Emotions in Psychology
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The document discusses emotions from several perspectives. It defines emotions as feelings that influence both physiology and behavior. It describes the intrapersonal, interpersonal, and social functions of emotions. Key features of emotions are that they are expressed through nonverbal behaviors and directed by arousal. Basic emotions include anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise. Emotions also combine and are influenced by both biological and social factors. Theories on the origins and experience of emotions are presented, including the James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, and Schachter-Singer theories.
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This document defines emotions and discusses several theories of emotion. It begins by defining emotions as subjective reactions associated with physiological and behavioral changes. It then lists seven basic emotions and their functions. The document discusses the physiological components and types of emotional reactions. It explains several theories of emotion, including the James-Lange theory that emotions result from physiological arousal, the Cannon-Bard theory that physiological and emotional experiences occur simultaneously, and the cognitive-mediational theory that appraisal mediates between stimuli and emotional response.
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-Sleep
-Hypnotize
-Meditation
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emotions.ppt
This document defines emotions and their components. Emotions have four components - feeling, cognitive, physiological arousal, and behavioral. There are primary emotions like happiness and sadness, and secondary emotions like love and guilt. Emotions are also categorized as positive or negative. Factors like personality, culture, age and environment can affect emotions. Theories on emotions include the James-Lange theory that emotions arise from physiological reactions, the Cannon-Bard theory that emotional experience and physiological reactions occur simultaneously, and the Schachter-Singer theory that physiological arousal must be cognitively interpreted to experience an emotion.
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Emotion is a complex phenomenon influenced by physiological and cognitive factors. It arises from both physical reactions in the body as well as conscious experiences. The document discusses several theories of emotion:
1. James-Lange theory proposes that emotional experience arises from physiological arousal.
2. Cannon-Bard theory argues that physiological and emotional experiences occur simultaneously rather than one causing the other.
3. Schachter-Singer theory suggests emotion results from physiological arousal combined with cognitive interpretation of the arousal.
4. Cognitive theories like Lazarus' emphasize that appraisal and evaluation of situations determine emotional responses.
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This document provides an overview of emotions, including definitions, components, theories, and factors that influence emotions. It discusses how emotions are agitated states that lead to behaviors and involve physiological changes. The four main components of an emotion are feelings, social expression, a sense of purpose, and bodily arousal. Major theories covered include evolutionary theory, which proposes emotions evolved for survival; James-Lange theory, that emotions arise from physiological reactions; Cannon-Bard theory, that emotional experience and physiological reactions occur simultaneously; and Schachter-Singer theory, that arousal leads to cognitive interpretation of emotions. Personality, culture, stress, age, and other factors can influence a person's emotions. Emotions also impact physical and
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The document discusses several theories of emotion, including James-Lange theory, Cannon-Bard theory, Schachter's Two-Factor theory, and LeDoux's dual-pathway model of fear. It also discusses theories of sexual motivation, including Masters and Johnson's research on the human sexual response cycle and factors that influence sexual orientation and desire. Finally, it covers achievement motivation theories and their implications for management, including McClelland's work measuring achievement motivation and its relationship to fear of failure.
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Attention is a complex cognitive process that involves selectively focusing on certain stimuli while ignoring others. It allows individuals to concentrate on specific tasks or objects. There are several factors that influence attention, including characteristics of the stimulus like intensity, size, contrast and novelty, as well as internal factors such as interest, motives, mood, and past experiences. The span of attention refers to how many items can be attended to at once, which experiments have shown is typically around 4-5 items. Attention can fluctuate and be divided or distracted over time.
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Social cognition involves encoding, storing, retrieving, and processing social information in the brain about conspecifics. It involves both automatic and controlled processing. Schemas are mental frameworks that help organize social information and act as filters, but can also lead to errors and biases like stereotyping. Heuristics are simple rules or mental shortcuts used to make judgments that can be erroneous. Affect and cognition interact, as current moods and emotions can influence thoughts, memories, and judgments. Feelings shape thoughts and thoughts shape feelings in social cognition.
