This document discusses several issues related to patient care, nursing management, and employment. It outlines 10 major medico-legal issues nurses may face, including duty of care, confidentiality, informed consent, negligence, and more. It also addresses management challenges such as staff turnover, funding, workload, and ethics. Finally, it covers employment issues like nursing shortages, nurse migration rights, exploitation, and contract terms. The document provides an overview of important legal and professional considerations across clinical practice, administration, and the nursing profession as a whole.
THERE ARE LAW ASPECT IN ALMOST EVERY PROFESSION IN THE WORLD.THIS PRESENTATION IS THE LEGAL ASPECT OF PROFESSIONAL NURSES IN INDIA,IT ALSO COVER THE LATEST MENTAL HEALTH BILL.
THE EXPENSE OF QUALITY IS AN INTERACTIVE PROCESS BETWEEN CUSTOMER & PROVIDER. QUALITY ASSURANCE USUALLY FOCUSES ON MATERIAL, GOOD WORK & SERVICE PROVIDED EFFECTIVELY. ANY LACK IN SERVICE PROVIDED CAUSES DECREASE IN QUALITY
Nursing audit assists in:
1. Evaluating Nursing care given,
2. Achieving deserved and feasible quality of nursing care,
3. Stimulating better nursing records maintenance,
4. Focuses on patient care provided and not on care provider,
5. Contributes to research in nursing.
THERE ARE LAW ASPECT IN ALMOST EVERY PROFESSION IN THE WORLD.THIS PRESENTATION IS THE LEGAL ASPECT OF PROFESSIONAL NURSES IN INDIA,IT ALSO COVER THE LATEST MENTAL HEALTH BILL.
THE EXPENSE OF QUALITY IS AN INTERACTIVE PROCESS BETWEEN CUSTOMER & PROVIDER. QUALITY ASSURANCE USUALLY FOCUSES ON MATERIAL, GOOD WORK & SERVICE PROVIDED EFFECTIVELY. ANY LACK IN SERVICE PROVIDED CAUSES DECREASE IN QUALITY
Nursing audit assists in:
1. Evaluating Nursing care given,
2. Achieving deserved and feasible quality of nursing care,
3. Stimulating better nursing records maintenance,
4. Focuses on patient care provided and not on care provider,
5. Contributes to research in nursing.
The health care system and the nursing profession is expanding globally , there fore it is important for nurses to know the trends, issues and challenges in new millennium.
Nursing innovation is a fundamental source of progress for health care systems around the world. And nurses innovate to find new information and better ways of promoting health, preventing disease and better ways of care and cure
Clinical teaching is an individualized
or group teaching to the nursing
student in the clinical area by the
nurse educators, staff and
clinical nurse manager
Nursing education is the professional education for the preparation of nurses to enable them to render professional nursing care to people of all ages, in all phases of health and illness, in a variety of settings.
History of development of Nursing ProfessionsAnamika Ramawat
History of development of Nursing Professions, Characteristics, Criteria of the Nursing Profession, Perspective of Nursing Profession- National and Global Level
St. Olavs and Ahus Hospitals – Improved Patient Care and Hospital Logistics with Mobility. Roberg-Larsen J. eHealth week 2010 (Barcelona: CCIB Convention Centre; 2010)
The health care system and the nursing profession is expanding globally , there fore it is important for nurses to know the trends, issues and challenges in new millennium.
Nursing innovation is a fundamental source of progress for health care systems around the world. And nurses innovate to find new information and better ways of promoting health, preventing disease and better ways of care and cure
Clinical teaching is an individualized
or group teaching to the nursing
student in the clinical area by the
nurse educators, staff and
clinical nurse manager
Nursing education is the professional education for the preparation of nurses to enable them to render professional nursing care to people of all ages, in all phases of health and illness, in a variety of settings.
