Embedded systems combine both hardware and firmware to perform specific functions. They are used in applications like smartphones, industrial equipment, medical devices, vehicles and more. Key elements include microprocessors or microcontrollers as the core, memory, and interfaces to sensors and actuators in the real world. Common types are small, medium and large-scale systems classified by their complexity, and generations from early 8-bit to modern systems-on-chip. Example applications span consumer electronics, industrial automation, automotive, networking and more. Sensors convert real-world inputs to electrical signals while actuators perform outputs like movement or displays.

1. BASIC ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Code: 21ELN24

2. Identify This Image
5 MB Hard Drive being Shipped by IBM -1956

3. This is Called Advancement !
5MB (IBM)-1956, Cost -$10,000/ 1 MB
MB4TB (WB)-2013

4. ENIAC-The first electronic computer (1946)

5. Charles Babbage designed the first computer, starting in 1823

6. Apple Development
Apple I-1976
Apple-2019

7. APPLICATIONS
• Daily Life Applications
– Smart Phones
– Processors
• CPU, DSP, Controllers
– Computers
Commercial Electronics
– Medicine
– Memory chips
• RAM, ROM, EEPROM
– Analog
• Mobile communication,
audio/video processing
– Programmable
• PLA, FPGA
– Embedded systems
• Used in cars, factories
• Network cards

8. Industry Worldwide

9. Embedded Systems – Definition, Embedded systems vs general computing
systems, Classification of Embedded Systems, Major application areas of
Embedded Systems, Elements of an Embedded System, Core of the
Embedded System, Microprocessor vs Microcontroller, RISC vs CISC
Sensors and Interfacing – Instrumentation and control systems, Transducers,
Sensors, Actuators, LED, 7-Segment LED Display.

10. EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

11. Applications of Embedded Systems

12. DEFINITION
An Electronic/Electro mechanical system which
is designed to perform a specific function and is
a combination of both hardware and firmware
(Software)

13. Embedded Systems Vs
General Computing Systems
General Computing System Embedded Systems
combination of generic hardware and General
Purpose Operating System
combination of special purpose hardware and
embedded OS for executing a specific set of
applications
Contain a General Purpose Operating System
(GPOS)
May or may not contain an operating system for
functioning
Applications are alterable (programmable) by
user
The firmware of the embedded system is pre-
programmed and it is non-alterable by end-user
Performance is the key deciding factor on the
selection of the system. Always ‘Faster is Better’
Application specific requirements (like
performance, power requirements, memory
usage etc) are the key deciding factors

14. Embedded Systems Vs
General Computing Systems
General Computing System Embedded Systems
Less/not at all tailored towards reduced
operating power requirements, options for
different levels of power management.
Highly tailored to take advantage of the power
saving modes supported by hardware and
Operating System
Response requirements are not time critical For certain category of embedded systems like
mission critical systems, the response time
requirement is highly critical
Need not be deterministic in execution behavior Execution behavior is deterministic for certain
type of embedded systems like ‘Hard Real Time’
systems

15. Classification of Embedded Systems
Generation
Complex and
Performance
Requirements
Deterministic
Behaviour
Triggering

16. Classification
of Embedded
Systems

17. Classification of
Embedded Systems
Based on Complexity and performance
Small Scale Embedded
Systems
Medium Scale Embedded
Systems
Large Scale Embedded
Systems
Based on Generation
First Generation Second Generation Third Generation Fourth Generation

18. Classification of Embedded
Systems based on Generation
First Generation
• 8 Bit Microprocessors(8085) and 4 bit
Microcontrollers . Simple in hardware circuits with
firmware developed in assembly code.
Digital Telephone Keypads, Stepper Motor Control
units.
Second Generation
• built around 16 bit microprocessors. 8 bit and 16
bit microcontrollers. More complex and powerful
Data Acquisition systems, SCADA systems

19. Classification of Embedded
Systems based on Generation
Third Generation
• Application and domain specific
processors/controllers like Digital Signal
Processors(DSP) and Application Specific Integrated
Circuits(ASICs)
• Instruction set more complex and powerful
• Instruction Pipelining
Fourth Generation
• System on Chip, Reconfigurable processors and
multicore processors
• High performance, tight integration and miniaturization

20. Classification Based on
Complexity and Performance
Small Scale Embedded Systems
Medium Scale Embedded Systems
Large Scale Embedded Systems

21. Classification of Embedded
Systems based on Complexity and
Performance
Small Scale Embedded Systems
• Simple in application needs, performance
requirements are not time critical
• Built on low cost 8 or 16 bit
microprocessors/microcontrollers
• May or may not contain an operating system for
its functioning
Eg: Electronic Toy

22. Classification of Embedded Systems
based on Complexity and Performance
Medium Scale Embedded
Systems
• Slightly complex in hardware and firmware
requirements
• Built around low cost 16 bit/ 32 bit
microprocessors/microcontrollers
• Usually contain an embedded operating
system

23. Classification of Embedded
Systems based on Complexity and
Performance
Large Scale Embedded Systems
• Highly complex hardware and firmware
requirements.
• Mission critical applications demanding high
performance
• May contain multiple processors/controllers and
co units/ hardware accelerators
• Complex embedded systems usually contain a
high performance RTOS

