knowledge about personality disorders discovered now a days which helps to get better treatment of these disorder. this slide explain the features of personality disorder in very easy way. i hope all personnel will get benefit from it.
The document discusses refugee health and the challenges refugees face. It defines refugee health and explains that refugees are vulnerable to infectious diseases, mental health issues, and chronic diseases in their new locations. Major causes of mortality and morbidity among refugees include measles, diarrhea, respiratory infections, malaria, and malnutrition. The principles of refugee health interventions are presented as preventing excess death and illness through multisectoral preventive approaches, meeting needs of women and children, and implementing health and nutrition monitoring systems.
The document discusses key concepts in epidemiology. It begins by defining epidemiology and its objectives, which include studying disease patterns and determinants in populations to aid health planning. It then covers epidemiological terms like incidence, prevalence, reservoirs, modes of transmission and susceptible hosts. Different theories of disease causation are presented, including the germ theory that pathogens cause disease, and the epidemiological triad model showing the interaction between an external agent, host factors and the environment. The document provides an overview of fundamental epidemiological concepts.
This document provides an introduction to health psychology. It defines health psychology as the branch of psychology concerned with individual behaviors and lifestyles affecting physical health. The document outlines how views of health have changed, illustrating the biopsychosocial model and its interaction between biological, psychological, and social factors in health. Finally, it describes the role of health psychologists in areas like health promotion, prevention and treatment of illness, and improving healthcare.
From a seminar I gave in my first year MD in Shivamogga Institute of Medical Sciences.
Oxford Textbook of Public Health and Textbook of Preventive Medicine and Public Health by Maxcy, Rosenau and Last are my references.
Might help readers learn the evolution of the concept of public health.
This document discusses different types of study designs used in epidemiology. It begins by defining epidemiology and then outlines the objectives of the presentation which are to understand study design concepts, appropriately apply designs to research, and learn about advantages and disadvantages. Descriptive and analytical studies are introduced. Descriptive studies describe disease frequency and distribution without hypotheses, while analytical studies compare at least two groups to test hypotheses. Case-control and cohort studies are presented as common analytical designs. Case-control studies compare exposed vs unexposed groups among cases and controls to calculate odds ratios. Potential biases are discussed.
The lecture material describes disaster, its management in Nigeria. It also emphasize the role of environmental health services in disaster and emergency situations
This document discusses key concepts in epidemiology including definitions of disease, illness, and sickness. It describes the spectrum and "iceberg phenomenon" of disease, where most cases remain undiagnosed. Theories of disease causation are outlined, from older theories to modern concepts like the epidemiological triad/tetrad involving agents, hosts, and environments over time. Examples of risk factors, risk groups, and models of causation like the web and wheel of causation are provided. The natural history of disease progression is also addressed. Tuberculosis is used as an example to illustrate the interplay between infectious agents, human hosts, and social/environmental determinants of disease.
This document discusses concepts related to disease and causation, including:
1) The natural history of a disease describes its evolution over time from earliest stages to recovery, disability, or death without treatment.
2) Henle-Koch's postulates provide guidelines for establishing causation between a microbe and a disease.
3) The stages of a disease include pre-pathogenic, pathogenic, incubation period, prodromal, overt disease, defervescence, and convalescence phases.
The document discusses refugee health and the challenges refugees face. It defines refugee health and explains that refugees are vulnerable to infectious diseases, mental health issues, and chronic diseases in their new locations. Major causes of mortality and morbidity among refugees include measles, diarrhea, respiratory infections, malaria, and malnutrition. The principles of refugee health interventions are presented as preventing excess death and illness through multisectoral preventive approaches, meeting needs of women and children, and implementing health and nutrition monitoring systems.
The document discusses key concepts in epidemiology. It begins by defining epidemiology and its objectives, which include studying disease patterns and determinants in populations to aid health planning. It then covers epidemiological terms like incidence, prevalence, reservoirs, modes of transmission and susceptible hosts. Different theories of disease causation are presented, including the germ theory that pathogens cause disease, and the epidemiological triad model showing the interaction between an external agent, host factors and the environment. The document provides an overview of fundamental epidemiological concepts.
This document provides an introduction to health psychology. It defines health psychology as the branch of psychology concerned with individual behaviors and lifestyles affecting physical health. The document outlines how views of health have changed, illustrating the biopsychosocial model and its interaction between biological, psychological, and social factors in health. Finally, it describes the role of health psychologists in areas like health promotion, prevention and treatment of illness, and improving healthcare.
From a seminar I gave in my first year MD in Shivamogga Institute of Medical Sciences.
Oxford Textbook of Public Health and Textbook of Preventive Medicine and Public Health by Maxcy, Rosenau and Last are my references.
Might help readers learn the evolution of the concept of public health.
This document discusses different types of study designs used in epidemiology. It begins by defining epidemiology and then outlines the objectives of the presentation which are to understand study design concepts, appropriately apply designs to research, and learn about advantages and disadvantages. Descriptive and analytical studies are introduced. Descriptive studies describe disease frequency and distribution without hypotheses, while analytical studies compare at least two groups to test hypotheses. Case-control and cohort studies are presented as common analytical designs. Case-control studies compare exposed vs unexposed groups among cases and controls to calculate odds ratios. Potential biases are discussed.
The lecture material describes disaster, its management in Nigeria. It also emphasize the role of environmental health services in disaster and emergency situations
This document discusses key concepts in epidemiology including definitions of disease, illness, and sickness. It describes the spectrum and "iceberg phenomenon" of disease, where most cases remain undiagnosed. Theories of disease causation are outlined, from older theories to modern concepts like the epidemiological triad/tetrad involving agents, hosts, and environments over time. Examples of risk factors, risk groups, and models of causation like the web and wheel of causation are provided. The natural history of disease progression is also addressed. Tuberculosis is used as an example to illustrate the interplay between infectious agents, human hosts, and social/environmental determinants of disease.