History of development of Nursing ProfessionsAnamika Ramawat
History of development of Nursing Professions, Characteristics, Criteria of the Nursing Profession, Perspective of Nursing Profession- National and Global Level
St. Olavs and Ahus Hospitals – Improved Patient Care and Hospital Logistics with Mobility. Roberg-Larsen J. eHealth week 2010 (Barcelona: CCIB Convention Centre; 2010)
This workshop will look at patient care pathways and demonstrate how simulation can combine process flow across; services, clinical best practice and the progression of patients through disease states, to test the impact of improvement initiatives on patient care, outcomes, costs and resource utilization.
Using examples from recent projects on simulating care pathways within HIV services, and simulating future service needs for dementia care, we show the results of combining disease progression with service utilization.
In the workshop, we’ll consider what the ideal pathway model would look like and invite you to work with us to build a pathway using our latest technology.
Healthcare logistics for service improvement and a new understanding of patient flow. Presented by Delia Dent, CSC, at HINZ 2014, 11 November 2014, 11.37am, Marlborough Room
The legal implications of nursing practice are tied to licensure, state and federal laws, scope of practice and a public expectation that nurses practice at a high professional standard. The nurse's education, license and nursing standard provide the framework by which nurses are expected to practice.
Really putting such patients first means: 4 ensuring that such patients have continuity of care with a healthcare professional whom the patient knows and trusts; longer appointments as required;shared decision making and an agreed care plan; and easy access to care.
Some of the most commonly occurring legal issues that impact on nursing and nursing practice are those relating to informed consent and refusing treatment as previously detailed, licensure, the safeguarding of clients' personal possessions and valuables, malpractice, negligence, mandatory reporting relating to gunshot....
LEGAL AND ETHICAL ASPECTS IN MIDWIFERY.pptx - Copy.pptxchikondindalama42
In this Document there was Legal and Ethical principles used in Midwifery's, Without them it might be difficult fo workers to follow rules so it is is like the it is guide which contains rules for midwives.
Encephalitis is a rare yet serious disease that can be life-threatening.
Encephalitis is an inflammation of the brain tissue.
The most common cause is viral infections.
In rare cases it can be caused by bacteria or even fungi.
Encephalitis is an inflammation of the brain tissue.
Primary encephalitis- It occurs when a virus directly infects the brain and spinal cord.
Secondary encephalitis- It occurs when an infection starts elsewhere in the body and then travels to your brain.
Older adults
Children under the age of 1 year
People with weak immune systems
Primary (infectious) encephalitis
Common viruses, including HSV (herpes simplex virus) and EBV (Epstein-Barr virus)
Childhood viruses, including measles and mumps
Arboviruses (spread by mosquitoes, ticks, and other insects), including Japanese encephalitis, West Nile encephalitis, and tick-borne encephalitis
Secondary encephalitis: could be caused by a complication of a viral infection.
Craniotomy
A craniotomy involves making an incision in the scalp and creating a hole known as a bone flap in the skull. The hole and incision are made near the area of the brain being treated.
During open brain surgery, it is done to remove tumors, clip off an aneurysm, drain blood or fluid from an infection & remove abnormal brain tissue
Decompressive craniectomy
It is a neurosurgical procedure in which part of the skull is removed to allow a swelling brain room to expand without being squeezed. It is performed on victims of traumatic brain injury, stroke and other conditions associated with raised intracranial pressure.
Increased intracranial pressure is defined as cerebrospinal fluid pressure greater than 15 mm Hg.
Infections
Tumors
Stroke
Aneurysm
Epilepsy
Seizures
Hydrocephalus
Hypertensive brain injury
Hypoxemia
Meningitis
Due to etiological factors
Components of ICP is disturbed- brain tissue, CSF, blood volume
An increase in the volume of ANY ONE component must be accompanied by a reciprocal decrease in one of the other components.
When this volume-pressure relationship becomes unbalanced, ICP increases.
There are numerous types of brain surgery. The type used is based on the area of the brain and the condition being treated.
Brain surgery is a critical and complicated process. The type of brain surgery done depends highly on the condition being treated.
Intracranial surgery refers to various medical procedures that involve repairing structural problems in the brain.
