Aaron Beck was a pioneering psychiatrist who developed cognitive therapy. He was born in 1921 and had a difficult childhood that influenced his later work. Beck developed cognitive therapy which focuses on identifying and disputing dysfunctional thoughts and beliefs. Cognitive therapy has been successfully applied to many disorders and is now one of the most influential psychotherapy approaches.
This is a presentation regarding Albert Ellis' REBT. Ellis' model teaches us to dispute irrational beliefs and replace them with rational ones to experience effective change.
Therapeutic goals assumptions and steps of psychoanalytic therapyGeetesh Kumar Singh
Psychoanalytic therapy is a type of treatment based upon the theories of Sigmund Freud, who is considered one of the forefathers of psychology and the founder of psychoanalysis. This therapy explores how the unconscious mind influences thoughts and behaviours, with the aim of offering insight and resolution to the person seeking therapy.
This PPT is developed for post graduate and under graduate students of psychology. The ppt is comprehensive and will provide a good insight about the behavior approach to counselling or therapy from various perspectives.
Feminist Therapy
Introduction
Feminist therapy puts gender and power at the core of the therapeutic process. It is built on the premise that it is essential to consider the social and cultural context that contributes to a person’s problems in order to understand that person.
This therapy was developed by Albert Ellis. It focuses on an individual's beliefs, whether rational or irrational, the emotions that they have due to these beliefs and the behaviour that they show based on both the beliefs and emotions.
This is a presentation regarding Albert Ellis' REBT. Ellis' model teaches us to dispute irrational beliefs and replace them with rational ones to experience effective change.
Therapeutic goals assumptions and steps of psychoanalytic therapyGeetesh Kumar Singh
Psychoanalytic therapy is a type of treatment based upon the theories of Sigmund Freud, who is considered one of the forefathers of psychology and the founder of psychoanalysis. This therapy explores how the unconscious mind influences thoughts and behaviours, with the aim of offering insight and resolution to the person seeking therapy.
This PPT is developed for post graduate and under graduate students of psychology. The ppt is comprehensive and will provide a good insight about the behavior approach to counselling or therapy from various perspectives.
Feminist Therapy
Introduction
Feminist therapy puts gender and power at the core of the therapeutic process. It is built on the premise that it is essential to consider the social and cultural context that contributes to a person’s problems in order to understand that person.
This therapy was developed by Albert Ellis. It focuses on an individual's beliefs, whether rational or irrational, the emotions that they have due to these beliefs and the behaviour that they show based on both the beliefs and emotions.
“CBT is a process of teaching, coaching, and reinforcing positive behaviors. CBT helps people to identify cognitive patterns or thoughts and emotions that are linked with behaviors.”
Hi!
I am SHIV PRAKASH (PhD Research Scholar),This slide presentation, I have created it for teaching purpose. I have used this slide to present the concept of CBT for Nursing Student in the department of psychiatry, I.M.S. Banaras Hindu University in Varanasi.
I hope this will be help full for everyone.
Thank you!
Psychotherapy is the utilization of mental techniques, especially wh.pdfanupamele
Psychotherapy is the utilization of mental techniques, especially when in light of general
individual collaboration, to help a man change and conquer issues in coveted ways.
Psychotherapy intends to enhance an individual\'s prosperity and psychological well-being, to
determine or relieve troublesome practices, convictions, impulses, considerations, or feelings,
and to enhance connections and social abilities. Certain psychotherapies are considered proof
based for treating some analyzed mental issue.
1. Concentrate on influence and articulation of feeling. Psychodynamic treatment empowers
investigation
also, discourse of the full scope of a patient\'s feelings. The specialist helps the patient depict and
put words to emotions, counting conflicting emotions, sentiments that are upsetting or
undermining, and emotions that the patient may not at first have the capacity to perceive or
recognize (this remains rather than an intellectual concentration, where the more prominent
accentuation is on musings and convictions; Blagys and Hilsenroth,
2002) There is likewise an acknowledgment that scholarly understanding is not the same as
passionate
understanding, which resounds at a profound level and prompts to change (this is one motivation
behind why numerous clever and mentally disapproved of individuals can clarify the
explanations behind their dif-
ficulties, yet their comprehension does not help them overcome those challenges).