This document discusses concepts related to disease and causation, including:
1) The natural history of a disease describes its evolution over time from earliest stages to recovery, disability, or death without treatment.
2) Henle-Koch's postulates provide guidelines for establishing causation between a microbe and a disease.
3) The stages of a disease include pre-pathogenic, pathogenic, incubation period, prodromal, overt disease, defervescence, and convalescence phases.
The document discusses the history and evolution of theories of disease causation and treatment from ancient Greece to modern times. It describes how theories have progressed from associating disease with humors and elements, to ideas of contagion and miasmas, to the germ theory of disease established by Pasteur and Koch. It also outlines the development of veterinary medicine and changing roles of veterinarians from a focus on individual animal treatment to herd health management, food safety, and animal welfare.
This document discusses disease surveillance and the concept of a public health ecosystem. It describes key aspects of public health including promoting healthy lifestyles, researching disease prevention, and controlling infectious diseases. Disease surveillance is highlighted as a core public health function. An ideal public health information ecosystem is proposed, with different components like surveillance, immunization, and environmental health. The document explores what disease surveillance entails and presents the idea of a disease surveillance ecosystem that brings together different stakeholders like epidemiologists, nurses, and laboratory staff. It addresses current gaps and ways to prioritize and fill them. Finally, it considers exercises around building an ideal disease surveillance team and responding to syndromic surveillance alerts.
The document discusses concepts related to disease, including:
- Disease is defined as a physiological or psychological dysfunction that results from a complex interaction between an agent, the human host, and the environment.
- The natural history of a disease consists of a pre-pathogenesis phase where exposure occurs but the disease agent has not entered the host, and a pathogenesis phase where the agent enters the host and the disease progresses through recovery, disability, or death.
- Disease causation is often multi-factorial rather than due to a single agent, involving a web or network of interconnected social, behavioral, and environmental factors. Understanding these factors can help control and prevent disease.
The document outlines the key principles and steps of conducting an outbreak investigation. It defines what constitutes an outbreak and explains that the purpose is to control the current outbreak, prevent future occurrences, and evaluate existing surveillance and prevention programs. The main steps described are confirming the outbreak, defining cases, collecting descriptive data, developing hypotheses, testing hypotheses through analytical studies, communicating conclusions, and recommending control measures.
This document discusses various perspectives on the nature and causes of human aggression. It explores both innate and learned factors, including biological influences like genetics and hormones, psychological theories like frustration-aggression theory and social learning theory, and environmental triggers such as heat, attacks, crowding, and painful accidents. The document examines views from philosophers like Hobbes and Rousseau as well as scientists studying neural, genetic, chemical, and behavioral influences on aggression.
Human Subject Protection in Clinical ResearchClinosolIndia
Human subject protection in clinical research is an essential aspect of ensuring that research is conducted in an ethical and responsible manner. It involves the implementation of policies and procedures to protect the rights, safety, and welfare of human subjects who participate in clinical research studies. Here are some key aspects of human subject protection in clinical research:
Informed Consent: Informed consent is the cornerstone of human subject protection in clinical research. It involves providing potential participants with clear and understandable information about the study's purpose, procedures, risks, and benefits, and obtaining their voluntary agreement to participate.
Ethics Review: Clinical research studies involving human subjects must be reviewed by an independent ethics committee or institutional review board (IRB) to ensure that the study design and procedures are ethical, and the potential risks and benefits of the study are carefully evaluated.
Safety Monitoring: The safety and well-being of human subjects must be monitored throughout the study to ensure that any adverse events or unexpected outcomes are promptly identified, reported, and addressed.
Confidentiality and Privacy: Participants' personal information must be kept confidential and protected from unauthorized disclosure. Researchers must take appropriate measures to ensure that the data is secure and used only for the purposes outlined in the research protocol.
Risk Minimization: Researchers have an ethical responsibility to minimize the risks of harm to human subjects by designing studies that are safe and feasible, using appropriate study procedures and interventions, and providing appropriate medical care and follow-up.
Vulnerable Populations: Special considerations must be given to vulnerable populations, such as children, pregnant women, prisoners, and individuals with cognitive impairments or mental illness. Additional safeguards must be in place to protect their rights and welfare.
Regulatory Compliance: Researchers must comply with relevant laws and regulations governing clinical research, including obtaining regulatory approvals, conducting studies according to Good Clinical Practice (GCP) guidelines, and reporting adverse events or unexpected outcomes.
This document discusses concepts related to disease causation and the natural history of disease. It defines disease, illness, and sickness, and describes key concepts like the germ theory of disease, epidemiological triad, multifactorial causation, and web of causation. It discusses factors related to agents, hosts, and environments that influence disease occurrence. It also outlines the pre-pathogenesis and pathogenesis phases in the natural history of disease.
Epidemiological study Design Case Control And Cohort Study.pptTauseef Jawaid
This document discusses various study designs used in epidemiology. It begins by describing components of epidemiology such as measuring disease frequency and distribution. It then discusses the need for research designs and classifies epidemiological research into descriptive and analytical studies. Descriptive studies like case reports and cross-sectional studies are used to describe diseases. Analytical studies, including observational cohort and case-control studies as well as experimental designs, are used to test hypotheses. The document focuses on cohort studies, outlining the steps involved such as selecting exposed and non-exposed groups, defining and measuring exposures, following up to assess outcomes, and analyzing results.
The document discusses descriptive epidemiology and provides definitions and examples. Descriptive epidemiology studies the occurrence and distribution of disease. It describes the who, where, and when of diseases. Key terms discussed include:
- Time trends which can be secular (long-term), periodic (interruptions to secular trends), or seasonal (cyclical yearly variations).