Craniotomy
A craniotomy involves making an incision in the scalp and creating a hole known as a bone flap in the skull. The hole and incision are made near the area of the brain being treated.
During open brain surgery, it is done to remove tumors, clip off an aneurysm, drain blood or fluid from an infection & remove abnormal brain tissue
Decompressive craniectomy
It is a neurosurgical procedure in which part of the skull is removed to allow a swelling brain room to expand without being squeezed. It is performed on victims of traumatic brain injury, stroke and other conditions associated with raised intracranial pressure.
Drugs that increase cardiac output
Cardiac glycosides(digoxin) act by inhibiting sodium and potassium ATP and then making more calcium available to activate contracted proteins.
Cardiac contractility and cardiac output are increased.
Onset, peak, and duration vary widely among products.
Most products are metabolized in the liver and excreted by the kidneys.
The most common side effects are cardiac disturbances, headache, hypotension, and GI symptoms.
Also common are blurred vision and yellow-green halos.
Assess:
Cardiac system: B/P, pulse, respirations, and increased urine output
Apical pulse for 1 min before giving product; if pulse ,60 bpm, take again in 1 hr; if still ,60 bpm, notify prescriber
Electrolytes: K, Na, Cl, Mg; renal function studies, including BUN and creatinine; and blood studies
Evaluate: Therapeutic response: decreased weight, edema, pulse, respiration; increased urine output
Meningitis involves meninges
Viral meningitis
Bacterial meningitis
Fungal meningitis
Parasitic meningitis
Meningitis is an acute inflammation of the meningeal tissues surrounding the brain and the spinal cord (meninges).
Skipping vaccinations
Age-Viral meningitis occur in children younger than age 5. Bacterial meningitis is common in those under age 20.
Living in a community setting
Pregnancy.
Compromised immune system. AIDS, alcoholism, diabetes, use of immunosuppressant drugs etc.
Primary- Neisseria meningitidis
Secondary- E. coli
Haemophilus influenzae
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Meningitis involves meninges
Viral meningitis
Bacterial meningitis
Fungal meningitis
Parasitic meningitis
Meningitis is an acute inflammation of the meningeal tissues surrounding the brain and the spinal cord (meninges).
Skipping vaccinations
Age-Viral meningitis occur in children younger than age 5. Bacterial meningitis is common in those under age 20.
Living in a community setting
Pregnancy.
Compromised immune system. AIDS, alcoholism, diabetes, use of immunosuppressant drugs etc.
Primary- Neisseria meningitidis
Secondary- E. coli
Haemophilus influenzae
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Status epilepticus (SE) is a medical emergency that starts when a seizure hits the 5-minute mark (or if there’s more than one seizure within 5 minutes).
Convulsive Status epilepticus-
The convulsive type is more common and more dangerous.
It involves tonic- clonic seizures (grand mal seizures)
In the tonic phase ( lasts less than 1 minute), body becomes stiff and person lose consciousness. Eyes roll back into head, muscles contract, back arches, and trouble breathing.
As the clonic phase starts, body spasms and jerks occur. Neck and limbs flex and relax rapidly but slow down over a few minutes.
Once the clonic phase ends, patient might stay unconscious for a few more minutes. This is the postictal period.Non-convulsive Status epilepticus-
Patient lose consciousness but is in an “epileptic twilight” state.
There might not able any shaking or seizing at all, so it can be very hard for someone observing patient to figure out what’s happening.
A non-convulsive seizure can turn into a convulsive episode.
Poorly controlled epilepsy
Low blood sugar
Stroke
Kidney failure
Liver failure
Encephalitis
HIV
Alcohol or drug abuse
Genetic diseases such as Fragile X syndrome and Angelman syndrome
Head injuries
Age:
During the growth period, the BMR is high, therefore during infancy the energy need per Kg of body weight is highest than during adulthood.
The period at which the basal metabolism reaches its highest level is between the ages of 1-2 years.
A gradual decline occurs between the age of 2-5 years, with a more rapid decline until adult age.
