An embedded system is a computer system designed to perform one or a few dedicated functions, often with real-time computing constraints. Embedded systems are found in many devices such as mobile phones, cars, appliances, and toys [Paragraph 1]. They are typically specialized for their dedicated functions and have constraints on power, size, and cost. Examples of embedded systems include anti-lock braking systems, digital cameras, medical devices, and factory controllers [Paragraph 2]. A key characteristic of embedded systems is that they interact continuously with their environment through sensors and actuators to perform their dedicated functions in real-time [Paragraph 3].
Embedded Systems (18EC62) – Embedded System Components (Module 3)Shrishail Bhat
Lecture Slides for Embedded Systems (18EC62) - Embedded System Components (Module 3) for VTU Students
Contents
Embedded Vs General computing system, Classification of Embedded systems, Major applications and purpose of ES. Elements of an Embedded System (Block diagram and explanation), Differences between RISC and CISC, Harvard and Princeton, Big and Little Endian formats, Memory (ROM and RAM types), Sensors, Actuators, Optocoupler, Communication Interfaces (I2C, SPI, IrDA, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, Zigbee only)
Embedded Systems (18EC62) – Embedded System Components (Module 3)Shrishail Bhat
Lecture Slides for Embedded Systems (18EC62) - Embedded System Components (Module 3) for VTU Students
Contents
Embedded Vs General computing system, Classification of Embedded systems, Major applications and purpose of ES. Elements of an Embedded System (Block diagram and explanation), Differences between RISC and CISC, Harvard and Princeton, Big and Little Endian formats, Memory (ROM and RAM types), Sensors, Actuators, Optocoupler, Communication Interfaces (I2C, SPI, IrDA, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, Zigbee only)
Definition
Embedded systems vs. General Computing Systems
Core of the Embedded System
Memory
Sensors and Actuators
Communication Interface
Embedded Firmware
Other System Components
PCB and Passive Components
This Presentation describes the ARM CORTEX M3 core processor with the details of the core peripherals. Soon a CORTEX base controller(STM32F100RBT6) ppt will be uploaded. For more information mail me at:gaurav.iitkg@gmail.com.
Challenges faced during embedded system design:
The challenges in design of embedded systems have always been in the same limiting requirements for decades: Small form factor; Low energy; Long-term stable performance without maintenance.
Presents features of ARM Processors, ARM architecture variants and Processor families. Further presents, ARM v4T architecture, ARM7-TDMI processor: Register organization, pipelining, modes, exception handling, bus architecture, debug architecture and interface signals.
Describes ARM7-TDMI Processor Instruction Set. Explains classes of ARM7 instructions, syntax of data processing instructions, branch instructions, load-store instructions, coprocessor instructions, thumb state instructions.
Definition
Embedded systems vs. General Computing Systems
Core of the Embedded System
Memory
Sensors and Actuators
Communication Interface
Embedded Firmware
Other System Components
PCB and Passive Components
This Presentation describes the ARM CORTEX M3 core processor with the details of the core peripherals. Soon a CORTEX base controller(STM32F100RBT6) ppt will be uploaded. For more information mail me at:gaurav.iitkg@gmail.com.
Challenges faced during embedded system design:
The challenges in design of embedded systems have always been in the same limiting requirements for decades: Small form factor; Low energy; Long-term stable performance without maintenance.
Presents features of ARM Processors, ARM architecture variants and Processor families. Further presents, ARM v4T architecture, ARM7-TDMI processor: Register organization, pipelining, modes, exception handling, bus architecture, debug architecture and interface signals.
Describes ARM7-TDMI Processor Instruction Set. Explains classes of ARM7 instructions, syntax of data processing instructions, branch instructions, load-store instructions, coprocessor instructions, thumb state instructions.
Case Study Based Software Engineering Project Development: State of ArtDr Sukhpal Singh Gill
Publised in International Journal of Scientific Research in Computer Science Applications and Management Studies (IJSRCSAMS), Volume 2, Issue 3 (May 2013).