- Place patterns looking at geographic distributions of disease.
- Person characteristics of those affected such as age, sex, occupation.
Descriptive studies are the first step in understanding diseases and include case reports, case series, and cross-sectional prevalence studies.
Social epidemiology in public health researchPoope รักในหลวง
This document discusses social epidemiology in public health research and the social determinants of health. It presents the Commission on Social Determinants of Health conceptual framework which shows how socioeconomic and political context, socioeconomic position, and structural determinants impact health inequities through intermediary determinants. The document also discusses how public health research integrates health and social epidemiology concepts to analyze risk factors related to public health problems. Finally, it presents the SOCIPID model for social epidemiology research and provides an example of how it was applied to research on coronary heart disease in women.
The document summarizes several prominent health behavior theories that are relevant for nursing practice and research. It describes theories such as the health belief model, social cognitive theory, transtheoretical model, and theories of reasoned action. Key concepts discussed include an individual's perceptions, self-efficacy, environmental influences, and how behavior change is best understood as a process rather than a single event. The theories provide guidance for nurses to enhance patient motivation and effectively support individuals through the various stages of behavior change.
The document discusses factors that influence how public health messages are acted upon. It first presents the classical model of health communication, which assumes providing information will lead to behavior change. However, this model fails to account for human psychology. Later models recognize humans are not identical and consider additional factors like motivation, habits, and social influences. The health belief model specifically examines perceived susceptibility, severity, benefits and barriers, and how these impact preventive health behavior.
This document discusses the natural history of disease. It defines disease as a condition that impairs the body's health or deranges its normal functions. It notes there is a spectrum of disease from subclinical to acute to chronic. It discusses the concepts of causation, noting both germ theory and epidemiological triad perspectives. It introduces the web of causation for diseases like coronary heart disease. It outlines levels of prevention from primordial to tertiary. Modes of intervention include health promotion, screening, treatment and rehabilitation.
Burden of disease analysis provides a fuller assessment of population health beyond just mortality rates. It considers the impact of morbidity and estimates the effects of years lived with illness or disability. Common measures used in burden of disease analysis include disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), which combine mortality and morbidity into a single metric. Calculating DALYs and QALYs involves defining health states, assigning weights to different states, and combining estimates of life expectancy and duration of illness. Burden of disease analysis is useful for comparing population health over time and between regions, identifying major health problems, and informing health policy and resource allocation decisions.
The ICD-11 is the eleventh revision of the International Classification of Diseases. It will replace the ICD-10 as the global standard for coding health information and causes of death. The ICD is developed and annually updated by the World Health Organization
health and human behaviour (3)(1).pptxDereseBishaw
This document discusses human behavior and factors that influence health behaviors. It defines behavior, lists the components of behavior, and describes types of health behaviors. Behaviors are influenced by predisposing factors like knowledge, attitudes, beliefs; enabling factors like availability and accessibility of resources; and reinforcing factors like social norms. The document provides examples of different types of health behaviors and factors that can determine behaviors.
The document discusses various social, cultural, personality, and situational factors that can influence human aggression. Social determinants like frustration from not achieving goals or direct provocation can increase aggression. Cultural factors play a role, like cultures that value honor being more prone to aggression following insults. Certain personality traits like Type A behavior or narcissism can increase aggression. Situational factors like heat, alcohol consumption, and witnessing violence can also influence aggression levels. The document outlines techniques to prevent and control aggression, such as punishment that is prompt, certain, strong, and justified, as well as catharsis and cognitive interventions.
This document discusses different types of epidemiological studies, with a focus on experimental studies and randomized controlled trials (RCTs). It describes the key features of RCTs, including that they: (1) involve randomly allocating subjects into study and control groups to receive or not receive an intervention, (2) aim to control for confounding factors through randomization, and (3) are considered the gold standard for evaluating interventions due to their ability to minimize bias. The document outlines the basic steps in conducting an RCT, from developing a protocol to randomization, intervention, follow-up, assessment and analysis. It also discusses types of RCTs and their importance in evaluating treatments, prevention, risk factors and more.
General care of the elderly involves comprehensive assessment of medical, functional, behavioral, emotional, environmental, and social factors. It focuses on preventing and managing common geriatric syndromes like falls, frailty, and immobility through vaccination, optimal control of chronic conditions, nutritional management, and mental health support. Regular checkups and laboratory tests help monitor health changes and address issues early. Maintaining social connections through various means is also important for well-being.
This document provides an overview of infectious disease epidemiology. It begins with a brief history of some major infectious disease outbreaks and their impacts. It then discusses concepts and definitions relevant to infectious disease epidemiology, including reservoirs, modes of transmission, epidemiological triad, and terminology. The document outlines the importance of studying infectious disease epidemiology and highlights current challenges like antimicrobial resistance and emerging/re-emerging pathogens. It also summarizes successes in disease eradication/elimination and the ongoing global burden of infectious diseases.
Don Frazier, Jr. presented on problematic behaviors in children and adolescents. He defined emotional and behavioral disorders and discussed factors that can influence problem behaviors, including self-related, home, community, and school factors. Early warning signs of problematic behaviors were outlined. Diagnosing and medicating behaviors was discussed, noting concerns about racial disparities in diagnoses. Individual and institutional racism and their impact on health disparities were reviewed. Educational recommendations were provided for schools, students, parents, and the community to support youth.
The document discusses the history and evolution of theories of disease causation and treatment from ancient Greece to modern times. It describes how theories have progressed from associating disease with humors and elements, to ideas of contagion and miasmas, to the germ theory of disease established by Pasteur and Koch. It also outlines the development of veterinary medicine and changing roles of veterinarians from a focus on individual animal treatment to herd health management, food safety, and animal welfare.