Sex:
The BMR is higher in adolescent boys and adult males as compared to adolescent girls and adult females though it is not due to direct influence of sex differences, but are due to the differences in body composition.
Males have a greater amount of muscles and glandular tissues which is metabolically more active whereas, females have greater adipose tissues which is metabolically less active, Hence energy requirement of males is higher than of females.
There are seven main classes of nutrients that the body needs. These are carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, fibre and water. It is important that everyone consumes these seven nutrients on a daily basis to help them build their bodies and maintain their health. Deficiencies, excesses and imbalances in diet can produce negative impacts on health, which may lead to diseases.
Macronutrients
“Macro” means large
These are nutrients which people need to eat regularly and in a fairly large amount.
They include carbohydrates, fats, proteins, fibre and water.
These substances are needed for the supply of energy and growth, for metabolism and other body functions.
II. Micronutrients
‘micro’ means small
Micronutrients are substances which people need in their diet in only small amounts.
These include minerals and vitamins.
Most foods are mixtures of nutrients( in 1 food more than 1 nutrient may be present)
Life cannot be sustained without adequate nourishment.
Man needs adequate food for growth and development and to lead an active and healthy life.
Food plays an important role in maintaining a person's nutritional and health status.
PLANTS
Many plant & plant part are eaten as a food.
Seeds are good source of food for animals including humans because they contain nutrients.
All seeds are not healthy. Eg- apple seeds & cherry seeds contains cyanide.
Heart failure (HF) is a common cardiovascular condition with increasing incidence and prevalence. Unlike western countries where heart failure is predominantly a disease of elderly, in India it affects younger age group. Heart failure is a chronic condition in which the heart cannot pump enough blood and oxygen to support other organs in your body.
Cor pulmonale is alteration in the structure and function of the right ventricle (RV) of the heart. The overall five-year survival rate for cor pulmonale complicating COPD is approximately 50%.
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation is a technique of basic & advanced life support for purpose of oxygenating the brain & heart until appropriate definitive medical treatment can restore normal heart & Ventilatory action. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation is a life saving technique used to restore life of the people.
The ppt is about trends in teaching technology from traditional
methods to latest ones leading to advancement in scope & enhancement of education standards & students interest.
Chain of infection is a process in which a favorable condition is required for micro-organism to spread or transfer from reservoir to a susceptible host.
Oprah Winfrey: A Leader in Media, Philanthropy, and Empowerment | CIO Women M...CIOWomenMagazine
This person is none other than Oprah Winfrey, a highly influential figure whose impact extends beyond television. This article will delve into the remarkable life and lasting legacy of Oprah. Her story serves as a reminder of the importance of perseverance, compassion, and firm determination.
The Team Member and Guest Experience - Lead and Take Care of your restaurant team. They are the people closest to and delivering Hospitality to your paying Guests!
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Modern Database Management 12th Global Edition by Hoffer solution manual.docxssuserf63bd7
https://qidiantiku.com/solution-manual-for-modern-database-management-12th-global-edition-by-hoffer.shtml
name:Solution manual for Modern Database Management 12th Global Edition by Hoffer
Edition:12th Global Edition
author:by Hoffer
ISBN:ISBN 10: 0133544613 / ISBN 13: 9780133544619
type:solution manual
format:word/zip
All chapter include
Focusing on what leading database practitioners say are the most important aspects to database development, Modern Database Management presents sound pedagogy, and topics that are critical for the practical success of database professionals. The 12th Edition further facilitates learning with illustrations that clarify important concepts and new media resources that make some of the more challenging material more engaging. Also included are general updates and expanded material in the areas undergoing rapid change due to improved managerial practices, database design tools and methodologies, and database technology.
Artificial intelligence (AI) offers new opportunities to radically reinvent the way we do business. This study explores how CEOs and top decision makers around the world are responding to the transformative potential of AI.
