The timing behavior of the OS must be predictable - services of the OS: Upper bound on the execution time!
2. OS must manage the timing and scheduling
OS possibly has to be aware of task deadlines;
(unless scheduling is done off-line).
3. The OS must be fast
The note is compiled with reference from many sites and According to the syllabus of Real Time System (6th semester CSIT). Drive deep to the never ending knowledge.
About real time system task scheduling basic concepts.It deals with task, instance,data sharing and their types.It also covers various important terminologies regarding scheduling algorithms.
The timing behavior of the OS must be predictable - services of the OS: Upper bound on the execution time!
2. OS must manage the timing and scheduling
OS possibly has to be aware of task deadlines;
(unless scheduling is done off-line).
3. The OS must be fast
The note is compiled with reference from many sites and According to the syllabus of Real Time System (6th semester CSIT). Drive deep to the never ending knowledge.
About real time system task scheduling basic concepts.It deals with task, instance,data sharing and their types.It also covers various important terminologies regarding scheduling algorithms.
Sara Afshar: Scheduling and Resource Sharing in Multiprocessor Real-Time Systemsknowdiff
PhD Candidate,
Department of Computer science
Mälardalen University
Time: Tuesday, Dec. 30, 2014, 11:30 a.m.
Location: Computer Engineering Department, Urmia University
Abstract:
The processor is the brain of a computer system. Usually, one or more programs run on a processor where each program is typically responsible for performing a particular task or function of the system. The performance of all the tasks together results in the system functionality. In many computer systems, it is not only enough that all tasks deliver correct output, but it is also crucial that these activities are delivered in a proper time. This type of systems that have timing requirements are known as real-time systems. A scheduler is responsible for scheduling all tasks on the processor, i.e., it dictates which task to run and when to run to ensure that all tasks are carried out on time. Typically, such tasks/programs need to use the computer system’s hardware and software resources to perform their calculation. Examples of such type of resources that are shared among programs are I/O devices, buffers and memories. Technology that is used for the management of shared resources is known as resource sharing synchronization protocol.
In recent years, a shift from single-processor platforms to multiprocessor platforms has become inevitable due to availability of processor chips and requirements on increased performance. Scheduling and resource sharing protocols have been well studied for uniprocessor systems. However, in the context of multiprocessors, still such techniques are not fully mature. The shift towards multi-core technology has revealed the demand for real-time scheduling algorithms along with synchronization protocols to support real-time applications on multiprocessors, both with and without dependencies.
In this talk, we first have an introduction to real-time embedded systems. Next, we look at scheduling and resource sharing policies in uniprocessor platforms. Further, we discuss the extension of scheduling and resource sharing policies for multiprocessor platforms and present the recent challenges arisen in this context.
Biography:
Sara Afshar is a PhD student at Mälardalen University. She has received her B.Sc. degree in Electrical Engineering from Tabriz University, Iran in 2002. She worked at different engineering companies until 2009. In the year 2010 she started her M.Sc. in Embedded Systems at Mälardalen University. She obtained her Master degree in 2012 and at the same year she started her PhD studies in Mälardalen University. Currently she is working on the topic of resource sharing in multiprocessor systems. She is part of the Complex Real-Time Embedded Systems group at Mälardalen University.
In this paper we describe paradigms for building and designing parallel computing machines. Firstly we
elaborate the uniqueness of MIMD model for the execution of diverse applications. Then we compare the
General Purpose Architecture of Parallel Computers with Special Purpose Architecture of Parallel
Computers in terms of cost, throughput and efficiency. Then we describe how Parallel Computer
Architecture employs parallelism and concurrency through pipelining. Since Pipelining improves the
performance of a machine by dividing an instruction into a number of stages, therefore we describe how
the performance of a vector processor is enhanced by employing multi pipelining among its processing
elements. Also we have elaborated the RISC architecture and Pipelining in RISC machines After comparing
RISC computers with CISC computers we observe that although the high speed of RISC computers is very
desirable but the significance of speed of a computer is dependent on implementation strategies. Only CPU
clock speed is not the only parameter to move the system software from CISC to RISC computers but the
other parameters should also be considered like instruction size or format, addressing modes, complexity of
instructions and machine cycles required by instructions. Considering all parameters will give performance
gain . We discuss Multiprocessor and Data Flow Machines in a concise manner. Then we discuss three
SIMD (Single Instruction stream Multiple Data stream) machines which are DEC/MasPar MP-1, Systolic
Processors and Wavefront array Processors. The DEC/MasPar MP-1 is a massively parallel SIMD array
processor. A wide variety of number representations and arithmetic systems for computers can be
implemented easily on the DEC/MasPar MP-1 system. The principal advantages of using such 64×64
SIMD array of 4-bit processors for the implementation of a computer arithmetic laboratory arise out of its
flexibility. After comparison of Systolic Processors with Wave front Processors we found that both of the
Systolic Processors and Wave front Processors are fast and implemented in VLSI. The major drawback of
Systolic Processors is the problem of availability of inputs when clock ticks because of propagation delays
in connection buses. The Wave front Processors combine the Systolic Processor architecture with Data
Flow machine architecture. Although the Wave front processors use asynchronous data flow computing
structure, the timing in the interconnection buses, at input and at output is not problematic..
advanced computer architesture-conditions of parallelismPankaj Kumar Jain
This PPT contains Data and Resource Dependencies,Control Dependence,Resource Dependence,Bernstein’s Conditions ,Hardware And Software Parallelism,Types of Software Parallelism
Sara Afshar: Scheduling and Resource Sharing in Multiprocessor Real-Time Systemsknowdiff
PhD Candidate,
Department of Computer science
Mälardalen University
Time: Tuesday, Dec. 30, 2014, 11:30 a.m.