This document discusses disease surveillance and the concept of a public health ecosystem. It describes key aspects of public health including promoting healthy lifestyles, researching disease prevention, and controlling infectious diseases. Disease surveillance is highlighted as a core public health function. An ideal public health information ecosystem is proposed, with different components like surveillance, immunization, and environmental health. The document explores what disease surveillance entails and presents the idea of a disease surveillance ecosystem that brings together different stakeholders like epidemiologists, nurses, and laboratory staff. It addresses current gaps and ways to prioritize and fill them. Finally, it considers exercises around building an ideal disease surveillance team and responding to syndromic surveillance alerts.
The document discusses concepts related to disease, including:
- Disease is defined as a physiological or psychological dysfunction that results from a complex interaction between an agent, the human host, and the environment.
- The natural history of a disease consists of a pre-pathogenesis phase where exposure occurs but the disease agent has not entered the host, and a pathogenesis phase where the agent enters the host and the disease progresses through recovery, disability, or death.
- Disease causation is often multi-factorial rather than due to a single agent, involving a web or network of interconnected social, behavioral, and environmental factors. Understanding these factors can help control and prevent disease.
The document outlines the key principles and steps of conducting an outbreak investigation. It defines what constitutes an outbreak and explains that the purpose is to control the current outbreak, prevent future occurrences, and evaluate existing surveillance and prevention programs. The main steps described are confirming the outbreak, defining cases, collecting descriptive data, developing hypotheses, testing hypotheses through analytical studies, communicating conclusions, and recommending control measures.
This document discusses various perspectives on the nature and causes of human aggression. It explores both innate and learned factors, including biological influences like genetics and hormones, psychological theories like frustration-aggression theory and social learning theory, and environmental triggers such as heat, attacks, crowding, and painful accidents. The document examines views from philosophers like Hobbes and Rousseau as well as scientists studying neural, genetic, chemical, and behavioral influences on aggression.
Human Subject Protection in Clinical ResearchClinosolIndia
Human subject protection in clinical research is an essential aspect of ensuring that research is conducted in an ethical and responsible manner. It involves the implementation of policies and procedures to protect the rights, safety, and welfare of human subjects who participate in clinical research studies. Here are some key aspects of human subject protection in clinical research:
Informed Consent: Informed consent is the cornerstone of human subject protection in clinical research. It involves providing potential participants with clear and understandable information about the study's purpose, procedures, risks, and benefits, and obtaining their voluntary agreement to participate.
Ethics Review: Clinical research studies involving human subjects must be reviewed by an independent ethics committee or institutional review board (IRB) to ensure that the study design and procedures are ethical, and the potential risks and benefits of the study are carefully evaluated.
Safety Monitoring: The safety and well-being of human subjects must be monitored throughout the study to ensure that any adverse events or unexpected outcomes are promptly identified, reported, and addressed.
Confidentiality and Privacy: Participants' personal information must be kept confidential and protected from unauthorized disclosure. Researchers must take appropriate measures to ensure that the data is secure and used only for the purposes outlined in the research protocol.
Risk Minimization: Researchers have an ethical responsibility to minimize the risks of harm to human subjects by designing studies that are safe and feasible, using appropriate study procedures and interventions, and providing appropriate medical care and follow-up.
Vulnerable Populations: Special considerations must be given to vulnerable populations, such as children, pregnant women, prisoners, and individuals with cognitive impairments or mental illness. Additional safeguards must be in place to protect their rights and welfare.
Regulatory Compliance: Researchers must comply with relevant laws and regulations governing clinical research, including obtaining regulatory approvals, conducting studies according to Good Clinical Practice (GCP) guidelines, and reporting adverse events or unexpected outcomes.
This document discusses concepts related to disease causation and the natural history of disease. It defines disease, illness, and sickness, and describes key concepts like the germ theory of disease, epidemiological triad, multifactorial causation, and web of causation. It discusses factors related to agents, hosts, and environments that influence disease occurrence. It also outlines the pre-pathogenesis and pathogenesis phases in the natural history of disease.
Epidemiological study Design Case Control And Cohort Study.pptTauseef Jawaid
This document discusses various study designs used in epidemiology. It begins by describing components of epidemiology such as measuring disease frequency and distribution. It then discusses the need for research designs and classifies epidemiological research into descriptive and analytical studies. Descriptive studies like case reports and cross-sectional studies are used to describe diseases. Analytical studies, including observational cohort and case-control studies as well as experimental designs, are used to test hypotheses. The document focuses on cohort studies, outlining the steps involved such as selecting exposed and non-exposed groups, defining and measuring exposures, following up to assess outcomes, and analyzing results.
The document discusses descriptive epidemiology and provides definitions and examples. Descriptive epidemiology studies the occurrence and distribution of disease. It describes the who, where, and when of diseases. Key terms discussed include:
- Time trends which can be secular (long-term), periodic (interruptions to secular trends), or seasonal (cyclical yearly variations).
- Place patterns looking at geographic distributions of disease.
- Person characteristics of those affected such as age, sex, occupation.
Descriptive studies are the first step in understanding diseases and include case reports, case series, and cross-sectional prevalence studies.
Social epidemiology in public health researchPoope รักในหลวง
This document discusses social epidemiology in public health research and the social determinants of health. It presents the Commission on Social Determinants of Health conceptual framework which shows how socioeconomic and political context, socioeconomic position, and structural determinants impact health inequities through intermediary determinants. The document also discusses how public health research integrates health and social epidemiology concepts to analyze risk factors related to public health problems. Finally, it presents the SOCIPID model for social epidemiology research and provides an example of how it was applied to research on coronary heart disease in women.