2. ISSUES RELATED TO PATIENT CARE,
MANAGEMENT & EMPLOYMENT
SUBJECT- NURSING MANAGEMENT
PREPARED BY
MR. MIGRON RUBIN
3. INTRODUCTION
The Consumers are patients with complex needs. With
increased awareness of health care, health care facilities and
Consumer Protection Act, patients are getting aware about
their rights. Nurses also have now the expanded role. Issues
which seem not feasible, and ideal, may become practice with
the change of time. These issues are base for the future trends
in care.
4. MEANING OF LEGAL ISSUES
• Law is standard or rules of conduct established & enforced by
government.
• Legal issues in nursing are those in which a person lead to face legal
problems in which nurse face problem when not meeting proper patient
care.
5. PATIENT CARE ISSUES
Nursing covers a wide range of disciplines and health-care
issues that are always changing and at the forefront of what
guides this career path.
6. MEDICO LEGAL ISSUES
1. DUTY TO SEEK MEDICAL CARE FOR THE PATIENT
• It is the legal duty of the nurse to ensure that every patient receives safe and
competent care.
• If a nurse determine that a patient in any setting needs medical care, and she
does not do everything within power to obtain that care for the patient, you have
breached your duty as a nurse.
7. 2. CONFIDENTIALITY
The law requires you to treat all such information with strict confidentiality.
This is also an ethical issue. Unless a patient has told something that
indicates danger to self or others, you are bound by legal and ethical
principles to keep that information confidential.
8. 3. PERMISSION TO TREAT
• When people are admitted to hospitals, nursing homes, and home health
services, they sign a document that gives the personnel in the
organization permission to treat them. Every time the nurse provides
nursing care to person, however, permission must be obtained.
9. 4. INFORMED CONSENT
• The concept of permission to treat is closely tied to the concept of informed
consent. The law states the persons receiving health care must give
permission to treat based on informed consent.
10. 5. NEGLIGENCE
Negligence occurs when a person fails to perform according to
the standards of care or as a reasonably prudent person
would perform in the same situation. It is the responsibility
of the nurse to monitor the patient.
11. 6. MALPRACTICE
• Malpractice specifically refers to negligence by a professional person with
a license. Nurse can be sued for malpractice once have your LPN license.
12. 7. ASSAULT & BATTERY
• Assault is the threat of unlawful touching of another, the willful attempt
to harm someone.
• Battery is the unlawful touching of another without consent, justification,
or exercise. In legal medicine battery occurs if a medical or surgical
procedure is performed without patient consent.
• Assault can be verbally threatening a patient.
13. 8. FALSE IMPRISONMENT
• Preventing movement or making a person stay in a place without
obtaining consent is false imprisonment.
• This can be done through physical or non physical means. Physical
means include using restraints or locking a person in a room.
• In some situations, restraints and locking patients in a room are
acceptable behaviour. This is the case when a prisoner comes to the
hospital for treatment or when a patient is a danger to self or others.
14. 9. INVASION OF PRIVACY
• Clients have claims for invasion of privacy , e.g. their private affairs, with
which the public has no concern, have been publicized.
• Clients are entitled to confidential health care. All aspects of care should
be free from unwanted publicity or exposure to public scrutiny. The
precaution should be taken sometimes an individual right to privacy may
conflict with public‘s right to information for e.g. in case of poison case.
15. 10. REPORT IT / TORT IT
• Allegations of abuse are serious matters.
• It is the duty of the nurse to report to the proper authority when any
allegations are made in regards to abuse (emotional, sexual, physical, and
mental) towards a vulnerable population (children, elderly, or domestic).
• If no report is made, the nurse is liable for negligence or wrongdoing
towards the victimized patient.
16. PATIENT SATISFACTION
• Patient satisfaction is an important and commonly used indicator for
measuring the quality in health care. Patient satisfaction affects clinical
outcomes, patient retention, and medical malpractice claims.
• ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE
• Patient as a consumer
• Today the patient sees himself as a buyer of health services. patient
satisfaction is an important tool for the success of their organization and
are regularly monitoring patient satisfaction levels among their
customers.