2. Investigation of endeavors to abstain from upsetting
considerations and emotions. Individuals do an awesome
numerous things, intentionally and unconsciously, to maintain a strategic distance from
perspectives
of experience that are disturbing. This evasion (in hypothetical terms, protection and resistance)
may take coarse structures, for example, missing sessions, arriving late, or being shifty. It might
take unobtrusive structures that are hard to perceive in normal social talk, for example,
inconspicuous movements of theme when certain thoughts emerge, concentrating on accidental
parts of an affair instead of on what is mentally significant, taking care of truths and occasions to
the rejection of effect, concentrating on outer conditions as opposed to one\'s own part in
forming occasions, thus on.Psychodynamic specialists effectively concentrate on and investigate
shirkings.
3. Distinguishing proof of repeating topics and designs. Psychodynamic advisors work to
distinguish
what\'s more, investigate repeating topics and examples in patients\' contemplations, sentiments,
self-idea, connections, and beneficial encounters. Now and again, a patient might be intensely
mindful of repeating designs that are agonizing or self-vanquishing yet feel not able to escape
them (e.g., a man who over and over finds
himself attracted to sentimental accomplices who are sincerely inaccessible; a lady who
consistently attacks herself at the point when achievement is close by). In different cases, the
patient might be unconscious of the exampl.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
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TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
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Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
1. •AARON TEMKIN BECK (b. 1921) was born in
Providence, Rhode Island.
•His childhood was characterized by adversity.
•Beck used his personal problems as a basis for
understanding others and developing his theory.
•A graduate of Brown University and Yale School of
Medicine, Beck initially practiced as a neurologist,
but he switched to psychiatry during his residency.
•Beck is the pioneering figure in cognitive therapy,
one of the most influential and empirically validated
approaches to psychotherapy. His conceptual and
empirical contributions are considered to be among
the most significant in the field of psychiatry and
psychotherapy
BIOGRAPHY OF AARON T. BECK
2. •Beck joined the Department of Psychiatry of the University of
Pennsylvania in 1954, where he currently holds the position of
Professor (Emeritus) of Psychiatry.
•Beck’s pioneering research established the efficacy of cognitive
therapy for depression. He has successfully applied cognitive
therapy to depression, generalized anxiety and panic disorders,
suicide, alcoholism and drug abuse, eating disorders, marital and
relationship problems, psychotic disorders, and personality
disorders. He has developed assessment scales for depression,
suicide risk, anxiety, self-concept, and personality.
4. Aaron T. Beck developed an approach known as
cognitive therapy (CT) as a result of his research on
depression
SIMILARITIES OF COGNITIVE THERAPY, BEHAVIOR
THERAPY AND REBT
ACTIVE STRUCTURED
DIRECTIVE EMPIRICAL
TIME-LIMITED MAKE USE OF HOMEWORK
PRESENT- CENTERED
COLLABORATIVE
REQUIRE EXPLICIT IDENTIFICATION OF PROBLEMS AND
THE SITUATIONS IN WHICH THEY OCCUR.
5. Cognitive therapy perceives psychological problems as stemming
from commonplace processes such as faulty thinking, making
incorrect inferences on the basis of inadequate or incorrect
information, and failing to distinguish between fantasy and
reality.
THEORETICAL ASSUMPTIONS OF COGNITIVE THERAPY
1. people’s internal communication is accessible to
introspection
2. clients’ beliefs have highly personal meanings, and
3. that these meanings can be discovered by the
client rather than being taught or interpreted by
the therapist
6. The goal is to change the way clients think by using their
automatic thoughts to reach the core schemata and
begin to introduce the idea of schema restructuring. This
is done by encouraging clients to gather and weigh the
evidence in support of their beliefs.
AUTOMATIC THOUGHTS- personalized notions that are
triggered by particular stimuli that lead to emotional
responses.
7. COGNITIVE DISTORTIONS
1. ARBITRARY INFERENCES- refer to making
conclusions without supporting and relevant
evidence. This includes “catastrophizing,” or
thinking of the absolute worst scenario and
outcomes for most situations.
2. SELECTIVE ABSTRACTION consists of forming
conclusions based on an isolated detail of an event.
In this process other information is ignored, and
the significance of the total context is missed. The
assumption is that the events that matter are those
dealing with failure and deprivation.
8. OVERGENERALIZATION is a process of holding extreme
beliefs on the basis of a single incident and applying
them inappropriately to dissimilar events or settings.
MAGNIFICATION AND MINIMIZATION consist of
perceiving a case or situation in a greater or lesser light
than it truly deserves.
