The document discusses embedded systems and provides examples. It defines embedded systems as electronic systems designed to perform specific functions and consisting of both hardware and software. A key early example was the Apollo Guidance Computer, which automatically controlled the Apollo spacecraft. The document also outlines common applications of embedded systems, components like sensors and microcontrollers, and functions like data processing and control.
SYBSC IT SEM IV EMBEDDED SYSTEMS UNIT I Core of Embedded SystemsArti Parab Academics
Core of embedded systems: microprocessors and microcontrollers, RISC and CISC controllers, Big endian and Little endian processors, Application specific ICs, Programmable logic devices, COTS, sensors and actuators, communication interface, embedded firmware, other system components.
Embedded System, EMBEDDED SYSTEM: AN INTRODUCTION, ELEMENTS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS, CORE THE OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM, CHARACTERISTICS & QUALITY ATTRIBUTES OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS, EMBEDDED HARDWARE FROM SOFTWARE PROGRAMMERS PERSPECTIVE,
SYBSC IT SEM IV EMBEDDED SYSTEMS UNIT I Core of Embedded SystemsArti Parab Academics
Core of embedded systems: microprocessors and microcontrollers, RISC and CISC controllers, Big endian and Little endian processors, Application specific ICs, Programmable logic devices, COTS, sensors and actuators, communication interface, embedded firmware, other system components.
Embedded System, EMBEDDED SYSTEM: AN INTRODUCTION, ELEMENTS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS, CORE THE OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM, CHARACTERISTICS & QUALITY ATTRIBUTES OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS, EMBEDDED HARDWARE FROM SOFTWARE PROGRAMMERS PERSPECTIVE,
What is GSM?
The Global System for Mobile communications is a digital cellular communications system. It was developed in order to create a common European mobile telephone standard but it has been rapidly accepted worldwide.
Formerly it was “Groupe Spéciale Mobile” (founded in 1982)
now: Global System for Mobile Communication.
Services:
Tele-services
Bearer or Data Services
Supplementary services
Applications:
Mobile telephony
GSM-R
Telemetry System
- Fleet management
- Automatic meter reading
- Toll Collection
- Remote control and fault reporting of DG sets
Value Added Services
Advantages:
Better Quality of speech
Data transmission is supported
New services offered due to ISDN compatibility
International Roaming possible
Large market
Crisper, cleaner quieter calls
disadvantages:
Dropped and missed calls
Less Efficiency
Security Issues
conclusion
The mobile telephony industry rapidly growing and that has become backbone for business success and efficiency and a part of modern lifestyles all over the world.
In this session I have tried to give and over view of the GSM system. I hope that I gave the general flavor of GSM and the philosophy behind its design.
The GSM is standard that insures interoperability without stifling competition and innovation among the suppliers to the benefit of the public both in terms of cost and service quality.
LTE Basic Parameters, Data Rates, Duplexing & Accessing, Modulation, Coding & MIMO, Explanation of different nodes and Advantage & Disadvantages of different nodes.
In telecommunications, RS-232 is a standard for serial communication transmission of data. It formally defines the signals connecting between a DTE (data terminal equipment) such as a computer terminal, and a DCE (data circuit-terminating equipment, originally defined as data communication equipment[1]), such as a modem. The RS-232 standard is commonly used in computer serial ports. The standard defines the electrical characteristics and timing of signals, the meaning of signals, and the physical size and pinout of connectors. The current version of the standard is TIA-232-F Interface Between Data Terminal Equipment and Data Circuit-Terminating Equipment Employing Serial Binary Data Interchange, issued in 1997.
Embedded Firmware Design and Development, and EDLCJuliaAndrews11
Embedded Firmware Design and Development – Firmware Design Approaches, Firmware
Development Languages. Integration of Embedded Hardware and Firmware.
Embedded Product Development Life Cycle – Objectives, Different Phases, Modeling Techniques
– Waterfall Model, Incremental Model, Evolutionary Model, Spiral Model.
pull up to pull down ratio of nmos inverter driven by another nmos inverter and also another describing with pass transistor. Transistor sizing with example and some formulas
Satellite Link Design:
EIRP, Transmission Losses, Free-space transmission, System noise temperature and G/T ratio, Noise figure, Design of downlinks, Design of uplink, Design of specified C/N: combining C/N and C/I values in satellite links, Overall C/No, Link design procedure.
