The document presents a seminar on encephalitis, defining it as inflammation of the brain and describing its main types, causes, symptoms, diagnostic tests, treatment including pharmacological and nursing management, complications, and prevention methods. Encephalitis is usually caused by a viral infection but can also be caused by bacteria, and symptoms may include fever, headache, nausea, and confusion.
This ppt is related to the Meningitis for nurses. it gives you broad concept of Meningitis definition, types, sign and symptoms, etiology and risk factors, complications, pharmacological management, non pharmacological management, Nursing management, Home care management, concept care Map and quizzes for final evaluation
Encephalitis is a rare yet serious disease that can be life-threatening.
Encephalitis is an inflammation of the brain tissue.
The most common cause is viral infections.
In rare cases it can be caused by bacteria or even fungi.
Encephalitis is an inflammation of the brain tissue.
Primary encephalitis- It occurs when a virus directly infects the brain and spinal cord.
Secondary encephalitis- It occurs when an infection starts elsewhere in the body and then travels to your brain.
Older adults
Children under the age of 1 year
People with weak immune systems
Primary (infectious) encephalitis
Common viruses, including HSV (herpes simplex virus) and EBV (Epstein-Barr virus)
Childhood viruses, including measles and mumps
Arboviruses (spread by mosquitoes, ticks, and other insects), including Japanese encephalitis, West Nile encephalitis, and tick-borne encephalitis
Secondary encephalitis: could be caused by a complication of a viral infection.
This ppt is related to the Meningitis for nurses. it gives you broad concept of Meningitis definition, types, sign and symptoms, etiology and risk factors, complications, pharmacological management, non pharmacological management, Nursing management, Home care management, concept care Map and quizzes for final evaluation
Encephalitis is a rare yet serious disease that can be life-threatening.
Encephalitis is an inflammation of the brain tissue.
The most common cause is viral infections.
In rare cases it can be caused by bacteria or even fungi.
Encephalitis is an inflammation of the brain tissue.
Primary encephalitis- It occurs when a virus directly infects the brain and spinal cord.
Secondary encephalitis- It occurs when an infection starts elsewhere in the body and then travels to your brain.
Older adults
Children under the age of 1 year
People with weak immune systems
Primary (infectious) encephalitis
Common viruses, including HSV (herpes simplex virus) and EBV (Epstein-Barr virus)
Childhood viruses, including measles and mumps
Arboviruses (spread by mosquitoes, ticks, and other insects), including Japanese encephalitis, West Nile encephalitis, and tick-borne encephalitis
Secondary encephalitis: could be caused by a complication of a viral infection.
Now a days TBM is super most disease in Indian children.
Tuberculous meningitis (TBM) is difficult to diagnose, and a high index of suspicion is needed to make an early diagnosis.
Meningitis is a clinical syndrome characterized by inflammation of the meninges, the three layers of membranes that enclose the brain and spinal cord.
Infections of the central nervous system (CNS) can be divided into two broad categories:
Those primarily involving the meninges and those primarily confined to the parenchyma (encephalitis).
Meningitis is a clinical syndrome characterized by inflammation of the meninges, the three layers of membranes that enclose the brain and spinal cord.
Most cases of meningitis are caused by an infectious agent that has colonized or established a localized infection elsewhere in the host.
Classically described as the triad of fever, neck stiffness, and altered mental state; in reality, this picture is only seen in 44% of adults with bacterial meningitis and is even less specific in children
Now a days TBM is super most disease in Indian children.
Tuberculous meningitis (TBM) is difficult to diagnose, and a high index of suspicion is needed to make an early diagnosis.
Meningitis is a clinical syndrome characterized by inflammation of the meninges, the three layers of membranes that enclose the brain and spinal cord.
Infections of the central nervous system (CNS) can be divided into two broad categories:
Those primarily involving the meninges and those primarily confined to the parenchyma (encephalitis).
Meningitis is a clinical syndrome characterized by inflammation of the meninges, the three layers of membranes that enclose the brain and spinal cord.
Most cases of meningitis are caused by an infectious agent that has colonized or established a localized infection elsewhere in the host.