Memory disorders
The document provides information about several topics related to the brain and memory:
- The hippocampus is involved in memory formation and storage and is located in the temporal lobe.
- Autism affects social and communication skills and may be linked to factors like diet, mercury, or vaccines.
- Hyperthymesia is a condition where individuals have exceptional autobiographical memory recall.
- Memory loss can range from normal forgetfulness to conditions like Alzheimer's disease, which is a progressive brain disease leading to irreversible neuron loss and cognitive decline.
Cognitive model
The document discusses cognitive models in abnormal psychology. It describes cognition as the internal processes of the mind like perception, attention, memory, and thinking. The cognitive model describes how a person's thoughts about a situation influence their emotional and behavioral reactions. Two examples of cognitive models discussed are REBT developed by Albert Ellis, which focuses on how faulty reasoning leads to depression/anxiety, and CBT developed by Aaron Beck, which focuses on automatic thoughts and assumptions. The document also discusses cognitive development theories by Piaget and Kohlberg, and social learning theories by Julian Rotter and Albert Bandura which examine how behavior is learned through social interaction and observation.
Social cognition
Social cognition is a sub-topic of social psychology that focuses on how people process, store, and apply information about other people and social situations.
It focuses on the role that cognitive processes play in our social interactions.
The way we think about others plays a major role in how we think, feel, and interact with the world around us.
Chapter 5 (sensation)
This document provides an overview of key concepts in sensation and perception from David Myers' Psychology textbook. It covers topics like threshold, sensory adaptation, the five senses, and theories of vision, audition, pain, and other senses. For each sense, it describes the stimulus input, sensory processing in the body and brain, and factors that can influence perception, like adaptation, deficits, and culture. It aims to explain how physical stimuli are converted to neural signals and ultimately perceived.
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This document discusses emotion, including its meaning, nature, types, theories of emotion, and purposes. It defines emotion as a complex response involving physiological, cognitive, behavioral, and affective changes in response to a significant situation. Emotions can be positive or negative. Theories discussed include the James-Lange theory that physiological arousal precedes emotion, the Cannon-Bard theory that physiological and emotional responses occur simultaneously, and cognitive theories like Schachter-Singer and cognitive appraisal that cognitive interpretation is also involved. Emotions serve purposes like motivation, survival, decision-making, and thriving.
James Lange Theory of Emotion
The James-Lange theory proposes that emotional experiences arise from our physiological responses to external events, rather than direct causes of those responses. Specifically, the theory claims that we experience emotions because we detect changes in our body through the autonomic nervous system in response to a stimulus, and our brain interprets those changes as different emotions. For example, we feel fear because we notice our increased heart rate and trembling in response to a perceived threat. The theory was criticized by researchers who argued that physiological responses are actually caused by emotional experiences, rather than the other way around.
Chapter 3: Motivation and Emotions
What is Motivation?
Motivation is a need or desire that energizes behavior and directs it toward a goal.
It is what either starts or stops behavior. It is the internal and external forces that drive our thoughts, moods, and behaviors.
Importance of Motivation Directs activities towards the achievement of a goal.
Controls and directs human behavior.
Inculcates spiritual and moral values in the minds of the young.
Gives satisfaction and happiness to the individual.
Memory
Memory plays an important role in learning and development. There are three main types of memory: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. Sensory memory only lasts 1 second, short-term memory lasts 20-30 seconds through chunking information, and long-term memory can store information indefinitely. Memory involves encoding, storing, and retrieving information. It is influenced by both intrinsic factors like age and extrinsic factors like environment. There are several theories that attempt to explain memory and forgetting, including memory trace theory, levels of processing theory, and interference theory.
