This chapter introduces the concepts of cross-cultural psychology and culture. It discusses how cross-cultural research tests whether psychological theories are universal or specific to certain cultures. Six categories used to define culture are also introduced: descriptive, historical, normative, psychological, structural, and genetic. Factors that influence culture include ecological, social, biological, and group-level factors like nationality, ethnicity, gender, disability and sexual orientation. Several cultural frameworks are also summarized, including Hofstede's cultural dimensions, Schwartz's values model, and Leung and Bond's social axioms.