An embedded system is a computer system designed to perform one or a few dedicated functions, often with real-time computing constraints. Embedded systems are found in many devices such as mobile phones, cars, appliances, and toys [Paragraph 1]. They are typically specialized for their dedicated functions and have constraints on power, size, and cost. Examples of embedded systems include anti-lock braking systems, digital cameras, medical devices, and factory controllers [Paragraph 2]. A key characteristic of embedded systems is that they interact continuously with their environment through sensors and actuators to perform their dedicated functions in real-time [Paragraph 3].

1. Introducing Embedded Systems and the
Microcontrollers
1
By
AJAL.A.J
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
Electronics & Communication Engineering Dept

4. SEMESTER – I
Sl. No. Course No. Subject Hrs / Week Evaluation Scheme (Marks) Credits (C)
L T P Sessional ESE Total
TA CT
Sub
Total
1 MECVE 101
Semiconductor Devices – Physics
& Modeling
3 1 0 25 25 50 100 150 4
2 MECVE 102 CMOS Analog Design -I 3 1 0 25 25 50 100 150 4
3 MECVE 103 CMOS Digital Design -I 3 1 0 25 25 50 100 150 4
4 MECVE 104
Embedded System Hardware
Architecture -I
3 1 0 25 25 50 100 150 4
5 MECVE 105 Elective – I 3 0 0 25 25 50 100 150 3
6 MECVE 106 Elective – II 3 0 0 25 25 50 100 150 3
7 MECVE 107 VLSI Design Lab 0 0 3 25 25 50 100 150 2
8 MECVE 108 Seminar – I 0 0 2 25 25 50 0 50 1
Total 18 4 5 200 200 400 700 1100 25
L – Lecture, T – Tutorial, P – Practical

5. Elective – I & II
Elective – I (MEC VE 105) Elective – II (MEC VE 106)
MEC VE 105 -
1
Advanced Digital Design
MEC VE
106 - 1
VLSI CAD
MEC VE 105 -
2
VLSI Process Technology
MEC VE
106 - 2
Nanomaterials, Structures and
Devices
MEC VE 105 -
3
System Identification and System
Simulation
MEC VE
106 - 3
RF IC Technology
MEC VE 105 -
4
Electronic System Design
MEC VE
106 - 4
Modeling of Embedded Systems

6. EMBEDDED SYSTEM HARDWARE
ARCHITECTURE - I
MECVE 104 L T P C
3 1 0 4

7. References:
1. Tammy Noergaard, “Embedded Systems Architecture, A
Comprehensive Guide for Engineers and Programmers”,
Newness, Elseiver, 2012
2. Lyla B Das , “Embedded systems-An integrated approach”,
Pearson Education, 2013
3. Steve Furber , “ARM System-on-chip architecture”, 2/e,
Pearson Education
4. Jack Ganssle, Tammy Noergaard,Fred Eady,Lewin
Edwards,David J. Katz, RickGentile, Ken Arnold, Kamal Hyder,
Bob Perrin, Creed Huddleston, “Embedded Hardware Know
It all”, Newness, Elseiver, 2008

8. 1. Wayne Wolf , “Computers as Components-principles of
Embedded computer system design”, Elseveir, 2005
2. Ken Arnold, “Embedded Controller Hardware Design”, LLH
Technology publishing, 2001
3. Peter Marwedel, “Embedded System Design”, Springer, 2006
4. Frank Vahid and Tony D. Givargis, “Embedded System Design:
A Unified Hardware / Software Introduction”, 2000.
5. Jerraya, A. “Long Term Trends for Embedded System Design.”
6. S. E. Derenzo, “Practical Interfacing in the Laboratory: Using a
PC for Instrumentation, Data Analysis and Control”, Cambridge,
2003.
7. E. A. Lee and S. A. Seshia , “Introduction to Embedded
Systems”, 2011-2012
References: contd

10. About the Author

11. Module 1
Introduction to Embedded
Systems and Embedded
hardware:

12. PART –A
A system engineering approach to
embedded systems
1. Introduction and definition of Embedded
Systems,
2. Embedded System Design,
3. Introduction and importance of embedded
systems architecture,
4. The embedded systems Model.
Basics of computer architecture and binary number systems.