Step by Step Development of Software Project
An approach to learn Software Project Management Practically.
SDLC phases of Software Engineering
Project Completed at Thapar University, Patiala, Punjab, India.
Download Link:
http://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1306/1306.2502.pdf
http://www.ijsrcsams.com/images/stories/Past_Issue_Docs/ijsrcsamsv2i3p31.pdf
SRS of this Project can be downloaded from :
http://www.slideshare.net/sukhpalsinghgill/software-requirements-specification-srs-for-online-tower-plotting-system-otps
Summer training embedded system and its scopeArshit Rai
CETPA INFOTECH PVT LTD is one of the IT education and training service provider brands of India that is preferably working in 3 most important domains. It includes IT Training services, software and embedded product development and consulting services.
http://www.cetpainfotech.com
This PDF tells the basic Concept of ICs (Integrated Circuit) in Embedded System . This pdf also contain some examples including application of ICs in Solar Panel .
Kerala Engineering Architecture Medical is an entrance examination series for admissions to various professional degree courses in the state of Kerala, India. It is conducted by the Office of the Commissioner of Entrance Exams run by the Government of Kerala
Paleontology is the study of the history of life on Earth as based on fossils. Fossils are the remains of plants, animals, fungi, bacteria, and single-celled living things that have been replaced by rock material or impressions of organisms preserved in roc
The ways in which an element—or compound such as water—moves between its various living and nonliving forms and locations in the biosphere is called a biogeochemical cycle. Biogeochemical cycles important to living organisms include the water, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur cycles.
The AC and DC bridge both are used for measuring the unknown parameter of the circuit. The AC bridge measures the unknown impedance of the circuit. The DC bridge measures the unknown resistance of the circuit.
The Wien bridge is a type of bridge circuit that was developed by Max Wien in 1891. The bridge consists of four resistors and two capacitors. At the time of the Wien bridge's invention, bridge circuits were a common way of measuring component values by comparing them to known values.
For most of us, our name existed even before we did.
In anticipation of our arrival, our parents went through an ultra stressful process of narrowing down dozens of potential names until they chose the perfect one.
Luckily they did, because whatever your name is, it has followed you throughout your entire life; and in some cases, people may have heard of your name before they’ve ever met you.
When it comes to how to name an app, it’s of similar importance as naming a child. The name of your app will follow your brand forever, and in many cases, potential users will hear the name before they ever actually use your app.
flora and fauna of himachal pradesh and keralaAJAL A J
flora and fauna of himachal pradesh and kerala
A green pearl in the Himalayan crown, Himachal Pradesh is blessed with a rich flora and fauna that graces the land with grandeur and majesty. Other animals that can be sighted in the wild include the ibex, wild yak, ghoral deer, musk deer, Himalayan black bear, brown bear, leopards and the Himalayan Thar. Also kerala is gods on country
Bachelor of Science in Cardio-vascular technology is an undergraduate course in cardiology. These technologists assist the physicians in the diagnosis and the treatment of cardiac (heart) and peripheral vascular conditions (blood vessels). The cardiovascular technologists are also responsible for preparing the patients for open-heart surgeries and pacemaker implantation surgeries. The technologists also monitor the patient’s cardiac parameters while they undergo the surgery. B. Sc. in Cardiovascular technology is a three years’ full-time undergraduate course and is an interesting and important course in medicine.
`Remove Unprofitable Products and Services. The products or services with the highest gross profit margin are the most important to your business. ...
Find New Customers. New customers can help grow your business. ...
Increase your Conversion Rate. ...
Review Current Pricing Structure. ...
Reduce your inventory. ...
Reduce your overheads.
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a hormonal disorder common among women of reproductive age. Women with PCOS may have infrequent or prolonged menstrual periods or excess male hormone (androgen) levels. The ovaries may develop numerous small collections of fluid (follicles) and fail to regularly release eggs
Are you an NRI and aiming to come back to India to pursue graduation from the top-tier colleges of India?