The document summarizes several prominent health behavior theories that are relevant for nursing practice and research. It describes theories such as the health belief model, social cognitive theory, transtheoretical model, and theories of reasoned action. Key concepts discussed include an individual's perceptions, self-efficacy, environmental influences, and how behavior change is best understood as a process rather than a single event. The theories provide guidance for nurses to enhance patient motivation and effectively support individuals through the various stages of behavior change.
The document discusses factors that influence how public health messages are acted upon. It first presents the classical model of health communication, which assumes providing information will lead to behavior change. However, this model fails to account for human psychology. Later models recognize humans are not identical and consider additional factors like motivation, habits, and social influences. The health belief model specifically examines perceived susceptibility, severity, benefits and barriers, and how these impact preventive health behavior.
This document discusses the natural history of disease. It defines disease as a condition that impairs the body's health or deranges its normal functions. It notes there is a spectrum of disease from subclinical to acute to chronic. It discusses the concepts of causation, noting both germ theory and epidemiological triad perspectives. It introduces the web of causation for diseases like coronary heart disease. It outlines levels of prevention from primordial to tertiary. Modes of intervention include health promotion, screening, treatment and rehabilitation.
Burden of disease analysis provides a fuller assessment of population health beyond just mortality rates. It considers the impact of morbidity and estimates the effects of years lived with illness or disability. Common measures used in burden of disease analysis include disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), which combine mortality and morbidity into a single metric. Calculating DALYs and QALYs involves defining health states, assigning weights to different states, and combining estimates of life expectancy and duration of illness. Burden of disease analysis is useful for comparing population health over time and between regions, identifying major health problems, and informing health policy and resource allocation decisions.
The ICD-11 is the eleventh revision of the International Classification of Diseases. It will replace the ICD-10 as the global standard for coding health information and causes of death. The ICD is developed and annually updated by the World Health Organization
health and human behaviour (3)(1).pptxDereseBishaw
This document discusses human behavior and factors that influence health behaviors. It defines behavior, lists the components of behavior, and describes types of health behaviors. Behaviors are influenced by predisposing factors like knowledge, attitudes, beliefs; enabling factors like availability and accessibility of resources; and reinforcing factors like social norms. The document provides examples of different types of health behaviors and factors that can determine behaviors.
The document discusses various social, cultural, personality, and situational factors that can influence human aggression. Social determinants like frustration from not achieving goals or direct provocation can increase aggression. Cultural factors play a role, like cultures that value honor being more prone to aggression following insults. Certain personality traits like Type A behavior or narcissism can increase aggression. Situational factors like heat, alcohol consumption, and witnessing violence can also influence aggression levels. The document outlines techniques to prevent and control aggression, such as punishment that is prompt, certain, strong, and justified, as well as catharsis and cognitive interventions.
This document discusses different types of epidemiological studies, with a focus on experimental studies and randomized controlled trials (RCTs). It describes the key features of RCTs, including that they: (1) involve randomly allocating subjects into study and control groups to receive or not receive an intervention, (2) aim to control for confounding factors through randomization, and (3) are considered the gold standard for evaluating interventions due to their ability to minimize bias. The document outlines the basic steps in conducting an RCT, from developing a protocol to randomization, intervention, follow-up, assessment and analysis. It also discusses types of RCTs and their importance in evaluating treatments, prevention, risk factors and more.
General care of the elderly involves comprehensive assessment of medical, functional, behavioral, emotional, environmental, and social factors. It focuses on preventing and managing common geriatric syndromes like falls, frailty, and immobility through vaccination, optimal control of chronic conditions, nutritional management, and mental health support. Regular checkups and laboratory tests help monitor health changes and address issues early. Maintaining social connections through various means is also important for well-being.
This document provides an overview of infectious disease epidemiology. It begins with a brief history of some major infectious disease outbreaks and their impacts. It then discusses concepts and definitions relevant to infectious disease epidemiology, including reservoirs, modes of transmission, epidemiological triad, and terminology. The document outlines the importance of studying infectious disease epidemiology and highlights current challenges like antimicrobial resistance and emerging/re-emerging pathogens. It also summarizes successes in disease eradication/elimination and the ongoing global burden of infectious diseases.
Don Frazier, Jr. presented on problematic behaviors in children and adolescents. He defined emotional and behavioral disorders and discussed factors that can influence problem behaviors, including self-related, home, community, and school factors. Early warning signs of problematic behaviors were outlined. Diagnosing and medicating behaviors was discussed, noting concerns about racial disparities in diagnoses. Individual and institutional racism and their impact on health disparities were reviewed. Educational recommendations were provided for schools, students, parents, and the community to support youth.
This document provides an overview of mental illness, including types of mental illnesses, myths and facts about mental illness, accommodations, and recovery. It defines mental illness and outlines four main categories: mood disorders, schizophrenic disorders, anxiety disorders, and personality disorders. Common myths about mental illness are addressed and dispelled. Accommodations that can support those with mental illnesses are discussed. Recovery is framed as developing identity and meaning apart from diagnosis, rebuilding life in the community, and focusing on strengths rather than deficits.
Unlearning Ethics: Ethical Memes and Moral DevelopmentJohn Gavazzi
Recent presentation on moral development, moral reflection, acculturation to the community of psychology, principle-based ethics of psychology, and false ethical memes for psychologists
The importance of quality in item generation; a prerequisite for Rasch analysisStephen McKenna
The quality of a patient reported outcome scale depends on: a coherent and valid measurement model, quality item generation, and a simple response format.
After these criteria are met, we can think about fit to the Rasch model.