This presentation talks about Real Time Operating Systems (RTOS). Starting with fundamental concepts of OS, this presentation deep dives into Embedded, Real Time and related aspects of an OS. Appropriate examples are referred with Linux as a case-study. Ideal for a beginner to build understanding about RTOS.
What is GSM?
The Global System for Mobile communications is a digital cellular communications system. It was developed in order to create a common European mobile telephone standard but it has been rapidly accepted worldwide.
Formerly it was “Groupe Spéciale Mobile” (founded in 1982)
now: Global System for Mobile Communication.
Services:
Tele-services
Bearer or Data Services
Supplementary services
Applications:
Mobile telephony
GSM-R
Telemetry System
- Fleet management
- Automatic meter reading
- Toll Collection
- Remote control and fault reporting of DG sets
Value Added Services
Advantages:
Better Quality of speech
Data transmission is supported
New services offered due to ISDN compatibility
International Roaming possible
Large market
Crisper, cleaner quieter calls
disadvantages:
Dropped and missed calls
Less Efficiency
Security Issues
conclusion
The mobile telephony industry rapidly growing and that has become backbone for business success and efficiency and a part of modern lifestyles all over the world.
In this session I have tried to give and over view of the GSM system. I hope that I gave the general flavor of GSM and the philosophy behind its design.
The GSM is standard that insures interoperability without stifling competition and innovation among the suppliers to the benefit of the public both in terms of cost and service quality.
LTE Basic Parameters, Data Rates, Duplexing & Accessing, Modulation, Coding & MIMO, Explanation of different nodes and Advantage & Disadvantages of different nodes.
In telecommunications, RS-232 is a standard for serial communication transmission of data. It formally defines the signals connecting between a DTE (data terminal equipment) such as a computer terminal, and a DCE (data circuit-terminating equipment, originally defined as data communication equipment[1]), such as a modem. The RS-232 standard is commonly used in computer serial ports. The standard defines the electrical characteristics and timing of signals, the meaning of signals, and the physical size and pinout of connectors. The current version of the standard is TIA-232-F Interface Between Data Terminal Equipment and Data Circuit-Terminating Equipment Employing Serial Binary Data Interchange, issued in 1997.
Embedded Firmware Design and Development, and EDLCJuliaAndrews11
Embedded Firmware Design and Development – Firmware Design Approaches, Firmware
Development Languages. Integration of Embedded Hardware and Firmware.
Embedded Product Development Life Cycle – Objectives, Different Phases, Modeling Techniques
– Waterfall Model, Incremental Model, Evolutionary Model, Spiral Model.
pull up to pull down ratio of nmos inverter driven by another nmos inverter and also another describing with pass transistor. Transistor sizing with example and some formulas
Satellite Link Design:
EIRP, Transmission Losses, Free-space transmission, System noise temperature and G/T ratio, Noise figure, Design of downlinks, Design of uplink, Design of specified C/N: combining C/N and C/I values in satellite links, Overall C/No, Link design procedure.
This presentation talks about Real Time Operating Systems (RTOS). Starting with fundamental concepts of OS, this presentation deep dives into Embedded, Real Time and related aspects of an OS. Appropriate examples are referred with Linux as a case-study. Ideal for a beginner to build understanding about RTOS.
A Market Update on Embedded/Real-Time Operating SystemsVDC Research Group
During this webcast, Steve Balacco, Director of the Embedded Software & Tools Practice, will present data from our 2010 study on embedded /real-time operating systems. Specifically, he will discuss: consolidation in the embedded and real-time operating system market; migration to commercial and open source operating systems; multicore processors and embedded software considerations; virtualization in embedded systems; and embedded engineering trends.
Introduction to Real-Time Operating Systemscoolmirza143
shared by Mansoor Mirza
Understanding Real-Time Operating Systems
Types of Real-Time Operating System
Requirements for Real-Time Operating System
Difference between General Purpose Operating System (GPOS) and Real-Time Operating System (RTOS)
Conversion Linux kernel to support Real-Time operations
Patching the linux kernel
Major changes in patched kernel
Hands-on labs
Conversion of Linux kernel to support real time
Code a real time application (Audio Feedback removal)
It is a presentation for the Embedded System Basics. It will be very useful for the engineering students who need to know the basics of Embedded System.