17. • SERVICE EXCELLENCE- Service excellence revolves around three
factors: doctor, patient, and organization.
• Doctor- He should do following-
• See the whole person
• Secure confidentiality and privacy
• Preserve dignity & Respond quickly
• Patient- Patients expect their doctors to keep up the timings, behave
cordially, and communicate in their language. They expect care, concern,
and courtesy in addition to a good professional job.
18. • Hospital
There are certain areas where minimum requirements and standards have
to be maintained.
• Good Telephone service
• Good Office appearance
• Minimizing Waiting time
• More Doctor-patient interaction
• Proper Patient education
• Feedback
19. • BENEFITS OF PATIENT SATISFACTION
• Patient satisfaction leads to customer (patient) loyalty.
• Improved patient retention
• Consistent profitability
• Increased staff morale with reduced staff turnover also leads to increased
productivity
• Reduced risk of malpractice suits
• Accreditation issues are resolved.
• Increased personal and professional satisfaction
20. 2. MANAGEMENT ISSUES
It is a considerable challenge to meet the needs of the organization, the
needs of patients, and the needs of the nurse employees.
21. 1. TURNOVER
• Nurses faced with long work hours for relatively little pay have few
motivations to remain in one position and often seek employment
opportunities at competing hospitals and neighboring clinics.
22. 2. FUNDING
• An underfunded institution cannot attract and provide for the right
professionals.
• When the medical institution's quality of staff and training standards
must be lowered because of budgetary concerns, the overall level of
patient care is unavoidably reduced.
23. •3. Workload
• Not only do nurse professionals work long hours and many days per
week, but nurse managers and leaders are also faced with an ever-
increasing workload.
• Many nurses are unwilling to enter into the nurse management field
because of the added stress and responsibility.
24. 4. ISSUES REGARDING MALPRACTICE IN NURSING
MANAGEMENT-
• It can lead to several management problems. Improper use of
administration power, improper managing of supplies, staff, ward,
institution etc.
5. ISSUES OF DELEGATION AND SUPERVISION –
The failure to delegate and supervise within acceptable standards of
professional practice.
25. 6. ISSUES RELATED TO STAFFING
• Inadequate accreditation standards
• Inadequate staffing, i.e. short staffing.
• Floating staff from unit to unit.
26. 7.ETHICS
• Nurses provide care, promote human rights and values, and help meet the
needs
• Keeping patients' information confidential.
• Protecting patients from negligent co-workers who may endanger them.
8. EFFECT
• Effects of reform, shortages, ethics and salaries are issues that keep
nurses constantly thinking, growing and changing.
• Nursing instructors make far less money than nurses in the clinical
setting.
• The salaries need to be increased, and colleges and universities need to
see the value in instructors.
27. 9. . ISSUES IN NURSING CURRICULUM
DEVELOPMENT
• It includes validation of curriculum or judgemental process
• Providing professional education and preparation of participants
• Updating & upgrading recent knowledge.
10. COLLABORATION ISSUES
• There is increased complex health care issues driven by technological and
medical advancements
• Collaborative partnerships has ensured the continuing development of
the professional expertise necessary to meet these challenges.
28. C. EMPLOYMENT ISSUES
1. ISSUES RELATED TO NURSING SHORTAGE
National nursing organizations are making strong efforts at stopping the
shortage by mandating better nurse- to-patient ratios, eliminating
mandatory overtime, and increasing salaries and benefits for nurses.
29. 2. ISSUES IN NURSE MIGRATION
• Nurse migration has attracted a great deal of political as well as media
attention in recent years.
• In this section a discussion on the right to work and the right to practice
is, by necessity, followed by a warning that cases of exploitation and
discrimination often occur when dealing with a vulnerable migrant
population.
30. 3. THE RIGHT TO WORK AND THE RIGHT TO
PRACTICE
• Foreign nurses also need to meet national security and immigration
criteria in-order-to enter the country and to stay on a permanent or
temporary basis, with or without access to employment.