13. PART –B
1. Introduction to Embedded Systems- Application
domain
2. Features and General characteristics of embedded
systems
3. Microprocessor vs microcontroller
4. Figure of merits
5. Classification of MCUs

14. PART –C
Embedded systems The hardware point of view-
1. MCU
2. memory
3. low power design
4. pullup and pull down resistors
5. Sensors
6. ADCs
7. actuators

15. PART –D
Examples of embedded systems
1. Mobile Phone,
2. Automotive Electronics,
3. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)
4. Wireless Sensor Networks (WISENET),
5. Robotics,
6. Biomedical Applications,
7. Brain Machine Interface … etc

16. History …..
• One of the very first recognizably modern
embedded systems was the Apollo Guidance
Computer, developed by Charles Stark
Draper at the MIT Instrumentation
Laboratory.
• At the project's inception, the Apollo guidance computer was
considered the riskiest item in the Apollo project as it
employed the then newly developed monolithic integrated
circuits to reduce the size and weight.

17. • An early mass-produced embedded system
was the Autonetics D-17 guidance
computer for the Minuteman missile, released
in 1961.
@ 1961

18. @ 1966
• When the Minuteman II went into production
in 1966, the D-17 was replaced with a new
computer that was the first high-volume use
of integrated circuits.
This program alone reduced prices on quad nand gate IC ’s ,
permitting their use in commercial products.

19. • In the 1970's, computers were widely used in
commercial and administrative applications.
• Microprocessors also became available,
bringing together on a single chip all the
functionalities of a processor.
• This is the start of a race to miniaturize
electronic components - allowing (Moore's
Law).
@ 1970's

20. Moore's Law
• The capacity of electronic chips to double
every two years

21. • An early microprocessor for example, the Intel
4004, was designed for calculators and other
small systems but still required external
memory and support chips.
@ 1971

22. @ 1978
• In 1978 National Engineering Manufacturers
Association released a "standard" for
programmable microcontrollers, including
almost any computer-based controllers, such
as single board computers, numerical, and
event-based controllers.

23. • In the 1980s, the availability of computer
networks brings together Information
Technology and Telecommunications.
• The computer mouse, Windows and graphical
interfaces also appear.
@ 1980's

24. • By the early 1980s, memory, input and output
system components had been integrated into
the same chip as the processor forming
a microcontroller.
• Microcontrollers find applications where a
general-purpose computer would be too costly.
@ 1980

25. • In the 1990s, internet and and the world wide
web become available, allowing widespread
access to digital technologies.
• The concept of "Information
Technologies" appears.
@ 1990's

26. • Finally, towards the beginning of the 2000s, a
second parallel revolution occurs for
Embedded Systems.
• It is less visible, but has deeper impacts.
• In the end, the Embedded Systems revolution
will join the world wide web revolution
@ 1990's

27. • Over 95% of all electronic chips produced today
are for embedded systems. Their use in everyday
products is a major evolution for Information
and Communication Technologies.
• The miniaturization of ICT hardware now makes
it possible to make wireless, implantable medical
devices and monitors that can transmit vital
statistics and alerts to external devices.
@ 2014

28. Trending towards

29. Embedded = Embodiment
“Embodied phenomena are those that by their very
nature occur in real time and real space”
In other words, A number of systems coexist to discharge
a specific function in real time
Before Part A

31. Real Time
“‘Real’-time usually means time as prescribed by
external sources”
For example the time struck by clock (however
fast or late it might be).

32. These variations in the functionality can
only be achieved by a very flexible device.
• you may like to adjust the zoom of the digital camera
 you may like to reduce the screen brightness
 you may like to change the ring tone
 you may like to relay a specific song from your favorite
FM station to your friend using your mobile
 You may like to use it as a calculator, address book,
emailing device etc.