Industrial monitoring and control system using android applicationAvinash Vemula
Automation takes the complete control of total plants few authentication and manual actions are needed from user side for completing action .Hence there is a must situation for users presence at all times in the control for taking some timely needed control actions. The proposed system provides a good solution to this problem. The whole control room environment is additionally implemented in the arm-android platform and the same is communicated to the process through Bluetooth. Now the user in control can use mobile at anytime, anywhere to monitor and control the whole plant.8051 is used here for acquiring process control parameters from the sensors like temperature, gas etc and transmitting it via a Bluetooth module to an android device. Hence the parameter values can be monitored and stored simultaneously.
As its name suggests, Embedded means something that is attached to another thing. An embedded system can be thought of as a computer hardware system having software embedded in it. An embedded system can be an independent system or it can be a part of a large system. An embedded system is a microcontroller or microprocessor based system which is designed to perform a specific task. For example, a fire alarm is an embedded system; it will sense only smoke.
An embedded system has three components −
• It has hardware.
• It has application software.
• It has Real Time Operating system (RTOS) that supervises the application software and provide mechanism to let the processor run a process as per scheduling by following a plan to control the latencies. RTOS defines the way the system works. It sets the rules during the execution of application program. A small scale embedded system may not have RTOS.
So we can define an embedded system as a Microcontroller based, software driven, reliable, real-time control system.
An Embedded system is similar to a general-purpose computer. A general-purpose computer performs different applications like printing, scanning, playing games, reading and writing documents, hearing songs and videos, etc. But an embedded system is used to perform only specific applications. Various definitions for an embedded system such as:
• An embedded system is a computer system made up of hardware and software, designed to perform certain dedicated applications.
• An embedded system is an electronic or electro-mechanical system, which is a combination of hardware and software designed to perform a specific function. An Embedded system is nothing but a computer system mounted inside any product.
Embedded systems are inseparable part of our life. Whether we are at home or office or on the move, we are always surrounding by embedded systems. Starting from home appliance like TV, washing machine and system like printer and elevator in workplace to the automobiles and automatic traffic control system are all example of embedded system. All kind of magazines and journals regularly dish out detail about latest technologies, new devices; fast applications which make us believe that our basic survival is controlled by these embedded product.
With growth and advancements in the field of electronics, wireless communications, networking, cognitive and affective computing and robotics, devices around you communicate in more ways than you ever imagined. Those times are not very distant when every object around us will have a small processor/sensor embedded within itself, invisible to us but still communicating with all other devices around, making our lives more connected and accessible than ever before. The future of embedded systems lies in the advancement of technologies that enable faster communications, heavy data storage capacities and highly interwoven connections among the devices. Before diving into the enormous number of applications of embedded systems. In many major countries also, Precision farming has gained a lot of traction.
Microcontroller based speedo meter cum odometerNexus
it is a small computer on a single integrated circuit containing a processor core, memory, and programmable input/output peripherals. program memory in the form of ferroelectric ram, nor flash or otp romis also often included on chip, as well as a typically small amount of ram. microcontrollers are designed for embedded applications, in contrast to the microprocessors used in personal computers or other general purpose applications.
microcontrollers are used in automatically controlled products and devices, such as automobile engine control systems, implantable medical devices, remote controls, office machines, appliances, power tools, toys and other embedded systems. by reducing the size and cost compared to a design that uses a separate microprocessor, memory, and input/output devices, microcontrollers make it economical to digitally control even more devices and processes. mixed signal microcontrollers are common, integrating analog components needed to control non-digital electronic systems.
Mechatronics is a multidisciplinary field that refers to the skill sets needed in the contemporary, advanced automated manufacturing industry. At the intersection of mechanics, electronics, and computing, mechatronics specialists create simpler, smarter systems.Examples of mechatronic systems are robots, digitally controlled combustion engines, machine tools with self-adaptive tools, contact-free magnetic bearings, automated guided vehicles, etc. Typical for such a product is the high amount of system knowledge and software that is necessary for its design.High-impact jobs: Jobs in mechatronics are expected to grow rapidly in the next 10 years. The U.S. Department of Labor andthe Pennsylvania Department of Labor and Industry have identified mechatronics as an emerging field that will be both high priority and high impact.Mechatronics is certainly harder than the other engineering courses as it's a combination of few fields such as mechanics, electrical and electronics, robotics and so on.
