The document discusses emotions from several perspectives. It defines emotions as feelings that influence both physiology and behavior. It describes the intrapersonal, interpersonal, and social functions of emotions. Key features of emotions are that they are expressed through nonverbal behaviors and directed by arousal. Basic emotions include anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise. Emotions also combine and are influenced by both biological and social factors. Theories on the origins and experience of emotions are presented, including the James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, and Schachter-Singer theories.

1. EMOTIONS
DR. M. JOTHILAKSHMI 1

2. INTRODUCTION
• “Feelings that generally have both physiological and cognitive
elements and that influence behavior”.
• “Complex state of feeling that results in physical and psychological
changes that influence thought and behavior”.
DR. M. JOTHILAKSHMI 2

3. IMPORTANCE
• Intrapersonal functions of emotion
• Refer to the role that emotions play within each of us individually.
• Interpersonal functions of emotion
• Refer to the role emotions play between individuals within a group.
• Social and cultural functions of emotion
• Refer to the role that emotions play in the maintenance of social order
within a society.DR. M. JOTHILAKSHMI 3

4. FEATURES
• We express our emotions to others through nonverbal behaviours,
and we learn about the emotions of others by observing them.
• Emotions are the normally adaptive mental and physiological
feeling states that direct our attention and guide our behaviour.
• Emotional states are accompanied by arousal, our experiences of the
bodily responses.
• The most fundamental emotions, known as the basic emotions, are
those of anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise.DR. M. JOTHILAKSHMI 4

5. FEATURES
• Emotions are combined; Multiple emotions
• Emotions are universal; irrespective of gender, nationality other
biological and social factors.
• All humans and animals have emotions; for people, level and types of
emotions are determined by both biological and social factors unlike
other creatures.
• Emotions are exist and stimulated by external factors; people show
different levels of emotions either high or low.
DR. M. JOTHILAKSHMI 5

6. FUNCTIONS OF EMOTIONS
• Preparing for action: “Fight-Flight”
• Shape future behavior: Through learning
• Help to interact with others: Social affiliation
• Motivate people: “to balance emotions”
• Induce learning: To overcome emotions-sadness/frustration or
overjoy
• Empathy people: To put yourselves in to other shoes
• Decision making & Problem Solving
• To be successful: Personally & Professionally
• Lead us to be emotionally intelligent
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7. TYPES OF EMOTIONS
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8. SOURCES OF EMOTIONS
• AGE
• GENDER
• SLEEP
• HEALTH STATUS
• STRESS
• BODY EXERCIS
• SOCIAL ACTIVITIES
• FINANCIAL STATUS
• WEATHER
• PERSONALITY
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9. THEORIES OF EMOTIONS
• JAMES-LANGE THEORY
• CANNON-BARD THEORY
• SCHACHTER-SINGER THEORY
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10. JAMES-LANGE THEORY
• “William James and Carl Lange”:
• Emotional experience is a reaction to bodily events occurring as a
result of an external situation (“I feel sad because I am crying”).
• Best-known examples of a physiological theory of emotion.
• When you see an external stimulus that leads to a physiological
reaction.
• Emotional reaction is dependent upon how you interpret those
physical reactions.
• EX: when you see a stranger following you-> your heart beat rises
– you interpret as fear”
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11. JAMES-LANGE THEORY
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12. CANNON-BARD THEORY
• “Walter Cannon and later Philip Bard “
• Both physiological arousal and emotional experience are produced
simultaneously by the same nerve stimulus.
• James- Lange theory has some weakness:
• You jog in a park – You have raised heartbeat->it is assumed as Fear
• Physical and psychological experience of emotion happen at the same time and that one
does not cause the other.
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13. CANNON-BARD THEORY
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14. SCHACHTER-SINGER THEORY
• Emotions are determined jointly by a nonspecific kind of physiological
arousal and its interpretation, based on environmental cues.
• Known as the two-factor theory of emotion, the Schachter-Singer Theory is an
example of a cognitive theory of emotion.
• This theory suggests that the physiological arousal occurs first, and then the
individual must identify the reason for this arousal to experience and label it as an
emotion.
• A stimulus leads to a physiological response that is then cognitively interpreted
and labeled which results in an emotion.
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15. SCHACHTER-SINGER THEORY
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