.N, MULLANA
15
7. PANCREAS
• Flattened organ
• Lies retroperitoneally &
transversly across posterior
abdominal wall
• Posterior to stomach, between
doudenum on right & spleen
on left
• Classified as exocrine &
endocrine
Hormones:
• Islets of Langerhans
22. Endocrine System…. POOJA SAHARAN, M.Sc NSG. I YR. M.M C.O.N, MULLANA
12 & 13. TESTES & OVARIES
TESTES:
• Located within scrotum
• Produce testosterone
• Stimulates development of male
sexual characteristics
OVARIES:
• Located in pelvic cavity
• Produce oestrogen &
progesterone
• Responsible for development &
maintenance of female
characteristics & menstrual cycle
23. Endocrine System…. POOJA SAHARAN, M.Sc NSG. I YR. M.M C.O.N, MULLANA
18
HORMONES OF REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
CELLS HORMONES EFFECT
Testes
Interstitial cells
1. Testosterone
2. Inhibin
1. Maturation of sperm
Male secondary sex characteristics
2. Inhibits secretion of FSH
Ovaries
Follicle cells
1. Oestrogen
2. Inhibin
1. Follicle maturation
Female secondary sex characteristic
2. Inhibits secretion of FSH
Corpus Luteum Progesterone Prepare uterus for implantation
Prepare breast for secretory function
25. Endocrine System…. POOJA SAHARAN, M.Sc NSG. I YR. M.M C.O.N, MULLANA
20
ENDOCRINE DISORDERS
2 Categories:
• Abnormal hormone production
• Abnormal cellular sensitivity
ACROMEGALY:
• Over production of growth
hormone
• Bone shape changes
• Cartilaginous areas of skeleton
enlarge
• Broad facial features
• Enlarged lower jaw
26. Endocrine System…. POOJA SAHARAN, M.Sc NSG. I YR. M.M C.O.N, MULLANA
2 1
ENDOCRINE DISORDERS
CRETINISM
• Results from thyroid
hormone insufficiency in
infancy
27. Endocrine System…. POOJA SAHARAN, M.Sc NSG. I YR. M.M C.O.N, MULLANA
22
ENDOCRINE DISORDERS
GOITER
• Enlarged thyroid gland
• Results from thyroid hormone
hyposecretion
• Due to iodine insufficiency
28. Endocrine System…. …. POOJA SAHARAN, M.Sc NSG. I YR. M.M C.O.N, MULLANA
23
ENDOCRINE DISORDERS
CUSHING’S SYNDROME
• Results from hypersecretion of
glucocorticoids
• Lipid reserves are mobilized
• Adipose tissue accumulates in
cheeks & base of neck
29. Endocrine System…. …. POOJA SAHARAN, M.Sc NSG I YR. M.M C.O.N,
FEEDBACK CONTROL OF HORMONE RELEASE
• Regulation
Eg. Production of releasing substance / inhibiting substance
→ Release of hormone from pituitary gland
→ stimulates hormone release by target gland
→ hormone exert normal effect & influence further release
of a releasing or inhibiting substance
→ inhibit release of hormone from pituitary gland
30. Endocrine System…. …. POOJA SAHARAN, M.Sc NSG I YR. M.M C.O.N,
RAISE YOUR HANDS AND ANSWER THE QUESTION.
31. Q 1. Which hormones are
responsible for milk
production and milk
secretion?
Endocrine System…. POOJA SAHARAN, M.Sc NSG I YR. M.M C.O.N,
35. Q.3As glands help for every
response in endocrine system,
like wise neuron helps for every
response in nervous system .
TRUE OR FALSE????
Endocrine System…. POOJA SAHARAN, M.Sc NSG I YR. M.M C.O.N,