SABSA COSAC APAC 2019 - Mental Health and the Information Security Community:...Simon Harvey
A presentation given to The SABSA Institute's COSAC APAC 2019 conference around the issue of mental health in our profession, our organisations, and the stakeholders we interact with on a daily basis. A call-to-action for us all to think about how our professional and personal roles impacts our own mental health ... and how mental heath issues impact all of our professional and personal roles.
The document provides information about assessing mental health status through various components including history taking, mental status examination, mini mental status examination, neurological examination, and related investigations. It discusses the nursing process framework and its five steps of assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation, and evaluation. It then covers various aspects of psychiatric assessment including effective interview skills, components of psychiatric history taking, mental status examination, and mini mental state examination. It also briefly mentions neurological examination and common investigations used in psychiatry such as blood tests, EEG, CT, and MRI.
This document provides an overview of mental illness, including common myths and facts, accommodating people's needs, recovery, and the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH). It defines mental illness and lists common categories. It discusses myths such as the predictability of those with mental illness and their employment potential. It also outlines principles of accommodation and recovery. Finally, it provides details about CAMH, including its approach and statistics.
The document discusses mental illness, including common types and myths and facts about mental illness. It also covers accommodating people with mental illness, including examples of accommodations, as well as recovery and the recovery framework. Finally, it provides an overview of the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), including its services and referral process.
This document provides an overview of substance abuse and treatment. It discusses the definitions of use versus abuse and normal versus problematic substance use. It also outlines the challenges in treating substance abuse disorders, including co-occurring mental health and medical conditions. Finally, it summarizes the levels of substance abuse treatment based on the ASAM criteria and principles of treatment matching to provide the appropriate level and type of care.
The document summarizes research on Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs), which are potentially traumatic events that occur in childhood (0-17 years) such as abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction. The original ACE Study found that ACEs are common, often occur in clusters, and have strong links to health risks and diseases in adulthood. Individuals with 4 or more ACEs are at greatly increased risk for cancer, heart disease, depression, suicide attempts, drug use, and other negative outcomes. While childhood trauma can disrupt brain development and impact health and behavior, building supportive relationships and teaching coping skills can help mitigate negative impacts and break intergenerational cycles of trauma.
How to Build Your Mitochondrial Medical Homemitoaction
The document provides guidance on how to build a "medical home" for patients with mitochondrial disease by establishing a primary care physician to coordinate care across various specialists. It emphasizes finding a "quarterback" for the healthcare team and providing that physician with resources on mitochondrial disease. The medical home model aims to improve outcomes through coordinated, patient-centered care rather than a previous fee-for-service model.
The document provides an agenda for a training session on anxiety, trauma, and stress for practitioners working with clients with co-occurring disorders. The agenda includes: a check-in, a review of a stress video and discussion, a presentation on signs and symptoms of anxiety disorders and how stress relates, a discussion on trauma experienced by clients and practitioners, a preview of the next session, and a question period. The document also includes supplementary materials on anxiety disorders, trauma-informed practices, secondary trauma, and self-care strategies.
This document discusses preventing burnout among physicians. It begins by outlining learning objectives around understanding why physicians are vulnerable to stress, recognizing signs of stress, defining burnout, and identifying strategies to manage stress. It then discusses various biological, psychological, social, and work-related factors that can contribute to burnout. Key points include the personality traits common among physicians, issues arising from past experiences, and occupational hazards of medicine. Burnout is defined as a syndrome involving emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced personal accomplishment. The document concludes by emphasizing the importance of perceiving control and choice in managing stress, prioritizing self-care, and adopting a balanced approach to the various demands on physicians' time and energy
Emotional effects of a cancer diagnosis in younger women - Dee McKiernanIrish Cancer Society
This document summarizes the emotional effects of a cancer diagnosis for younger women. It discusses the typical emotional responses such as disbelief, fear, anger, and loss of control. Younger women face additional challenges with fertility, body image, and relationships. While distress is common, learning relaxation techniques, cognitive coping strategies, social support, and education can help with learning to cope.
Personality disorders can develop in older adults and present unique challenges. They involve pervasive disturbances in personality and behavior that make it difficult to live with oneself or others. While less likely to be formally diagnosed, personality disorders may affect around 10% of older community populations. Common types include obsessive-compulsive, avoidant, and paranoid disorders. Presentation in later life can be due to life changes like loss of a supportive partner, moves to long-term care, trauma triggers, or increased substance abuse. Older adults with personality disorders face worse physical and mental health, relationship instability, and higher suicide risks. Caring for them poses challenges like frequent medical visits and splitting among care teams. Core supports include strong therapeutic relationships,
This document discusses identifying a research question and provides guidance on developing a clear and focused research question. It explains that research questions often stem from problems encountered in clinical practice or ideas generated from reading. The key steps are to start with a broad idea or topic and then refine the question by reviewing the topic in more detail. A good research question should be answerable, focused using a PICO framework, of interest to the community, and achievable given available resources. Developing a clear research question provides the starting point and direction for a research project.
Sedatives produce drowsiness without inducing sleep by decreasing activity and calming patients. Hypnotics induce sleep resembling natural sleep by producing drowsiness that results in sleep onset and sleep maintenance. Both act on the limbic system and midbrain. Lower doses of sedative hypnotics have an anxiolytic effect while higher doses produce sleep and therapeutic coma. These drugs are used to treat insomnia, anxiety, seizures, and to induce coma for head injuries. Common types are barbiturates and benzodiazepines, which have dose-dependent sedative, hypnotic, anesthetic and coma effects.
NSAIDs are non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs that work by inhibiting the COX enzyme and subsequent production of prostaglandins. They have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory effects. COX enzymes come in three types, with COX-1 found in normal tissues and COX-2 induced during inflammation. NSAIDs work by blocking COX receptors, preventing prostaglandin formation and thereby reducing pain, fever, and swelling. Common NSAID types include non-selective COX inhibitors like aspirin and ibuprofen, and selective COX-2 inhibitors like celecoxib. Side effects can include gastric irritation and ulceration.