PERSONALIZATION is a tendency for individuals to relate
external events to themselves, even when there is no
basis for making this connection.
9. LABELLING AND MISLABELLING involve portraying one’s
identity on the basis of imperfections and mistakes
made in the past and allowing them to define one’s true
identity.
DICHOTOMOUS THINKING involves categorizing
experiences in either-or extremes.
10. In cognitive therapy, clients learn to engage in more realistic
thinking, especially if they consistently notice times when they
tend to get caught up in catastrophic thinking.
After they have gained insight into how their unrealistically
negative thoughts are affecting them, clients are trained to test
these automatic thoughts against reality by examining and
weighing the evidence for and against them.
This process of critically examining their core beliefs involves
empirically testing them by actively engaging in a Socratic
dialogue with the therapist, carrying out homework
assignments, gathering data on assumptions they make, keeping
a record of activities, and forming alternative interpretations
11. Cognitive therapy is focused on present problems,
regardless of a client’s diagnosis. The past may be
brought into therapy when the therapist considers it
essential to understand how and when certain core
dysfunctional beliefs originated and how these ideas
have a current impact on the client’s specific schema
The goals of this brief therapy include providing
symptom relief, assisting clients in resolving their most
pressing problems, and teaching clients relapse
prevention strategies.
12. SOME DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CT AND REBT
REBT CT
REBT is often highly directive, persuasive,
and confrontational; it also focuses on
the teaching role of the therapist. The
therapist models rational thinking and
helps clients to identify and dispute
irrational beliefs.
CT uses a Socratic dialogue by posing
open-ended questions to clients with the
aim of getting clients to reflect on
personal issues and arrive at their own
conclusions. CT places more emphasis on
helping clients discover and identify their
misconceptions for themselves than does
REBT
Through a process of rational disputation,
Ellis works to persuade clients that certain
of their beliefs are irrational and non-
functional.
Cognitive therapists view dysfunctional
beliefs as being problematic because
they interfere with normal cognitive
processing, not because they are
irrational
13. The Client–Therapist Relationship
Macy (2007) states that effective cognitive therapists strive to
create “warm, empathic relationships with clients while at the
same time effectively using cognitive therapy techniques that
will enable clients to create change in their thinking, feeling, and
behaving”
The therapist functions as a catalyst and a guide who helps
clients understand how their beliefs and attitudes influence the
way they feel and act. Clients are expected to identify the
distortions in their thinking, summarize important points in the
session, and collaboratively devise homework assignments that
they agree to carry out
14. Cognitive therapists emphasize the client’s role in self-discovery.
The assumption is that lasting changes in the client’s thinking and
behaviour will be most likely to occur with the client’s initiative,
understanding, awareness, and effort.
Cognitive therapists aim to teach clients how to be their own
therapist
15. Applications of Cognitive Therapy
Cognitive therapy initially gained recognition as an approach to
treating depression, but extensive research has also been devoted
to the study and treatment of anxiety disorders
Cognitive therapy has been successfully used in a wide variety of
other disorders and clinical areas, some of which include treating
phobias, psychosomatic disorders, eating disorders, anger, panic
disorders, and generalized anxiety Disorders, posttraumatic
stress disorder, suicidal behaviour, borderline personality
disorders, narcissistic personality disorders, and schizophrenic
disorders, personality disorders; substance abuse ,chronic pain
,medical illness, crisis intervention , couples and families therapy,
child abusers, divorce counseling, skills training, and stress
management.
17. Depression-prone people often set rigid, perfectionist goals for
themselves that are impossible to attain. Their negative
expectations are so strong that even if they experience success in
specific tasks they anticipate failure the next time. They screen out
successful experiences that are not consistent with their negative
self-concept. The thought content of depressed individuals centers
on a sense of irreversible loss that results in emotional states of
sadness, disappointment, and apathy
Beck’s therapeutic approach to treating depressed clients focuses
on specific problem areas and the reasons clients give for their
symptoms.
18. APPLICATION TO FAMILY THERAPY
Some cognitive behavior therapists place a strong emphasis on
examining cognitions among individual family members as well as
on what may be termed the “family schemata”. These are jointly
held beliefs about the family that have formed as a result of
years of integrated interaction among members of the family
unit. It is the experiences and perceptions from the family of origin
that shape the schema about both the immediate family and
families in general. These schemata have a major impact on how
the individual thinks, feels, and behaves in the family system