Emotions
This document defines emotions and discusses several theories of emotion. It begins by defining emotions as subjective reactions associated with physiological and behavioral changes. It then lists seven basic emotions and their functions. The document discusses the physiological components and types of emotional reactions. It explains several theories of emotion, including the James-Lange theory that emotions result from physiological arousal, the Cannon-Bard theory that physiological and emotional experiences occur simultaneously, and the cognitive-mediational theory that appraisal mediates between stimuli and emotional response.
Memory
Memory can be classified into three types: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. Sensory memory briefly stores perceptions and lasts less than a second. Short-term memory allows recall for seconds to minutes through rehearsal. Long-term memory can store information for days, weeks, or lifetime through encoding in the brain. Memory is also categorized as explicit (declarative) and implicit (non-declarative). The hippocampus plays an important role in memory formation and storage. Diseases like Alzheimer's and Korsakoff's syndrome can cause memory disorders.
Consciousness
General Psychology: Consciousnessu7
-General State of Consciousness
-Sleep
-Hypnotize
-Meditation
-Psychoactive drugs
Social cognition
Social cognition involves how people think about themselves and the social world to make judgments and decisions. There are two types of thinking - automatic thinking which is quick and nonconscious, and controlled thinking which is deliberate and effortful. Schemas are mental structures that organize our knowledge about people and events. Schemas are useful but can also lead to biases as they influence what information we attend to and remember. Other cognitive shortcuts like heuristics and priming can also lead to errors in social cognition. Affect and cognition have a reciprocal relationship, as our feelings shape our thoughts and vice versa.
emotions.ppt
This document defines emotions and their components. Emotions have four components - feeling, cognitive, physiological arousal, and behavioral. There are primary emotions like happiness and sadness, and secondary emotions like love and guilt. Emotions are also categorized as positive or negative. Factors like personality, culture, age and environment can affect emotions. Theories on emotions include the James-Lange theory that emotions arise from physiological reactions, the Cannon-Bard theory that emotional experience and physiological reactions occur simultaneously, and the Schachter-Singer theory that physiological arousal must be cognitively interpreted to experience an emotion.
Perspectives in modern psychology
The document discusses the major perspectives in modern psychology. It outlines seven perspectives: psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive, biological, cross-cultural, evolutionary, and humanistic. For each perspective, it provides a brief overview of the focus and key concepts, such as the psychodynamic perspective emphasizing the unconscious mind and early experiences, the behavioral perspective focusing on observable behaviors, and the cognitive perspective studying mental processes like thinking and problem solving.
Theories of emotion
Emotion is a complex phenomenon influenced by physiological and cognitive factors. It arises from both physical reactions in the body as well as conscious experiences. The document discusses several theories of emotion:
1. James-Lange theory proposes that emotional experience arises from physiological arousal.
2. Cannon-Bard theory argues that physiological and emotional experiences occur simultaneously rather than one causing the other.
3. Schachter-Singer theory suggests emotion results from physiological arousal combined with cognitive interpretation of the arousal.
4. Cognitive theories like Lazarus' emphasize that appraisal and evaluation of situations determine emotional responses.
No single theory comprehensively explains emotions, but most agree both biological and environmental factors interact to
Memory assessment
This document provides an overview of neuropsychological assessment of memory. It discusses various aspects of memory including length of storage, type of information remembered, and stages of memory. It describes different memory tests used in clinical assessment including logical memory, verbal paired associates, visual reproduction, design, digit symbol coding, and the auditory verbal learning test. Interpretive considerations are provided for each test. The document aims to enhance understanding of memory and its clinical assessment through neuropsychological tests.
Psychology of Emotions
The document discusses emotions from a psychological perspective. It defines emotions, describes their components including subjective feelings, physiological changes, and expressions. It explains major theories of emotions and how they relate to emotional adjustment and health. The objectives are to help students and professionals better understand emotions, their nature, dynamics and control to help improve emotional well-being.
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The document discusses several theories of emotion, including James-Lange theory, Cannon-Bard theory, Schachter's Two-Factor theory, and LeDoux's dual-pathway model of fear. It also discusses theories of sexual motivation, including Masters and Johnson's research on the human sexual response cycle and factors that influence sexual orientation and desire. Finally, it covers achievement motivation theories and their implications for management, including McClelland's work measuring achievement motivation and its relationship to fear of failure.