Muscle relaxants are medications that decrease muscle tone and treat skeletal muscle conditions. There are two types - centrally acting (spasmolytics) which work in the central nervous system to relieve muscle spasms, and neuromuscular blockers which interfere with nerve-muscle transmission to cause temporary paralysis during surgery. Common examples include baclofen, diazepam, and succinylcholine. Muscle relaxants are used to treat muscle spasms, sprains, strains and spasticity conditions. Side effects can include drowsiness, weakness, and gastrointestinal issues.
immunostimulants and immunosupprasants.pptxSaurabh Gupta
Immunostimulants are substances that stimulate the immune system to fight infections and diseases. They can be specific, providing immunity to particular antigens through vaccines, or non-specific by generally enhancing immune responses through substances like immunoglobulins, thalidomide, interferons, or immunocynin. Immunostimulants are useful for treating infections, cancers, and immunodeficiencies. In contrast, immunosuppressants are drugs that inhibit immune responses and are used to prevent organ transplant rejection and treat autoimmune disorders. Common side effects of immunosuppressants include infection, headaches, stomach upset, and weight gain.
This document discusses emetics and anti-emetics. Emetics induce vomiting and are used to empty the stomach, such as in cases of poisoning. Anti-emetics prevent or stop nausea and vomiting and are used in conditions like postoperative vomiting, chemotherapy-induced vomiting, motion sickness, and morning sickness. Anti-emetics work by depressing the central nervous system, promoting gastric emptying, controlling motion sickness, or controlling morning sickness. Common anti-emetic drugs are ondansetron, domperidone, metoclopramide, promethazine, scopolamine, and cinnarzine. Side effects of anti-emetics include hypotension, drowsiness,
This document discusses drugs used in de-addiction treatment. It describes addiction as a psychological and physiological dependence on substances that causes withdrawal symptoms when discontinued. Common addictive drugs include alcohol, opioids, cannabis, cocaine, and nicotine. The goals of de-addiction treatment are to control detoxification, withdrawal symptoms, reduce craving, and induce aversion. Several drugs are discussed that are used for different addictions, including disulfiram for alcohol dependence and buprenorphine for opioid withdrawal. Side effects of de-addiction medications include sedation, drowsiness, and nausea.
anti dirrhoeal and purgative laxatives.pptxSaurabh Gupta
This document discusses cholinergic and anticholinergic drugs. Cholinergic drugs act as agonists of acetylcholine to increase parasympathetic nervous system activity, which can relieve diarrhea. Examples include direct acting drugs like bethanechol and indirect acting reversible inhibitors of cholinesterase enzymes. Anticholinergic drugs block the action of acetylcholine and are used to treat conditions like glaucoma, asthma, Parkinson's disease. They work by competitively inhibiting muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. Side effects include dry mouth, blurred vision, constipation, urinary retention and tachycardia. People with certain medical conditions should avoid anticholinergic drugs due to risk of worsening their conditions
Anesthesia is a state of controlled, temporary loss of sensation or awareness induced for therapeutic purposes. It may involve analgesia, paralysis, amnesia, or unconsciousness. There are different stages of anesthesia from initial induction to recovery. General anesthesia uses inhaled gases or intravenous drugs to cause unconsciousness, while local anesthesia uses topical or injected drugs to block sensory nerves and relieve pain in a specific area without unconsciousness. Careful monitoring is needed during anesthesia and recovery due to risks like nausea, vomiting, hypotension, and hypothermia.
This document discusses cholinergic and anticholinergic drugs. Cholinergic drugs stimulate the parasympathetic nervous system by activating acetylcholine receptors or inhibiting the acetylcholine-destroying enzyme cholinesterase. They include direct agonists like acetylcholine and indirect acting drugs that inhibit cholinesterase. Anticholinergic drugs block the action of acetylcholine in the parasympathetic nervous system. They are used to treat conditions like asthma, glaucoma, Parkinson's disease, and excess salivation. Side effects of cholinergic drugs include nausea, diarrhea, sweating, and urinary issues while anticholinergics can cause dry mouth, blurred vision, constipation, and cognitive
This document discusses the importance and purpose of pilot studies for research. It defines a pilot study as a small preliminary study conducted to evaluate the feasibility of methods and procedures before undertaking a larger study. The purposes of a pilot study mentioned are to check the feasibility of the planned research, test research tools and designs, get an idea of the target population and availability of samples, and identify any potential issues with the research plan. Pilot studies help avoid wasting resources on full studies that may have flaws or issues.
Difference between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cell.pptxSaurabh Gupta
get the full video - https://youtu.be/Vr_Rjr7xY0U
This slide contain the following topics -
why cell are called prokaryotic?
Why cell are called Eukaryotic?
What is Plasmid?
What is mitochondria and Mesosome?
what is nucleus and nucleoid ?
ribosomal difference in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell
University exam writing instruction.pptxSaurabh Gupta
This slide contain information regarding how to write in a university exam. this slide will help the student in writing the exam effectively so that he/she can score good marks
Application of information technology in nursingSaurabh Gupta
This document discusses the use of information technology in nursing. It begins by defining information technology as the use of computers and software to manage information storage, retrieval, and transmission. It then lists several advantages of information technology in nursing, such as easier patient monitoring, reduced paperwork, and improved decision-making. Potential disadvantages include costs, security issues, and system failures. The document also outlines various software applications used in nursing, such as those for patient tracking and drug guides. Finally, it describes hospital management information systems and their benefits, such as connecting people and data in real-time across the hospital.