31. 4. EXPLOITATION AND DISCRIMINATION
5. Essential Terms and Conditions in an Employment
contract
• A badly drafted employment contract which does not correctly express the
intentions of the employer on such matters as working hours, prolonged
illness, bonus payments, usage of office computer facilities, transfers,
retirement age, confidentiality, conflict of interest, disciplinary action and
imposition of punishment, etc these items in an employment contract can
give rise to serious consequences for employers.
32. 5. UNSATISFACTORY WORK PERFORMANCE AND
TERMINATION OF EMPLOYMENT
• The Courts have time and again reiterated that employees enjoy security
of tenure of employment.
• However, when an employee has an attitude problem or whose work
performance is not up to the expectations he cannot be terminated by the
employer simply by invoking the termination clause in the employment
contract.
• The employer has to follow certain rules and procedures and only at the
end of it can he terminate the services of a non-performing employee
33. 6. MISCONDUCT AND IMPOSITION OF
PUNISHMENT
• It has long been held that the employer has the inherent right to
discipline his workers.
• The Courts will interfere if, the action taken by the management was
perverse, baseless or unnecessarily harsh or was not just or fair.
• There have been occasions where employers have imposed the
punishment of dismissal for misconduct which they have assessed as
serious but these cases have been reviewed.
35. 8. RENEWAL OF NURSING
REGISTRATION
• In this case, registration office is updated with nurses in practice. Re-
registration may qualify its periodicity and qualifications of nurses e.g.
clinical experience, attendance at continuing education etc.
9. DIPLOMA VS DEGREE IN NURSING FOR REGISTRATION TO
PRACTICE NURSING
• This issue need indepth study of merits and demerits as well as its
feasibility before it could come on the surface.
36. 10. SPECIALIZATION IN CLINICAL AREA
• It could be either through clinical experience or education.
• Specialization in cure and specialized care required for patients demand
that nurses be highly skilled in the unit.
• Standards must be laid down and followed so that clients understand the
quality of care expected from the nurses.
38. RELATED RESEARCH
• Elina Aitamaa, (May 10, 2015) conducted a study on Ethical problems in nursing
management: The views of nurse managers .Nurse managers have responsibilities relating
to the quality of care, the welfare of the staff and running of the organization. Ethics plays
significant role in these responsibilities. Ethical problems are part of daily management, but
research in this area is limited. The aim of this study was to identify and describe ethical
problems nurse managers encounter in their work to get more detailed and extensive view of
these problems. The data consisted of nine interviews with nurse managers at different
management levels in primary healthcare and specialized healthcare organizations, and it
was analysed by inductive content analysis. Permission to conduct the interviews including
ethical approval was given at all participating organizations according to national
standards. The respondents were informed about the aim of the study, and voluntary
participation, anonymous response and confidentiality were explained to them. Four main
categories were found: conflicts in practical situations, lack of appreciation, disregard of
problems and experienced inadequacy. Problems could also be divided to patient-related,
staff-related, organization-related and other problems. The findings correspond with results
from earlier studies but add knowledge of the nature and details of nurse managers' ethical
problems. New information is produced related to the ethical problems with nurse
managers' own courage, motivation and values. Nurse managers identified a variety of
different ethical problems in their work. This information is useful in the development of
ethics in nursing management.
•
39. SUMMARY
Certain issues lead to decreased standardization like patient care issue,
management &employment issues. Issues need deliberations and common
consensus. They need to be reviewed periodically. Issues which seem not
feasible, and ideal, may become practice with the change of time.
40. CONCLUSION
• Nurses play an integral role in the healthcare system. This is why they
have been correctly referred to as the heart of healthcare. Being a nurse is
one of the most demanding professions in the world and needs a lot of
dedication and commitment to the job. Nurses have to juggle various
roles. It is a nurse’s professional responsibility to remain safe and
competent by being a lifelong learner and provide effective care to patient
to avoid medicolegal issues, employment issue can be avoided by proper
recruitment system, staffing & keeping adequate salary.