Then, you’re halfway there. Being an NRI, your top preference would be IITs and NITs of India. If that's the case, you must know the fee structure of both the IITs, NITs (under DASA scheme), Centrally Funded Institutions and State-Level Govt. Engineering Colleges.
Note: According to the latest update from DASA, from session 2021-22 onwards, JEE Rank is made mandatory for NRI/PIO/OCI Students to be eligible for DASA & CIWG Schemes. Hence, 2020-21 will be the last year when SAT 2 scores will be considered for DASA/CIWG Scheme.
Subjects to study if you want to work for a charityAJAL A J
The charity sector can be competitive and experience, volunteer or otherwise, can count for a lot. But there are ways to make that third sector CV stand out from the competition. Why not take some courses? A course can be a great way to make your application shine and an opportunity to learn new skills and ideas.
Joint Entrance Examination - Main or commonly known as JEE Main is a national level entrance exam conducted by the NTA to offer admission to BE/BTech, BPlan and BArch courses at the IIITs (Indian Institute of Information Technology), NITs (National Institute of Technology) and other Centrally Funded Technical Institutions (CFTIs) across the country.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
1. Introducing Embedded Systems and the
Microcontrollers
1
By
AJAL.A.J
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
Electronics & Communication Engineering Dept
2.
3.
4. SEMESTER – I
Sl. No. Course No. Subject Hrs / Week Evaluation Scheme (Marks) Credits (C)
L T P Sessional ESE Total
TA CT
Sub
Total
1 MECVE 101
Semiconductor Devices – Physics
& Modeling
3 1 0 25 25 50 100 150 4
2 MECVE 102 CMOS Analog Design -I 3 1 0 25 25 50 100 150 4
3 MECVE 103 CMOS Digital Design -I 3 1 0 25 25 50 100 150 4
4 MECVE 104
Embedded System Hardware
Architecture -I
3 1 0 25 25 50 100 150 4
5 MECVE 105 Elective – I 3 0 0 25 25 50 100 150 3
6 MECVE 106 Elective – II 3 0 0 25 25 50 100 150 3
7 MECVE 107 VLSI Design Lab 0 0 3 25 25 50 100 150 2
8 MECVE 108 Seminar – I 0 0 2 25 25 50 0 50 1
Total 18 4 5 200 200 400 700 1100 25
L – Lecture, T – Tutorial, P – Practical
5. Elective – I & II
Elective – I (MEC VE 105) Elective – II (MEC VE 106)
MEC VE 105 -
1
Advanced Digital Design
MEC VE
106 - 1
VLSI CAD
MEC VE 105 -
2
VLSI Process Technology
MEC VE
106 - 2
Nanomaterials, Structures and
Devices
MEC VE 105 -
3
System Identification and System
Simulation
MEC VE
106 - 3
RF IC Technology
MEC VE 105 -
4
Electronic System Design
MEC VE
106 - 4
Modeling of Embedded Systems
7. References:
1. Tammy Noergaard, “Embedded Systems Architecture, A
Comprehensive Guide for Engineers and Programmers”,
Newness, Elseiver, 2012
2. Lyla B Das , “Embedded systems-An integrated approach”,
Pearson Education, 2013
3. Steve Furber , “ARM System-on-chip architecture”, 2/e,
Pearson Education
4. Jack Ganssle, Tammy Noergaard,Fred Eady,Lewin
Edwards,David J. Katz, RickGentile, Ken Arnold, Kamal Hyder,
Bob Perrin, Creed Huddleston, “Embedded Hardware Know
It all”, Newness, Elseiver, 2008
8. 1. Wayne Wolf , “Computers as Components-principles of
Embedded computer system design”, Elseveir, 2005
2. Ken Arnold, “Embedded Controller Hardware Design”, LLH
Technology publishing, 2001
3. Peter Marwedel, “Embedded System Design”, Springer, 2006
4. Frank Vahid and Tony D. Givargis, “Embedded System Design:
A Unified Hardware / Software Introduction”, 2000.