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
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8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
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Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
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Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
1. Adult Personality
Disorders
Saurabh Gupta
MSc. Psychiatric Nursing
GCON, Ajmer
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2. DEFINITON OF PERSONALITY
Personality is defined as a dynamic organization with in the
individual of those psycho-physical system that determine his
unique adjustment to the environment.
(Personality includes Not Only physical but also psychological
parameters also )
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3. Determinants of Personality
1.Personal factors-
a) Physical structure of individual.
b) Emotional reaction
c) Aspiration, interests
d) Attitudes, aptitudes, Motivation
2. Family factors-
a) Discipline
b) No. of children.
c) Value placed on the sex of the child.
d) Parents ambitions, and interests.
3. Environmental factors-
Cultural, political, social, school and mass media
Environment.
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4. Personality Disorders clusters
(DSM-IV-TR)
1. Cluster A (Odd and Eccentric)
a) Paranoid P.D.
b) Schizoid P.D.
c) Schizotypal P.D.
2. Cluster B (Dramatic, Emotional, and Erratic)
a) Antisocial or dissocial P.D.
b) Histrionic P.D.
c) Narcissistic P.D.
d) Borderline (Emotionally Unstable) P.D.
3. Cluster C (anxious, fearful thinking or behavior)
a) Anxious (Avoidant) P.D.
b) Dependent P.D.
c) Obsessive-Compulsive (Anankastic) P.D.
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5. Paranoid Personality Disorders
1. Pervasive distrust and suspicion of others and their motives
2. Unjustified belief that others are trying to harm or deceive you
3. Unjustified suspicion of the loyalty or trustworthiness of others
4. Hesitancy to confide in others due to unreasonable fear that
others will use the information against you
5. Perception of innocent remarks or nonthreatening situations as
personal insults or attacks
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6. Schizoid Personality Disorders
• Lack of interest in social or personal relationships, preferring to
be alone
• Limited range of emotional expression
• Inability to take pleasure in most activities
• Inability to pick up normal social cues
• Appearance of being cold or indifferent to others
• Little or no interest in having sex with another person
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7. Schizotypal Personality Disorders
• Peculiar dress, thinking, beliefs, speech or behavior
• Odd perceptual experiences, such as hearing a voice whisper
your name
• Flat emotions or inappropriate emotional responses
• Social anxiety and a lack of or discomfort with close
relationships
• Indifferent, inappropriate or suspicious response to others
• "Magical thinking" — believing you can influence people and
events with your thoughts
• Belief that certain casual incidents or events have hidden
messages meant only for you
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8. Antisocial or dissocial P.D.
• Disregard for others' needs or feelings
• Persistent lying, stealing, using aliases, conning others
• Recurring problems with the law
• Repeated violation of the rights of others
• Aggressive, often violent behavior
• Disregard for the safety of self or others
• Impulsive behavior
• Consistently irresponsible
• Lack of remorse for behavior
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9. Histrionic P.D.
• Constantly seeking attention
• Excessively emotional, dramatic or sexually provocative to gain
attention
• Speaks dramatically with strong opinions, but few facts or
details to back them up
• Easily influenced by others
• Shallow, rapidly changing emotions
• Excessive concern with physical appearance
• Thinks relationships with others are closer than they really are
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10. Narcissistic P.D.
•Belief that you're special and more important than
others
•Fantasies about power, success and attractiveness
•Failure to recognize others' needs and feelings
•Exaggeration of achievements or talents
•Expectation of constant praise and admiration
•Arrogance
•Unreasonable expectations of favors and
advantages, often taking advantage of others
•Envy of others or belief that others envy you
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11. Borderline (Emotionally Unstable) P.D.
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• Impulsive and risky behavior, such as having unsafe sex, gambling or
binge eating
• Unstable or fragile self-image
• Unstable and intense relationships
• Up and down moods, often as a reaction to interpersonal stress
• Suicidal behavior or threats of self-injury
• Intense fear of being alone or abandoned
• Ongoing feelings of emptiness
• Frequent, intense displays of anger
• Stress-related paranoia that comes and goes
12. Anxious (Avoidant) P.D.
•Too sensitive to criticism or rejection
•Feeling inadequate, inferior or unattractive
•Avoidance of work activities that require
interpersonal contact
•Socially inhibited, timid and isolated, avoiding new
activities or meeting strangers
•Extreme shyness in social situations and personal
relationships
•Fear of disapproval, embarrassment or ridicule
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13. Dependent P.D.
• Excessive dependence on others and feeling the need to be
taken care of
• Submissive or clingy behavior toward others
• Fear of having to provide self-care or fend for yourself if left
alone
• Lack of self-confidence, requiring excessive advice and
reassurance from others to make even small decisions
• Difficulty starting or doing projects on your own due to lack of
self-confidence
• Difficulty disagreeing with others, fearing disapproval
• Tolerance of poor or abusive treatment, even when other
options are available
• Urgent need to start a new relationship when a close one has
ended
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14. Obsessive-Compulsive (Anankastic) P.D.
• Preoccupation with details, orderliness and rules
• Extreme perfectionism, resulting in dysfunction and distress
when perfection is not achieved, such as feeling unable to finish
a project because you don't meet your own strict standards
• Desire to be in control of people, tasks and situations, and
inability to delegate tasks
• Neglect of friends and enjoyable activities because of excessive
commitment to work or a project
• Inability to discard broken or worthless objects
• Rigid and stubborn
• Inflexible about morality, ethics or values
• Tight, miserly control over budgeting and spending money
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Note - Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder is not the same as obsessive-
compulsive disorder, a type of anxiety disorder.
15. Management of Personality Disorders
• Individual psychotherapy
• Group psychotherapy
• Cognitive behaviour therapy
• Behaviour therapy- S.S.T.
• Drug therapy- some types of personality needed antipsychotic drug.
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