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This document discusses theories and definitions of emotions. It defines emotions as agitated states of mind and body that lead to behavioral responses. Emotions have cognitive, feeling, and behavioral components and involve physiological arousal and social expression. They are influenced by factors like personality, culture, age, gender, environment and relationships. Theories discussed include evolutionary theory, which views emotions as adaptive; James-Lange theory, which claims emotions arise from physiological responses; Cannon-Bard theory, which says emotions and physiology occur simultaneously; and Schachter-Singer theory, which is that arousal followed by cognitive labeling creates distinct emotions.
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The concept of emotion may seem simple, but scientists often have trouble agreeing on what it really means. Most scientists believe that emotions involve things other than just feelings
The way that someone experiences an emotion. A feeling is something that you experience internally, in your own mind, and that other people can understand based on your behavior. You can help other people understand how you feel using emotion terms, like “anger” or “sadness”—the subject of this study—or by using analogies, like “I feel the way a kid would feel if her dad took away her Halloween candy.”
They involve bodily reactions, like when your heart races because you feel excited. They also involve expressive movements, including facial expressions and sounds—for example, when you say “woah” because you are fascinated by something. And emotions involve behaviors, like yelling at someone when you are angry.
People use many different words to describe the emotions that they feel.
The patterns of emotion that we found corresponded to 25 different categories of emotion: admiration, adoration, appreciation of beauty, amusement, anger, anxiety, awe, awkwardness, boredom, calmness, confusion, craving, disgust, empathic pain, entrancement, excitement, fear, horror, interest, joy, nostalgia, relief, sadness, satisfaction, and surprise.
According to the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion, we feel emotions and experience physiological reactions such as sweating, trembling, and muscle tension simultaneously.
Another well-known physiological theory is the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion. Walter Cannon disagreed with the James-Lange theory of emotion on several different grounds. First, he suggested, people can experience physiological reactions linked to emotions without actually feeling those emotions. For example, your heart might race because you have been exercising, not because you are afraid.
Cannon also suggested that emotional responses occur much too quickly to be simply products of physical states. When you encounter a danger in the environment, you will often feel afraid before you start to experience the physical symptoms associated with fear, such as shaking hands, rapid breathing, and a racing heart.
Cannon and Bard’s theory suggests that the physical and psychological experience of emotion happens at the same time and that one does not cause the other.
PERSONALITY
The document discusses the key foundations of personality, including biological, cultural, family, social and situational factors. It defines personality as the totality of qualities and traits that make a person unique. The biological foundations discussed include heredity, brain structures, hormones, enzymes, and physical features. Cultural, family and social factors also influence personality development. Freud's psychodynamic theory involving the id, ego and superego is summarized. The document concludes by outlining the six foundations of personality: mental, emotional, social, physical, moral and spiritual.
Khushbu psychometric 1 (1)
Psychoanalytic accounts unconscious mental processes.
Also known as ‘Depth psychology’.
Originated by Austrian psychiatrist ‘Sigmund Freud’.
He studied patients of neurotic under ‘hyp
Trait and psychodynamic theories
Trait and psychodynamic theories provide different perspectives on personality. Trait theories view personality as enduring attributes that influence behavior across situations. Allport categorized traits into cardinal, central, and secondary levels. Psychodynamic theories emphasize unconscious motivations and internal conflicts. Freud believed personalities develop through psychosexual stages and are composed of the id, ego, and superego. He emphasized unconscious drives and defenses against anxiety. Later theorists like Jung, Horney, and Adler extended psychoanalytic concepts to be more empirically testable and incorporate social and cultural influences.
