emetics and anti emetics.pptx
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This document discusses emetics and anti-emetics. Emetics induce vomiting and are used to empty the stomach, such as in cases of poisoning. Anti-emetics prevent or stop nausea and vomiting and are used in conditions like postoperative vomiting, chemotherapy-induced vomiting, motion sickness, and morning sickness. Anti-emetics work by depressing the central nervous system, promoting gastric emptying, controlling motion sickness, or controlling morning sickness. Common anti-emetic drugs are ondansetron, domperidone, metoclopramide, promethazine, scopolamine, and cinnarzine. Side effects of anti-emetics include hypotension, drowsiness,
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Emetics and antiemetics are drugs used to induce and prevent vomiting, respectively. Emetics, such as ipecac syrup and apomorphine, stimulate the vomiting center in the brain or irritate the stomach lining to induce vomiting, often used in cases of poisoning. Antiemetics, including drugs like ondansetron, metoclopramide, and promethazine, work by blocking neurotransmitters like serotonin, dopamine, and histamine, which are involved in triggering the vomiting reflex. They are commonly used to treat nausea and vomiting caused by conditions such as motion sickness, chemotherapy, and postoperative recovery. Understanding the mechanisms and applications of these drugs is crucial for effectively managing emesis in various clinical scenarios.
Unit 4 emetics & antiemetics
1) The document discusses various drugs acting on the GI system including emetics, antiemetics, purgatives, antacids, and others.
2) It focuses on emetics and antiemetics, describing the mechanisms of vomiting and the phases of vomiting. Various types of emesis are discussed.
3) Several classes of antiemetics are described including antihistamines, neuroleptics, 5-HT3 antagonists, and prokinetic drugs. Individual drugs from each class are explained along with their mechanisms of action and side effects.
Emetics & antiemetics
This document discusses emetics and antiemetics. It summarizes that emesis is a protective reflex to rid the body of toxins, and describes the neuronal pathway and receptors involved. Common emetics like apomorphine and ipecacuanha are outlined. The document then provides a detailed overview of various classes of antiemetics including anticholinergics, antihistamines, neuroleptics, prokinetic drugs, 5-HT3 antagonists, NK1 receptor antagonists, and adjuvant antiemetics. Specific drugs within each class are discussed, along with their mechanisms of action, indications, pharmacokinetics, and adverse effects.
Antiemetic drugs
This document discusses emesis (vomiting) and anti-emetic drugs. It begins by defining emesis and distinguishing it from nausea and retching. It then covers the causes, symptoms, and consequences of vomiting. The pathophysiology section explains the role of the chemoreceptor trigger zone, vomiting center, vestibular nuclei, and other structures. It also identifies the receptor types involved like 5-HT3, D2, H1, muscarinic M1, and neurokinin NK1. The pharmacology section provides details on common anti-emetic drug classes that act on these receptors, including 5-HT3 blockers, D2 antagonists, H1 antagonists, ant
Emetics and Anti Emetics ppt
Introduction TO VOMITING,Pathophysiology of vomiting,Emetics,Anti emetics,classification,pharmacology,Drug treatment in selected circumstances FOR EMETICS were included.
Emetics (The agents which are used to evoke vomiting) and Antiemetic (Drugs u...
Emesis is reflux coordinated by emetic centre in medulla. The main vomiting centre is CTZ and NTS.
Toxins and drugs enter in CSF and stimulates receptors in CTZ and vomiting occurs. The receptors present in CTZ and NTS are histamine, dopamine, serotonin, cholinergic, opioids. These receptors send impulse to vomiting centre. Hence these sites should be the target for antiemetic action.
The most important receptors in emetic centre is alpha-2-adrenergic which is mainly present in cats, serotonin.
Vomiting is of three types- motion sickness, morning sickness and gastric sickness. Motion sickness mainly occurs during travelling due to the activation of CTZ due to the attack of stimulus on labyrinth to nerve VIII and then to cerebellum which then reaches to CTZ activation and then causes vomiting.
The drugs used as emetics are-
1.Apomorphine
2.Xylazine
3.3% Hydrogen Peroxide
4.Tablet salt solution
5.Activated Charcoal
Apomorphine is a semi-synthetic derivative of morphine. It stimulates the D2 receptor in CTZ. At a high dose of apomorphine vomiting, sedation and excitement is produced. But if overdose of the apomorphine occurs it leads to respiratory and cardiac depression. The respiratory and cardiac depression may be reversed by using naloxone which is a morphine derivative. Apomorphine can be injected by Intramuscular in a dose of 6mg within 5 minutes of vomiting induces. The oral dose of apomorphine is not recommended. Apomorphine has therapeutic effect in Parkinson's but not used due to side effects. Half-life of apomorphine is 40 minutes and clearance is 223 l/hrs.
Xylazine at lower dose can be used as emetic which act as alpha-2-adrenergic agonist. It has been contraindicated in hypertension, pregnancy and peptic ulcer.
3% Hydrogen Peroxide is used to produce emesis. It may cause esophagitis and gastritis.
Activated Charcoal is majorly use in case of poisoning. It is given orally to absorb the toxins or drugs to reduce their absorption is systemic circulation. Activated charcoal is not effective in case of absorbing nitrate, caustic alkali, alcohol. It may cause constipation, diarrhoea, black faeces.
Anti-emetics- The agents which are used to prevent or supress the vomiting are known as anti emetics.
The drugs used as Anti-emetics are hyoscine, dicyclomine, promethazine, diphenhydramine, dimenhydrinate, doxylamine, meclizine , cinnarizine, chlorpromazine, triflupromazine, prochlorperazine, haloperidol, metoclopramide, domperidone, cisapride, mosapride, itopride, ondansetron, granisetron, palonosetron, ramosetron, aprepitant, fosaprepitant, dexamethasone, benzodiazepines, dronabinol, nabilone.