Classically described as the triad of fever, neck stiffness, and altered mental state; in reality, this picture is only seen in 44% of adults with bacterial meningitis and is even less specific in children
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
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Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
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http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
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Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
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June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
1. Salale University
College of Health Sciences
Department of Adult Health Nursing
Seminar Presentation on: ENCEPHALITIS
Presented by : Kedir Mohammed ID : 182/15
Presented to : Bikila (Assistant professor)
OCT 3/05/ 2023
Fiche
3. OBJECTIVE
• To introduce & define the topic
• To explain types of encephalitis
• To enlist risk factors & etiology
• To explain clinical manifestation & diagnostic evaluatio
n
• To explain medical & nursing management and prevent
ion of encephalitis.
4. ENCEPHALITIS
• Encephalitis is a rare yet serious disease that can be life-
threatening.
• Encephalitis is the inflammation of the brain parenchym
a.
• Encephalitis with meningitis is known as meningoencep
halitis.
• Encephalitis can be infectious or noninfectious and ac
ute, subacute,or chronic.
5. ENCEPHALITIS
TYPES
• There are two main types of encephalitis:
• Primary encephalitis- It occurs when a virus directly
infects the brain and spinal cord.
• Secondary encephalitis- It occurs when an infection s
tarts elsewhere in the body and then travels to your bra
in. Results from a faulty immune system reaction.
EPIDEMIOLOGY
• A rare disease
• Most common in children , elderly, and people with w
eakened immune systems (HIV/AIDS or cancer).
6. Etiology
• The cause of encephalitis is usually infectious.
• is viral infections.
• Viral Causes: The most common cause
Enteroviruses (it is the most common cause of the viral
infection)
HSV-1, Arboviruses, Adenoviruses, Rabies, Measles,
Mumps virus
• Bacteria -Mycoplasma, Toxoplasmosis , malaria , prim
ary amoebic meningoencephalitis.
• Fungus
• Immunosuppressed
• Upper respiratory infections
7. Risk Factors
• Anyone can develop encephalitis
• Factors that may increase the risk include:
Older adults
Children under the age of 1 year
People with weak immune systems
Geographical regions. Mosquito- or tick-borne virus
es are common in particular geographical regions.
Season of the year. Mosquito- and tick-borne diseases
tend to be more common in summer in many areas of t
he United States.
9. SIGN And SYMPTOMS
• Fever with hallucinations
• Headache – may be severe with double vision
• Nausea & Vomiting
• Raised ICP- Stiff neck, pupils, motor weakness
• Confusion, personality changes, convulsions
• Poor appetite
• Loss of energy
• problems with memory
• speech problems
• Seizures are common at presentation
10. SIGN And SYMPTOMS
• The specific prodrome in encephalitis caused by (herpe
sviruses ) such as varicella-zoster virus, Epstein-Barr vi
rus or cytomegalovirus, and measles or mumps viruses i
ncludes :
lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, and parotid enl
argement.
11. Widespread edema and subarachnoid hem
orrhage areas in medial temporal and orbit
ofrontal regions
12. DIAGNOSIS
• Signs & Symptoms
Neurological examinations reveal a drowsy or con
fused patient.
Stiff neck ,may indicate meningoncephalitis.
• CT/MRI - to check for cerebral swelling of the p
arenchyma or focal abnormalities in temporal lobe
.
• EEG – Is the definitive test and shows abnormal b
rain waves ( spike and slow wave activity) from th
e temporal lobe.
• Blood test - Confirm presence of bacteria/viruses i
n cerebrospinal fluid and antibodies to fight infecti
on
13. DIAGNOSIS
• LP Analysis of CSF - increased amounts of protei
n and white blood cells (mainly lymphocytes) with
normal glucose levels
• PCR - it is the best choice when you suspect herp
es simplex infection)
• BRAIN BIOBSY - Rare
14. TREATMENT
• Early therapy is a critical factor in outcome
• People with severe symptoms are likely to need tre
atment in an intensive care unit (ICU) admission.
15. TREATMENT
PHARMACOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT
• Anti-inflammatory drugs & antipyretics - aceta
minophen (Tylenol, others), ibuprofen (Advil, Mo
trin IB, others) and naproxen sodium (Aleve) — t
o relieve headaches and fever
• Pyrimethamine (Daraprim) and sulfadoxine (Fa
nsidar) are commonly used to treat Toxoplasma en
cephalitis.
16. TREATMENT
• Mannitol or glycerol may be needed to reduce I
CP.
• Antibiotics
• Vitamin and mineral supplementation
• IV fluid therapy and dopamine to be given to tre
at shock and fluid electrolyte imbalance.