Ch 1 notes
Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. It uses scientific research methods to observe and explain behaviors through description, explanation, prediction, and control. Throughout history, views of psychology and its goals have developed from focusing on internal mental processes to emphasizing observable behavior and the purpose and function of thoughts and actions. Modern psychology incorporates many perspectives including biological, cognitive, behavioral, psychodynamic, humanistic, and social-cultural approaches.
Hjw & aah chapter 1 slides shared
Psychology is defined as the scientific study of behavior and mental processes, with roots in philosophy and early experiments in the late 1800s. The document outlines 7 contemporary approaches to psychology and discusses specializations including education, research, and clinical practice. It also emphasizes the mind-body connection and how mental and physical health impact one another.
chapter Emotion 7.docx
1) The document discusses various theories of emotion including the James-Lange theory, Cannon-Bard theory, Schachter-Singer theory, and Lazarus theory. It addresses the cognitive, physiological, and behavioral components of emotion.
2) Basic emotions include anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise. Moods are less intense than emotions and vary throughout the day.
3) Emotional intelligence refers to the ability to perceive, understand, and manage emotions and involves self-awareness, self-regulation, motivation, empathy, and relationship skills.
emotion-151006142508-lva1-app6891.pptx
The document provides an overview of emotions, including definitions, components, categories, and theories. It discusses primary emotions like love, joy, anger, sadness, surprise and fear. Secondary emotions are described as emotions that arise from primary emotions in response to situations, like feeling threatened or angry due to experiencing fear. The three main theories of emotion are also summarized: James-Lange theory proposes that physiological responses lead to emotional experience; Cannon-Bard theory suggests emotion and physiological response occur simultaneously; and two-factor theory posits that arousal and cognition interact to influence emotional intensity. The document concludes with factors influencing emotions and methods for controlling emotions, such as physical activities, reframing thoughts, and understanding emotion.
Existential perspective
- Existentialism focuses on finding meaning and purpose in life, and emphasizes that people must make choices about their life while knowing they are mortal. It was started by Soren Kierkegaard and focuses on existence preceding essence.
- Existential psychology views people as responsible for their own existence and emphasizes authentic experience over objective states of being. Education in this view should help students develop themselves and their capacities through free choice and problem solving.
- There are stages of existential development from innocence to rebellion to becoming an authentic, creative adult who faces life's anxieties with courage. Existentialism differs from humanism in its view of inherent human qualities.
Introduction of Psychology
"The greatest discovery of my generation is that human beings can alter their lives by altering their attitudes of mind." — William James (1842-1910)
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Employees state insurance act, 1948
The document discusses the Employees' State Insurance (ESI) scheme in India. The key points are:
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Employees state insurance act, 1948
The Employee State Insurance (ESI) scheme provides medical and financial benefits to employees in factories and establishments with 20 or more workers. It covers medical care, sickness benefits, maternity benefits, dependents' benefits, and disablement benefits. Both employers and employees contribute monthly to the ESI scheme. Benefits include free healthcare in ESI hospitals as well as cash benefits for sickness, maternity leave, employment injury, and unemployment.
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B.为什么我们提供的毕业证成绩单具有使用价值？
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【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）】
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
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Here are some key objectives of communication with children:
Build Trust and Security:
Establish a safe and supportive environment where children feel comfortable expressing themselves.
Encourage Expression:
Enable children to articulate their thoughts, feelings, and experiences.
Promote Emotional Understanding:
Help children identify and understand their own emotions and the emotions of others.
Enhance Listening Skills:
Develop children’s ability to listen attentively and respond appropriately.
Foster Positive Relationships:
Strengthen the bond between children and caregivers, peers, and other adults.
Support Learning and Development:
Aid cognitive and language development through engaging and meaningful conversations.
Teach Social Skills:
Encourage polite, respectful, and empathetic interactions with others.
Resolve Conflicts:
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Encourage Independence:
Support children in making decisions and solving problems on their own.