The wide variety of drugs are available or used in prevention and the treatment of vomiting specially in cancer chemotherapy induced vomiting.
Metoclopramide is used in H1 histamine blocking activity.
Ondansetron, granisetron,dolasetron and palonosetron is used in preventing nausea and vomiting after general anaesthesia and chemotherapy.
Kp emitics (1)
Emetics and antiemetics are used to induce or prevent vomiting. Emetics work centrally in the medulla, peripherally in the stomach, or both. Common emetics include apomorphine, mustard, and ipecacuanha. Antiemetics have various mechanisms of action and include anticholinergics, antihistamines, neuroleptics, prokinetic drugs, 5-HT3 antagonists, and adjuvant medications. Common antiemetics are hyoscine, promethazine, metoclopramide, ondansetron, and corticosteroids. These drugs are used to treat nausea and vomiting from different causes like motion sickness, chemotherapy,
Drugs used in gastro intestinal disorders- Mr. panneh
This document discusses drugs used to treat various gastrointestinal disorders grouped into four categories: antidiarrheals and flatulants, antiemetics and emetics, laxatives, and anti-peptic ulcer disease drugs. It provides details on common drugs in each category, their mechanisms of action, clinical uses, adverse drug reactions and interactions. The document concludes with references used in compiling the information.
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- 2. EMETICS are class of drugs / medicine that are used to induce vomiting. They are mainly used in case of poisoning, to empty stomach.
- 3. Anti-EMETICS class of drugs / medicines that used to prevent or stop Nausea and Vomiting. Used In such cases Post operative vomiting Chemotherapy induced vomiting Bed smell, Thought, Sight Induced Motion sickness / morning sickness Gastric irritation induced vomiting
- 5. Bed smell Bed thought Bed sight Radiation therapy Chemotherapy Post-operative Pregnancy induced Gastroenteritis Drug induced indigestion Motion sickness 5-HT (Serotonine) Dopamine (d2) 5-HT (Serotonine) Dopamine (d2) Histamine-1 5-HT (Serotonine) Histamine muscarine Histamine-1
- 7. EMETICS are class of drugs / medicine that are used to induce vomiting. They are mainly used in case of poisoning, to empty stomach.
- 8. 1. C.N.S ACTING 2. GASTRIC IRRITANTS 3. BOTH Stimulate CTz centre Serotonine (5HT) & Dopamine (D2) receptor agonist Morphine Apo-morphine Irritate gastric mucosa Serotonine (5HT) & Histamine (H1) , Muscarinic receptor agonist Sodium chloride Mustard Alluminium Stimulate CTz centre & Irritate gastric mucosa Ipecacuanha Digitalis Induce vomiting within 15 minutes
- 9. HYPERTENSION DROWSINESS , HEADACHE RESPIRATORY DISTRESS Altered Consciousness
- 10. HERNIA ANEURYSM HEART DISEASE PEPTIC ULCER RESPIRATORY DEPRESSION ACID OR ALKALI (CORROSIVE) INGESTION UNCONSCIOUS PETROLIUM POISON INGESTION
- 11. Anti-EMETICS class of drugs / medicines that used to prevent or stop Nausea and Vomiting. Uses / Indication :- Post operative vomiting Chemotherapy induced vomiting Bed smell, Thought, Sight Induced Motion sickness / morning sickness Gastric irritation induced vomiting
- 13. 1. C.N.S ACTING (DEPRESS CNS) 2. Promote GASTRIC Emptying 3. Motion sickness Inhibitor 4. Morning sickness Inhibitor
- 14. 1. C.N.S ACTING (DEPRESS CNS) They Depress CNS & CTz centre Serotonine (5HT) & Dopamine (D2) receptor antagonist / blocker USES :- Prevent bed smell , thought , chemotherapy, radiation therapy induced vomiting , post -operative vomiting EXAMPLES:- Domperidon(child) ONDENSETRONE (Drug of choice in chemotherapy & radiation therapy induced vomiting ) DOLASETRON
- 15. 2. Promote GASTRIC Emptying They promote gastric emptying. Histamine (H1) , Dopamine (D2) receptor antagonist / Blocker USES :- Prevent gastric irritation (gastroenteritis, indigestion, drugs) Induced Nausea & Vomiting Metoclopramide (reglan) Promethazine (Phenargan)
- 16. 3. Control motion sickness They control motion sickness Histamine (H1) receptor antagonist / Blocker USES :- o Motion sickness Induced Nausea & Vomiting. o Used in Menier’s Disease Scopolamine (Hyoscine) Cinnarzine (FIRST CHOICE) Diphenhydramine (LOW POTENSY )
- 17. 4. Control morning sickness They control morning sickness (in early pregnancy) Histamine (H1) receptor antagonist / Blocker USES :- morning sickness nausea & Vomiting. Doxylamine Pyridoxin (vitamine B6) Promethazine & metoclopramide (use only in emergency)
- 18. SEVERE MORNING SICKNESS – Promethazine & Metoclopramide PREGNANCY (MORNING SICKNESS) – Doxylamine-Pyridoxine CHEMOTHERPY & RADIATION INDUCED - Ondensetrone POST OPERATIVE VOMITING - Ondensetrone Menier’s Disease (N & V , vertigo ) - Cinnarzine Nausea & Vomiting in children - Domperidone Motion Sickness Vertigo & vomiting – Scopolamine (Hyoscine) , cinnarzine
- 19. HYPOTENSION DROWSINESS , HEADACHE DRY MOUTH BLURR VISION
- 21. This is not the END……. • Write Nursing responsibility as I discussed in class………