5. Jerraya, A. “Long Term Trends for Embedded System Design.”
6. S. E. Derenzo, “Practical Interfacing in the Laboratory: Using a
PC for Instrumentation, Data Analysis and Control”, Cambridge,
2003.
7. E. A. Lee and S. A. Seshia , “Introduction to Embedded
Systems”, 2011-2012
References: contd
12. PART –A
A system engineering approach to
embedded systems
1. Introduction and definition of Embedded
Systems,
2. Embedded System Design,
3. Introduction and importance of embedded
systems architecture,
4. The embedded systems Model.
Basics of computer architecture and binary number systems.
13. PART –B
1. Introduction to Embedded Systems- Application
domain
2. Features and General characteristics of embedded
systems
3. Microprocessor vs microcontroller
4. Figure of merits
5. Classification of MCUs
14. PART –C
Embedded systems The hardware point of view-
1. MCU
2. memory
3. low power design
4. pullup and pull down resistors
5. Sensors
6. ADCs
7. actuators
15. PART –D
Examples of embedded systems
1. Mobile Phone,
2. Automotive Electronics,
3. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)
4. Wireless Sensor Networks (WISENET),
5. Robotics,
6. Biomedical Applications,
7. Brain Machine Interface … etc
16. History …..
• One of the very first recognizably modern
embedded systems was the Apollo Guidance
Computer, developed by Charles Stark
Draper at the MIT Instrumentation
Laboratory.
• At the project's inception, the Apollo guidance computer was
considered the riskiest item in the Apollo project as it
employed the then newly developed monolithic integrated
circuits to reduce the size and weight.
17. • An early mass-produced embedded system
was the Autonetics D-17 guidance
computer for the Minuteman missile, released
in 1961.
@ 1961
18. @ 1966
• When the Minuteman II went into production
in 1966, the D-17 was replaced with a new
computer that was the first high-volume use
of integrated circuits.
This program alone reduced prices on quad nand gate IC ’s ,
permitting their use in commercial products.
19. • In the 1970's, computers were widely used in
commercial and administrative applications.
• Microprocessors also became available,
bringing together on a single chip all the
functionalities of a processor.
• This is the start of a race to miniaturize
electronic components - allowing (Moore's
Law).
@ 1970's
20. Moore's Law
• The capacity of electronic chips to double
every two years
21. • An early microprocessor for example, the Intel
4004, was designed for calculators and other
small systems but still required external
memory and support chips.
@ 1971
22. @ 1978
• In 1978 National Engineering Manufacturers
Association released a "standard" for
programmable microcontrollers, including
almost any computer-based controllers, such
as single board computers, numerical, and
event-based controllers.
23. • In the 1980s, the availability of computer
networks brings together Information
Technology and Telecommunications.
• The computer mouse, Windows and graphical
interfaces also appear.
@ 1980's
24. • By the early 1980s, memory, input and output
system components had been integrated into
the same chip as the processor forming
a microcontroller.
• Microcontrollers find applications where a
general-purpose computer would be too costly.
@ 1980
25. • In the 1990s, internet and and the world wide
web become available, allowing widespread
access to digital technologies.
• The concept of "Information
Technologies" appears.
@ 1990's
26. • Finally, towards the beginning of the 2000s, a
second parallel revolution occurs for
Embedded Systems.
• It is less visible, but has deeper impacts.
• In the end, the Embedded Systems revolution
will join the world wide web revolution
@ 1990's
27. • Over 95% of all electronic chips produced today
are for embedded systems. Their use in everyday
products is a major evolution for Information
and Communication Technologies.
• The miniaturization of ICT hardware now makes
it possible to make wireless, implantable medical
devices and monitors that can transmit vital
statistics and alerts to external devices.
@ 2014
29. Embedded = Embodiment
“Embodied phenomena are those that by their very
nature occur in real time and real space”
In other words, A number of systems coexist to discharge
a specific function in real time
Before Part A
30.
31. Real Time
“‘Real’-time usually means time as prescribed by
external sources”
For example the time struck by clock (however
fast or late it might be).