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Reinforce Positive Behavior:
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Emotions in Psychology
- 2. INTRODUCTION • “Feelings that generally have both physiological and cognitive elements and that influence behavior”. • “Complex state of feeling that results in physical and psychological changes that influence thought and behavior”. DR. M. JOTHILAKSHMI 2
- 3. IMPORTANCE • Intrapersonal functions of emotion • Refer to the role that emotions play within each of us individually. • Interpersonal functions of emotion • Refer to the role emotions play between individuals within a group. • Social and cultural functions of emotion • Refer to the role that emotions play in the maintenance of social order within a society.DR. M. JOTHILAKSHMI 3
- 4. FEATURES • We express our emotions to others through nonverbal behaviours, and we learn about the emotions of others by observing them. • Emotions are the normally adaptive mental and physiological feeling states that direct our attention and guide our behaviour. • Emotional states are accompanied by arousal, our experiences of the bodily responses. • The most fundamental emotions, known as the basic emotions, are those of anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise.DR. M. JOTHILAKSHMI 4
- 5. FEATURES • Emotions are combined; Multiple emotions • Emotions are universal; irrespective of gender, nationality other biological and social factors. • All humans and animals have emotions; for people, level and types of emotions are determined by both biological and social factors unlike other creatures. • Emotions are exist and stimulated by external factors; people show different levels of emotions either high or low. DR. M. JOTHILAKSHMI 5
- 6. FUNCTIONS OF EMOTIONS • Preparing for action: “Fight-Flight” • Shape future behavior: Through learning • Help to interact with others: Social affiliation • Motivate people: “to balance emotions” • Induce learning: To overcome emotions-sadness/frustration or overjoy • Empathy people: To put yourselves in to other shoes • Decision making & Problem Solving • To be successful: Personally & Professionally • Lead us to be emotionally intelligent DR.M.JOTHILAKSHMI 6
- 7. TYPES OF EMOTIONS DR. M. JOTHILAKSHMI 7
- 8. SOURCES OF EMOTIONS • AGE • GENDER • SLEEP • HEALTH STATUS • STRESS • BODY EXERCIS • SOCIAL ACTIVITIES • FINANCIAL STATUS • WEATHER • PERSONALITY DR. M. JOTHILAKSHMI 8
- 9. THEORIES OF EMOTIONS • JAMES-LANGE THEORY • CANNON-BARD THEORY • SCHACHTER-SINGER THEORY DR. M. JOTHILAKSHMI 9
- 10. JAMES-LANGE THEORY • “William James and Carl Lange”: • Emotional experience is a reaction to bodily events occurring as a result of an external situation (“I feel sad because I am crying”). • Best-known examples of a physiological theory of emotion. • When you see an external stimulus that leads to a physiological reaction. • Emotional reaction is dependent upon how you interpret those physical reactions. • EX: when you see a stranger following you-> your heart beat rises – you interpret as fear” DR. M. JOTHILAKSHMI 10
- 11. JAMES-LANGE THEORY DR. M. JOTHILAKSHMI 11
- 12. CANNON-BARD THEORY • “Walter Cannon and later Philip Bard “ • Both physiological arousal and emotional experience are produced simultaneously by the same nerve stimulus. • James- Lange theory has some weakness: • You jog in a park – You have raised heartbeat->it is assumed as Fear • Physical and psychological experience of emotion happen at the same time and that one does not cause the other. DR. M. JOTHILAKSHMI 12
- 13. CANNON-BARD THEORY DR. M. JOTHILAKSHMI 13
- 14. SCHACHTER-SINGER THEORY • Emotions are determined jointly by a nonspecific kind of physiological arousal and its interpretation, based on environmental cues. • Known as the two-factor theory of emotion, the Schachter-Singer Theory is an example of a cognitive theory of emotion. • This theory suggests that the physiological arousal occurs first, and then the individual must identify the reason for this arousal to experience and label it as an emotion. • A stimulus leads to a physiological response that is then cognitively interpreted and labeled which results in an emotion. DR. M. JOTHILAKSHMI 14
- 15. SCHACHTER-SINGER THEORY DR. M. JOTHILAKSHMI 15