Location: Computer Engineering Department, Urmia University
Abstract:
The processor is the brain of a computer system. Usually, one or more programs run on a processor where each program is typically responsible for performing a particular task or function of the system. The performance of all the tasks together results in the system functionality. In many computer systems, it is not only enough that all tasks deliver correct output, but it is also crucial that these activities are delivered in a proper time. This type of systems that have timing requirements are known as real-time systems. A scheduler is responsible for scheduling all tasks on the processor, i.e., it dictates which task to run and when to run to ensure that all tasks are carried out on time. Typically, such tasks/programs need to use the computer system’s hardware and software resources to perform their calculation. Examples of such type of resources that are shared among programs are I/O devices, buffers and memories. Technology that is used for the management of shared resources is known as resource sharing synchronization protocol.
In recent years, a shift from single-processor platforms to multiprocessor platforms has become inevitable due to availability of processor chips and requirements on increased performance. Scheduling and resource sharing protocols have been well studied for uniprocessor systems. However, in the context of multiprocessors, still such techniques are not fully mature. The shift towards multi-core technology has revealed the demand for real-time scheduling algorithms along with synchronization protocols to support real-time applications on multiprocessors, both with and without dependencies.
In this talk, we first have an introduction to real-time embedded systems. Next, we look at scheduling and resource sharing policies in uniprocessor platforms. Further, we discuss the extension of scheduling and resource sharing policies for multiprocessor platforms and present the recent challenges arisen in this context.
Biography:
Sara Afshar is a PhD student at Mälardalen University. She has received her B.Sc. degree in Electrical Engineering from Tabriz University, Iran in 2002. She worked at different engineering companies until 2009. In the year 2010 she started her M.Sc. in Embedded Systems at Mälardalen University. She obtained her Master degree in 2012 and at the same year she started her PhD studies in Mälardalen University. Currently she is working on the topic of resource sharing in multiprocessor systems. She is part of the Complex Real-Time Embedded Systems group at Mälardalen University.
In this paper we describe paradigms for building and designing parallel computing machines. Firstly we
elaborate the uniqueness of MIMD model for the execution of diverse applications. Then we compare the
General Purpose Architecture of Parallel Computers with Special Purpose Architecture of Parallel
Computers in terms of cost, throughput and efficiency. Then we describe how Parallel Computer
Architecture employs parallelism and concurrency through pipelining. Since Pipelining improves the
performance of a machine by dividing an instruction into a number of stages, therefore we describe how
the performance of a vector processor is enhanced by employing multi pipelining among its processing
elements. Also we have elaborated the RISC architecture and Pipelining in RISC machines After comparing
RISC computers with CISC computers we observe that although the high speed of RISC computers is very
desirable but the significance of speed of a computer is dependent on implementation strategies. Only CPU
clock speed is not the only parameter to move the system software from CISC to RISC computers but the
other parameters should also be considered like instruction size or format, addressing modes, complexity of
instructions and machine cycles required by instructions. Considering all parameters will give performance
gain . We discuss Multiprocessor and Data Flow Machines in a concise manner. Then we discuss three
SIMD (Single Instruction stream Multiple Data stream) machines which are DEC/MasPar MP-1, Systolic
Processors and Wavefront array Processors. The DEC/MasPar MP-1 is a massively parallel SIMD array
processor. A wide variety of number representations and arithmetic systems for computers can be
implemented easily on the DEC/MasPar MP-1 system. The principal advantages of using such 64×64
SIMD array of 4-bit processors for the implementation of a computer arithmetic laboratory arise out of its
flexibility. After comparison of Systolic Processors with Wave front Processors we found that both of the
Systolic Processors and Wave front Processors are fast and implemented in VLSI. The major drawback of
Systolic Processors is the problem of availability of inputs when clock ticks because of propagation delays
in connection buses. The Wave front Processors combine the Systolic Processor architecture with Data
Flow machine architecture. Although the Wave front processors use asynchronous data flow computing
structure, the timing in the interconnection buses, at input and at output is not problematic..
advanced computer architesture-conditions of parallelismPankaj Kumar Jain
This PPT contains Data and Resource Dependencies,Control Dependence,Resource Dependence,Bernstein’s Conditions ,Hardware And Software Parallelism,Types of Software Parallelism
This presentation talks about Real Time Operating Systems (RTOS). Starting with fundamental concepts of OS, this presentation deep dives into Embedded, Real Time and related aspects of an OS. Appropriate examples are referred with Linux as a case-study. Ideal for a beginner to build understanding about RTOS.