• Anticonvulsive drugs
17. TREATMENT
• Corticosteroids are used to reduce brain swelling
and inflammation (Reduce ICP and to suppress the
activity of their immune system.
• Sedatives may be needed for irritability or restless
ness.
• Antiviral drugs - Acyclovir (Zovirax) Ganciclovi
r (Cytovene)
• Acyclovir - Iv injection is the treatment of choice
(for 14 days). When the diagnosis of HSE is suspe
cted or has been established.
18. TREATMENT
NON- PHARMACOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT
• close monitoring (neuro obs, vital signs & body fl
uids to prevent further swelling
• Oxygenation to be provided by nasal cannula
• Mechanical ventilation is necessary in cardio-respi
ratory insufficiency
• Timely detection of electrolyte abnormalities
• position -Reduce ICP
19. NURSING MANAGEMENT
1. ASSESSMENT
• Obtain a history of recent infections such as upper respir
atory infection, and exposure to causative agents.
• Assess neurologic status and vital signs.
• Evaluate for signs of meningeal irritation.
• Assess sensorineural hearing loss (vision and hearing), c
ranial nerve damage (eg, facial nerve palsy), and diminis
hed cognitive function.
20. NURSING MANAGEMENT
2. Nursing Diagnosis
• Ineffective Tissue Perfusion (cerebral) related to infecti
ous process and cerebral edema
• Risk for Imbalanced Fluid Volume related to fever and
decreased intake
• Hyperthermia related to the infectious process and cere
bral edema.
• Acute Pain related to meningeal irritation
• Impaired Physical Mobility related to prolonged bed re
st.
21. NURSING MANAGEMENT
3. Goal
• To Enhanced Cerebral Tissue Perfusion
• To Maintain Fluid Balance
• To Reduce Fever
• To Reduce Pain
• To Return to Optimal Level of Functioning/ mobility
22. NURSING MANAGEMENT
4. Intervention
• Enhancing Cerebral Perfusion
Assess LOC, vital signs, and neurologic parameters freq
uently. Observe for signs and symptoms of ICP
Maintain a quiet, calm environment to prevent agitation,
which may cause an increased ICP.
• Maintaining Fluid Balance
Prevent I.V. fluid overload, which may worsen cerebral
edema.
Monitor intake and output closely.
23. NURSING MANAGEMENT
• Reducing Fever
Administer antimicrobial agents on time to maintain o
ptimal blood levels.
Monitor temperature frequently or continuously, and ad
minister antipyretics as ordered.
• Promoting Return to Optimal Level of Functioning
Implement rehabilitation interventions after admission (
eg, turning, positioning).
Progress from passive to active exercises based on the
patient's neurologic status.
24. NURSING MANAGEMENT
• Reducing Pain
Administer analgesics as ordered; monitor for response
and adverse reactions.
Avoid opioids, which may mask a decreasing LOC.
Darken the room if photophobia is present.
Assist with position of comfort for neck stiffness, and tu
rn patient slowly and carefully with head and neck in ali
gnment.
Elevate the head of the bed to decrease ICP and reduce
pain.
26. COMPLICATIONS
• Most people make a full recovery
• Infants younger than 1 year and adults over 55 are at grea
test risk of death
• Herpes encephalitis is usually fatal if no anti viral drugs u
sed
27. PREVENTION
• Practice good hygiene.
• Don't share utensils.
• Get vaccinations.
• Protection against mosquitoes and ticks
• Dress to protect yourself.
• Apply mosquito repellent.
• Use insecticide.
• Avoid mosquitoes.
• Get rid of water sources outside your home.
28. SUMMARY
• Encephalitis is an inflammation of the brain.
Usually the cause is a viral infection, but ba
cteria can also cause it. It can be mild or sev
ere.
• Most cases are mild. People may have flu-li
ke symptoms.
29. REFERENCE
• Boyer Jo Mary(2004), Textbook Of Medical Surgi
cal Nursing, Philadelphia, Lippincott William &
Wilkins.
• Lewis Mantik Sharon et. Al. (2000), Medical Surg
ical Nursing, Assessment & Management Of Clini
cal Problems, St. Louis, Missouri, Mosby Publishe
rs.
• Lippincott (2001), Manual of Nursing Practice, J.P
. Brothers,Philadelphia.