Origin of Microprocessor and Classification of Microprocessor Vijay Kumar
This Presentation have information about the topics are
Microprocessors evolution,
Introduction to 8085,
Basic terms,
Types of Processors,
Microprocessor Based System,
Origin of Microprocessor,
Classification of Microprocessor,
Memory,
Input and Output Devices and
Technological Improvements on Microprocessor.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
3. Introduction:-
Definition
It is an Electronic/Electro-mechanical system
designed to perform a specific function and is a
combination of both hardware & software.
OR
A combination of hardware and software which
together form a component of a larger machine.
4. An example of an embedded system is a microprocessor that
controls an automobile engine.
An embedded system is designed to run on its own without
human intervention, and may be required to respond to events in
real time.
5.
6. History of Embedded Systems:-
One of the very first recognizably modern embedded systems was the
Apollo Guidance Computer, developed by Charles Stark Draper at the MIT
Instrumentation Laboratory
7. Apollo Guidance Computer:-
1. The Apollo Guidance Computer was the first modern system to
collect and provide flight information, and to automatically
control all of the navigational functions of the Apollo spacecraft.
2. It was developed in the early 1960s for the Apollo program by the
MIT Instrumentation Lab under Charles Stark Draper.
3. "The guidance computer made the moon landings possible.
4. It was designed almost entirely by MIT faculty and alumni from
the Draper Lab (then called the Instrumentation Lab) and
contractors staffed by MIT alumni.
5. The man on the moon was a huge milestone in the history of
technology and of the Cold War, made possible entirely by MIT
ingenuity.
6. "The Apollo Guidance Computer (AGC) was the first recognizably
modern embedded system, used in real-time by astronaut pilots
to collect and provide flight information, and to automatically
control all of the navigational functions of the Apollo spacecraft.""
8. Major Application Areas Of Embedded Systems
1. Consumer Electronics
Camcorders, Cameras, etc…
2. Household Appliances
Television, DVD Player,Washing machine, fridge, microwave oven, etc.
3. Home automation and security system
Air conditioners, Sprinkler, intruder detection alarms, fire alarms, closed
circuit television cameras, etc
4. Automotive industry
Anti-lock breaking system (ABS), engine control, ignition control,
automatic navigation system, etc..
5. Telecommunication
Cellular telephones, telephone switches, Router, etc…
9. Continue…
6. Computer peripherals
Printers, scanners, fax machines, etc…
7. Computer Networking systems
Network routers, switches, hubs, firewalls, etc…
8. Health care
CT scanner, ECG , EEG , EMG ,MRI, Glucose monitor, blood pressure
monitor, medical diagnostic device, etc.
9. Measurement & Instrumentation
Digital multi meters, digital CROs, logic analyzers PLC systems, etc…
10. Banking & Retail
Automatic Teller Machine (ATM) and Currency counters, smart vendor
machine, cash register ,Share market, etc..
11. Card Readers
Barcode, smart card readers, hand held devices, etc…
10. Purpose Of Embedded Systems:-
Each Embedded system is designed to serve the purpose of any
one or a combination of the following tasks.
1. Data collection/Storage/Representation
2. Data communication
3. Data (Signal) processing
4. Monitoring
5. Control
6. Application specific user interface
11. 1. Data collection/Storage/Representation
1. Data collection is usually done for storage, analysis,
manipulation and transmission.
2. The term “Data” refers all kinds of information, viz. text, voice,
image, electrical signals & other measurable quantities.
3. Data can be either analog (continues) or Digital (discrete).
4. Embedded system with analog data capturing techniques
collect data directly in the form of analog and converts the
analog to digital signal by using A/D converters and then
collect the binary equivalent of the analog data.
5. If the signal is digital it can be directly captured without any
additional interface by digital embedded system.
6. The collected data may be stored directly in the system or may
be transmitted to other systems or it may be processed by the
system or it may be deleted instantly after giving a meaningful
representation.
12. A digital camera is a typical example of an embedded system
with data collection / storage / representation of data.
Images are captured and the captured image may be stored
with in the memory of the camera. The captured image can
also be presented to the user through a LCD display unit.
13. 2. Data communication
Embedded data communication systems are developed in
applications ranging from complex satellite communication
systems to simple home networking systems.
Figure: - A wireless network router for data communication
14. 3. Data (Signal) Processing
The data collected by embedded system may be used for
various kinds of signal processing.
A digital hearing aid is a typical example of an embedded
system employing data processing.
15. 4. Monitoring
All embedded products coming under the medical domain are
with monitoring functions only. They are used for determing
the state of some variables using input sensors.
A very good example is the electro cardiogram (ECG) machine
for monitoring the heartbeat of patient.