24. Major Applications of Embedded Systems
Consumer Electronics:
Camcorders, Cameras
etc.
Household Appliances:
Television, DVD players,
Washing machine,
Fridge, Microwave Oven
etc.
Home Automation and
Security Systems: Air
conditioners, sprinklers,
Intruder detection
alarms, Closed Circuit
Television Cameras
Automotive Industry:
Anti-lock breaking
systems (ABS), Engine
Control, Ignition
Systems, Automatic
Navigation Systems etc.
Telecom: Cellular
Telephones, Telephone
switches, Handset
Multimedia Applications
etc.
Computer Peripherals:
Printers, Scanners, Fax
machines etc.
Computer Networking
Systems: Network
Routers, Switches,
Hubs, Firewalls etc.
Health Care: Different
Kinds of Scanners, EEG,
ECG Machines etc.
Measurement &
Instrumentation: Digital
multi meters, Digital
CROs, Logic Analyzers
PLC systems etc.
Banking & Retail:
Automatic Teller
Machines (ATM) and
Currency counters,
Point of Sales (POS)
Card Readers: Barcode,
Smart Card Readers,
Hand held Devices etc.

25. Elements of an Embedded Systems
I/p Ports
(Sensors)
O/p Ports
(Actuators)
Communication Interface
System
Core
Memory
FPGA/ASIC/DSP/SoC
Microprocessor/controller
Real World
Embedded System
Embedded
Firmware
Other supporting
Integrated Circuits &
subsystems

26. Core of the Embedded System
General Purpose and Domain Specific
Processors
• Microprocessors
• Microcontrollers
• Digital Signal Processors
Programmable Logic Devices (PLDs)
Application Specific Integrated Circuits
(ASICs)
Commercial off the shelf Components (COTS)

32. Microprocessor
CPU for Computers
No RAM, ROM, I/O on CPU chip itself
Example：Intel’s x86, Motrola’s 680x0

33. Microcontroller

34. Differences between Microprocessor and Microcontroller
Microprocessor Microcontroller
1. Microprocessor is widely used in computer
systems
1. Microcontroller is widely used in embedded
systems.
. 2. It has only a CPU embedded into it 2. It has a CPU, a fixed amount of RAM, ROM and
other peripherals all embedded on it.
3. In case of microprocessors we have to connect all
the components externally so the circuit becomes
large and complex.
3. As all the components are internally connected in
microcontroller so the circuit size is less.
4. It consumes more power. 4. It consumes less power than a microprocessor.
5. It has very less internal register storage so it has
to rely on external storage. So, all memory based
external commands which results in high processing
time
5. It has many registers so processing time is less

36. Instrumentation and control systems:

37.  Fig.(a) Shows the arrangement of an instrumentation system.
The physical quantity to be measured (e.g. temperature) acts
upon a sensor that produces an electrical output signal.
 This signal is an electrical analogue of the physical input but
note that there may not be a linear relationship between the
physical quantity and its electrical equivalent.

38.  Fig.(b) shows the arrangement of a control system.
 This uses negative feedback in order to regulate and stabilize the output.
 It thus becomes possible to set the input or demand (i.e. what we desire the output
to be) and leave the system to regulate itself by comparing it with a signal derived
from the output (via a sensor and appropriate signal conditioning).

39. • A comparator is used to sense the difference in these two signals and
where any discrepancy is detected the input to the power amplifier is
adjusted accordingly.
• This signal is referred to as an error signal (it should be zero when the
output exactly matches the demand).
• The input (demand) is often derived from a simple potentiometer
connected across a stable d.c. voltage source while the controlled
device can take many forms (e.g. a d.c. motor, linear actuator, heater,
etc.).

40. Transducers
• Transducers are devices that convert energy in the form of sound, light,
heat, etc., into an equivalent electrical signal, or vice versa
• Transducers may be used both as inputs to electronic circuits and outputs
from them

42. • A sensor is a special kind of transducer that converts energy from one form to another
for any measurement or control purpose ex. A Temperature sensor.
• Sensors can be categorized as either active or passive. An active sensor generates a
current or voltage output.
• Sensors can also be classed as either digital or analogue
Sensors

43. • Actuator is used for output.
• It is a transducer that may be either mechanical or electrical which
converts signals to corresponding physical actions
1. LED
2. 7-Segment LED Display
3. Stepper Motor
4. Relay
5. Piezo Buzzer
6. Push Button Switch
7. Keyboard
Actuator

44. • LED is a p-n junction diode and contains a CATHODE and ANODE for functioning
the anode is connected to +ve end of power supply and cathode is connected to –ve
end of power supply.
LED (Light Emitting Diode)

45. 7-Segment LED Display

46. • The 7 – segment LED display is an output device for displaying alpha numeric
characters
• It contains 8 light-emitting diode (LED) segments arranged in a special l form.
• Out of the 8 LED segments, 7 are used for displaying alpha numeric characters and 1
is used for representing decimal point.
• The LED segments are named A to G and the decimal point LED segment is named as
DP
• The LED Segments A to G and DP should be lit accordingly to display numbers and
characters
• The 7 – segment LED displays are available in two different configurations, namely;
Common anode and Common cathode

48. • Display numbers 0–9
on a common-Cathode7-segment display