The word comes from the combination micro and processor.
Processor means a device that processes whatever. In this context processor means a device that processes numbers, specifically binary numbers, 0’s and 1’s.
To process means to manipulate. It is a general term that describes all manipulation. Again in this content, it means to perform certain operations on the numbers that depend on the microprocessor’s design.
found this one in one of my abandoned folders. AC(students from JUCSE need no introduction but for others you should never want to know him :-O) assigned this task to me and 3 of my fellow classmates to create a presentation on this uninteresting and weird topic. We pulled it off however :P
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
1. Real-time Embedded Systems Lecture 5 Understanding targets- 8086 based systems Prof. Dr. Amitava Gupta Department of Power Engineering Jadavpur University, India Real-time Embedded Systems- Lecture 05
2. Real-time Embedded Systems- Lecture 05 Embedded System? Application Operating System Hardware + What have we learnt? Interface with application
3. Real-time Embedded Systems- Lecture 05 We start with a survey of 8086 based systems AH BH CH DH AL BL CL DL SP BP SI DI IP CS SS DS ES Instruction queue Control Logic ALU PSW 20 16 Address Data Control
4. Real-time Embedded Systems- Lecture 05 Pipelined Architecture The fetching and execution activities overlap. Instructions are pre-fetched and kept in instructions queue. While one instruction is being executed, the next one is fetched. This is because of the fact that fetch and execution units are separate. When processors have more than one execution unit, they are said to have a superscalar architecture. The Pentium is an example of such processors.
5. Real-time Embedded Systems- Lecture 05 Bus Organized Computers A set of conductors used for communicating information between the components of a computer is called a bus. External bus- connects two major components e.g. CPU and memory.This is the system bus. Internal bus- connects two minor components within a major component e.g. set of working registers and the control unit. Components which control the Bus are called bus masters, e.g. CPU,DMA controller etc.
6. Real-time Embedded Systems- Lecture 05 System Bus Timing contd.. T 1 T 2 T 3 T w T 4 T 4 T i T i Bus Cycle : Activity involved in transferring a byte or word over system bus is called bus cycle. The execution of an instruction may require more than one bus cycle. The timing of signals within the CPU and bus control logic is controlled by a clock. The bus cycles and CPU activity are controlled by groups of clock pulses. The exact number of clock pulses or cycles within a bus cycle varies
7. Real-time Embedded Systems- Lecture 05 T 1 T 2 T 3 T 4 Read timing for 8086 without wait states Address out Data in ALE RD Device sends a Ready signal here else wait states are introduced between T 3 and T 4 T w
8. Real-time Embedded Systems- Lecture 05 Physical memory organization o e + D 15 -D 8 D 7 -D 0 512 KB each Selectable by bit A 0 OA = EA + 1 So, for an even address the next odd address can be obtained by using A 0 = 1 keeping all other bits same Address Address + 1
9. Real-time Embedded Systems- Lecture 05 Basic addressing scheme uses two 16 bit registers to compute a 20 bit address The memory is ‘logically’ organized into segments 1M 64K 16 bit segment register 16 bit pointer register offset 4 Bits base
10. Real-time Embedded Systems- Lecture 06 Excercise If the physical address is 5A230 when [CS] = 5200, what will it be [CS] becomes 7800? Solution:
11. Real-time Embedded Systems- Lecture 05 Interrupts (Hardware Interrupts) Each interrupt is associated with an Interrupt Service Routine (ISR) that is executed when an interrupt occurs Interrupt table IP type 0 CS type 0 00000 00002 00004
12. Real-time Embedded Systems- Lecture 05 Interfacing External Interrupts CPU PIC 8259 INTR T 1 T 2 T 3 T 4 ALE T 4 INTA AD7-AD0 INTA
13.
14. ICW 1(Chip Control) ICW 2(Type) ICW 3(Slave Control) ICW 4(Mode Control) OCW 1(IMR) OCW 2 OCW 3 In Service Register Priority Resolver IRR & ML 20 20 20 21 21 21 21 Real-time Embedded Systems- Lecture 05 0 7 0 1 I 0 1 INT 0 Pending INTA
15. Real-time Embedded Systems- Lecture 05 1 ADI SNGL LTIM IC 4 0 0 0 SFNM M/S AEOI BUF µPM ICW4- Mode Control ICW1- Chip Control
17. Real-time Embedded Systems- Lecture 05 Requests arrive simultaneously on IRQ2 and IRQ4, & while IR2 routine is being executed, IRQ1 arrives! Main Program IRQ2 IRQ4 D2 in ISR set IR2 ----------- Reset IF (STI) . . . IRET IRQ1 IR1 ----------- Reset IF (STI) . . . IRET D1 in ISR set IR4 ----------- Reset IF (STI) . . . IRET D1 in ISR reset D2 in ISR reset D4 in ISR set