Figure:- A patient monitoring system for monitoring for heartbeat
16. 5. Control
Embedded system with control functionalities impose control
over some variables according to the input variables.
A system with control functionality contains both sensors and
actuators.
Sensors are inputs ports for capturing the changes in
environment variables or measuring variable.
Actuators are output ports are controlled according to the
changes in input variable.
Figure:- An Air conditioner for
controlling room temperature
17. 6. Application specific user interface
These are embedded systems with
application specific user interfaces like
buttons, switches, keypad, lights, bells,
display units, etc..
Mobile phone is an example for this,
in mobile phone the user interface is
provided through the keyboard,
graphic LCD module, system speaker,
vibration alert, etc…
18. Core of the Embedded Systems:-
Embedded systems are domain and application specific and
are built around a central core. The core of the embedded system
falls into any one of the following categories.
1. General Purpose and Domain Specific Processors
1.1 Microprocessors
1.2 Microcontrollers
1.3 Digital Signal Processors
2. Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs)
3. Programmable Logic Devices (PLDs)
4. Commercial Of The Shelf Component (COTS)
19. 1. General Purpose and Domain Specific Processors
1.1 Microprocessors
1.2 Microcontrollers
1.3 Digital Signal Processors
Almost 80% of Embedded systems are processor/Controller
based. The processor may be a Microprocessor or a Micro-controller
or a Digital signal Processor depending on domain
and application.
Most of the embedded system in the industrial control and
monitoring applications make use of the commonly available
microprocessors or microcontrollers.
where as domains which require signal processing such as
speech coding, speech reorganization, etc. make use of Digital
signal processors supplied by manufactures like Analog Devices,
Texas Instruments, etc.
20. 2. Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs)
Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs) is a
micro chip designed to perform a specific or unique
application.
It is used as replacement to conventional general
purpose logic chips.
It integrates several functions into a single chip and
there by reduce s the system development cost.
21. 3.Programmable Logic Devices (PLDs)
Logic devices provides specific functions, including device to
device interfacing, data communication, signal processing, data
display, timing & control operations, and almost every other
function a system must perform.
Logic devices
Fixed logic devices
Programmable Logic devices
Fixed logic devices are permanent they perform one function or
set of functions once manufactured, they cannot be changed.
Programmable Logic devices offer customers a wide range of
logic capacity, features, speed, and voltage characteristics and
these devices can be re-configured to perform any number of
functions at any time.
23. Sensors and Actuators
Sensor:-
A sensor is a transducer device that converts energy
from one form to another for any measurement or control
purpose.
Actuator:-
Actuator is a form of transducer device which
converts signals to corresponding physical action(motion).
Actuator act as output device
24. The I/O Subsystem
The I/O Subsystem of the embedded system facilitates the
interaction of the embedded system with the external world.
Interaction happens through the sensors and actuators
connected to the input and output ports respectively of the
embedded system.
The sensors may not be directly interfaced with input ports,
instead they may be interfaced through signal conditioning
and translating like ADC, optocouplers, etc..
25. LED (Light Emitting Diode):-
It is an important output device for visual indications in any
embedded system.
LED can be used as an indicator for the status of various
signals or situations.
Typical examples are indicating the presence of power
conditions like ‘Device ON’, ‘Battery low’, or ‘ Charging of
Battery’ for battery operated handheld embedded devices.
26. 7 segment LED display:-
It is an output device for displaying alpha numeric characters.
It contains 8 light emitting diode (LED) segments arranged in a
special form.
Out of 8 LED segments 7 are used for displaying alpha
numeric characters and 1 LED is used for representing ‘decimal
point’ in decimal numbers.
27. Optocoupler:-
It is solid state device to isolate two parts of a circuit
It combines an LED and a photo-transistor in a single
housing (package).
In electronic circuits an optocoupler is used for
suppressing interface in data communication, circuit
isolation, high voltage separation, etc..
Optocouplers can be used in either in input circuit or
output circuits.
Figure: Functional block diagram of Optocoupler
28. Communication Interface
1.On board Communication Interface or
(Device/Board level communication interface)
2.External Communication Interface or
(Product level communication interface)
29. 1.On board Communication Interface or
(Device/Board level communication interface)
a) I2C Inter Integrated Circuit
b) SPI (Serial Communication Interface)
c) UART (Universal Asynchronous Rx and Tx)
d) 1-WIRE
e) Parallel Communication Interface