32. These variations in the functionality can
only be achieved by a very flexible device.
• you may like to adjust the zoom of the digital camera
you may like to reduce the screen brightness
you may like to change the ring tone
you may like to relay a specific song from your favorite
FM station to your friend using your mobile
You may like to use it as a calculator, address book,
emailing device etc.
33. Characteristics of an Rtes
• Single-Functioned
• Tightly Constrained
• Reactive and Real Time
37. 37
Some common characteristics of
embedded systems
• Single-functioned
– Executes a single program, repeatedly
• Tightly-constrained
– Low cost, low power, small, fast, etc.
• Reactive and real-time
– Continually reacts to changes in the system’s
environment
– Must compute certain results in real-time without
delay
39. Comments I
• Both the DSPs share the same memory
without interfering with each other. (This kind
of memory is known as dual ported memory
or two-way post-box memory )
• (RTOS) controls the timing requirement of all
the devices.
40. Comments II
• The ASICs are specialized units capable of
specialized functions such as
1.motor control,
2.voice encoding,
3. modulation/demodulation (MODEM) action
……….. etc.
41. Comments III
• CODECs are generally used for interfacing low
power serial Analog-to-Digital Converters
(ADCs).
• The analog signals from the controlled process
can be monitored through an ADC interfaced
through this CODEC.
44. Embedded systems are more limited
in hardware and/or software
functionality than
a personal computer (PC).
An embedded system is designed
to perform a dedicated function.
45. An embedded system is a computer
system with higher quality and
reliability requirements
than other types of computer
systems.
Some devices that are called
embedded systems, such as PDAs or
web pads, are not
really embedded systems.
51. In General
• Embedded system: is a system whose principal
function is not computational, but which is
controlled by a computer embedded within it.
51
Embedded system: A way of working, organizing or
performing one or many tasks according to a fixed
set of rules, program or plan.
52. Definition of Embedded Systems
“An embedded system is a system that has
software embedded into computer-hardware,
which makes a system dedicated for an
application (s) or specific part of an
application or product or part of a larger
system.”
REFERENCE : Chapter-1L01: "Embedded Systems - " , Raj Kamal, Publs.: McGraw-Hill
Education
53. 53
A “short list” of embedded systems
And the list goes on and on
Anti-lock brakes
Auto-focus cameras
Automatic teller machines
Automatic toll systems
Automatic transmission
Avionic systems
Battery chargers
Camcorders
Cell phones
Cell-phone base stations
Cordless phones
Cruise control
Curbside check-in systems
Digital cameras
Disk drives
Electronic card readers
Electronic instruments
Electronic toys/games
Factory control
Fax machines
Fingerprint identifiers
Home security systems
Life-support systems
Medical testing systems
Modems
MPEG decoders
Network cards
Network switches/routers
On-board navigation
Pagers
Photocopiers
Point-of-sale systems
Portable video games
Printers
Satellite phones
Scanners
Smart ovens/dishwashers
Speech recognizers
Stereo systems
Teleconferencing systems
Televisions
Temperature controllers
Theft tracking systems
TV set-top boxes
VCR’s, DVD players
Video game consoles
Video phones
Washers and dryers
54. 54
An embedded system example –
a digital camera
Microcontroller
CCD preprocessor Pixel coprocessor
A2D
D2A
JPEG codec
DMA controller
Memory controller ISA bus interface UART LCD ctrl
Display ctrl
Multiplier/Accum
Digital camera chip
lens
CCD
• Single-functioned -- always a digital camera
• Tightly-constrained -- Low cost, low power, small, fast
• Reactive and real-time -- only to a small extent
55. Summary
• An embedded system is a product that has one or more
computers embedded within it, which exercise primarily a
control function.
• The embedded computer is usually a microcontroller: a
microprocessor adapted for embedded control applications.
• Microcontrollers are designed according to accepted
electronic and computer principles, and are fundamentally
made up of microprocessor core, memory and peripherals.
55
56. Quote of the Day
The empires of the future are the empires of the mind.
– Winston Churchill