33. Characteristics of an Rtes
• Single-Functioned
• Tightly Constrained
• Reactive and Real Time

34. Single-Functioned

35. Tightly Constrained

36. Reactive and Real Time

37. 37
Some common characteristics of
embedded systems
• Single-functioned
– Executes a single program, repeatedly
• Tightly-constrained
– Low cost, low power, small, fast, etc.
• Reactive and real-time
– Continually reacts to changes in the system’s
environment
– Must compute certain results in real-time without
delay

38. Architecture of an Embedded System

39. Comments I
• Both the DSPs share the same memory
without interfering with each other. (This kind
of memory is known as dual ported memory
or two-way post-box memory )
• (RTOS) controls the timing requirement of all
the devices.

40. Comments II
• The ASICs are specialized units capable of
specialized functions such as
1.motor control,
2.voice encoding,
3. modulation/demodulation (MODEM) action
……….. etc.

41. Comments III
• CODECs are generally used for interfacing low
power serial Analog-to-Digital Converters
(ADCs).
• The analog signals from the controlled process
can be monitored through an ADC interfaced
through this CODEC.

42. PART –A
1. Introduction and definition of
Embedded Systems

43. What Is an Embedded System?

44. Embedded systems are more limited
in hardware and/or software
functionality than
a personal computer (PC).
An embedded system is designed
to perform a dedicated function.

45. An embedded system is a computer
system with higher quality and
reliability requirements
than other types of computer
systems.
Some devices that are called
embedded systems, such as PDAs or
web pads, are not
really embedded systems.

46. Examples of embedded systems and their markets

47. APDV = Advanced Pro-series
Digital Variable Ignition.
ASFS= Advanced Swirl Flow Induction
System

48. Swirl Flow

49. Examples of embedded systems and their markets

50. Cardiovascular x ray machine

51. In General
• Embedded system: is a system whose principal
function is not computational, but which is
controlled by a computer embedded within it.
51
Embedded system: A way of working, organizing or
performing one or many tasks according to a fixed
set of rules, program or plan.

52. Definition of Embedded Systems
“An embedded system is a system that has
software embedded into computer-hardware,
which makes a system dedicated for an
application (s) or specific part of an
application or product or part of a larger
system.”
REFERENCE : Chapter-1L01: "Embedded Systems - " , Raj Kamal, Publs.: McGraw-Hill
Education

53. 53
A “short list” of embedded systems
And the list goes on and on
Anti-lock brakes
Auto-focus cameras
Automatic teller machines
Automatic toll systems
Automatic transmission
Avionic systems
Battery chargers
Camcorders
Cell phones
Cell-phone base stations
Cordless phones
Cruise control
Curbside check-in systems
Digital cameras
Disk drives
Electronic card readers
Electronic instruments
Electronic toys/games
Factory control
Fax machines
Fingerprint identifiers
Home security systems
Life-support systems
Medical testing systems
Modems
MPEG decoders
Network cards
Network switches/routers
On-board navigation
Pagers
Photocopiers
Point-of-sale systems
Portable video games
Printers
Satellite phones
Scanners
Smart ovens/dishwashers
Speech recognizers
Stereo systems
Teleconferencing systems
Televisions
Temperature controllers
Theft tracking systems
TV set-top boxes
VCR’s, DVD players
Video game consoles
Video phones
Washers and dryers

54. 54
An embedded system example –
a digital camera
Microcontroller
CCD preprocessor Pixel coprocessor
A2D
D2A
JPEG codec
DMA controller
Memory controller ISA bus interface UART LCD ctrl
Display ctrl
Multiplier/Accum
Digital camera chip
lens
CCD
• Single-functioned -- always a digital camera
• Tightly-constrained -- Low cost, low power, small, fast
• Reactive and real-time -- only to a small extent

55. Summary
• An embedded system is a product that has one or more
computers embedded within it, which exercise primarily a
control function.
• The embedded computer is usually a microcontroller: a
microprocessor adapted for embedded control applications.
• Microcontrollers are designed according to accepted
electronic and computer principles, and are fundamentally
made up of microprocessor core, memory and peripherals.
55

56. Quote of the Day
The empires of the future are the empires of the mind.
– Winston Churchill