Elements and Compounds 1
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The document discusses the basics of matter, atoms, elements, and the periodic table. It defines matter as anything that has mass and takes up space. Atoms are the basic unit of matter and are made up of a nucleus containing protons and neutrons surrounded by electrons. Elements are substances that cannot be broken down further, with examples given of gold and oxygen. The periodic table was created in 1869 by Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev and lists 118 known elements according to their atomic structure.
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This document provides information about classifying matter and its composition. It defines pure substances as elements or compounds made of uniform particles and mixtures as substances with two or more types of particles. Pure substances undergo physical or chemical changes, which respectively involve changes in properties or the formation of new substances. The document also discusses atoms as the basic building blocks of matter, containing subatomic particles like protons, neutrons, and electrons. It introduces the periodic table as organizing the elements by their chemical properties and number of protons.
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This document provides an overview of key chemistry concepts including atoms, elements, compounds, symbols, the periodic table, molecules, formulae, and chemical reactions. It explains that everything is made of tiny particles called atoms, which combine to form either elements or compounds. Compounds contain two or more elements joined together. The periodic table organizes all known elements based on their properties. Molecules are formed when atoms of elements combine, and chemical formulae represent the atoms that make up compounds and molecules. Chemical reactions involve atoms rearranging to form new substances.
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Atoms are the basic building blocks of matter and are made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Elements are pure substances made of only one type of atom, such as sodium (Na) or oxygen (O). Compounds are formed when two or more elements chemically combine, resulting in a substance with totally new properties compared to the original elements. The periodic table provides information about each element's atomic number, chemical symbol, and atomic mass.
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1. An atom is the basic unit of all matter and is made up of a nucleus containing positively charged protons and neutral neutrons surrounded by negatively charged electrons.
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Dmitri Mendeleev arranged the elements in order of increasing atomic mass in 1869 and discovered repeating patterns in their properties. This became known as the periodic table. Mendeleev predicted properties of elements not yet discovered that would fill gaps in the table. Later, Henry Moseley arranged elements by atomic number in 1914, which better fit the periodic patterns. The periodic table classifies elements as metals, nonmetals, and metalloids based on their location and number of outer electrons. Periods are horizontal rows that show repeating patterns, and groups are vertical columns of elements with similar properties.
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Atoms are the basic building blocks of matter and are made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Elements are pure substances made of only one type of atom, such as sodium (Na) or oxygen (O). Compounds are formed when two or more elements chemically combine, resulting in a substance with totally new properties compared to the original elements. The periodic table provides information about each element's atomic number, chemical symbol, and atomic mass.
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An atom is the smallest particle of an element which can take part in a chemical reaction
THE CONSTITUENTS OF ATOMS
Rutherford in 1911 threw more light on the nature of the atom. He demonstrated that atom is made up of sub-particles which are called:
1. Proton 2. Neutron 3. Electron.
He discovered that the protons and neutrons are concentrated in the nucleus of an atom, while the electrons are revolving round the nucleus.
J.J THOMPSON’S MODEL
J.J Thompson described the atom as being made up of a mixture of positive (Protons) and negative (Electrons) charges.
LORD RUTHERFORD’S MODEL
Lord Rutherford described the atom as being made up of Positive (Protons) and Neutral (Neutrons) charges in its centre (nucleus) while the negative charges (electrons) rotates around its orbit.
He used the planetary bodies rotating around the sun to describe the structure of atoms.
CHARACTERISTICS OF PROTON, ELECTRON AND NEUTRON
DALTON’S ATOMIC THEORY
In 1808, John Dalton proposed the Atomic Theory which can be summarised as follows:
All elements are made up of small, indivisible particles called atoms.
Atoms can neither be created nor destroyed.
Atoms of the same elements are alike in every aspect, and differ from atoms of all other elements.
When atoms combine with other atoms, they do so in simple ratios.
All chemical changes result from the combination or the separation of atoms.
The Atomic Theory was partially supported by experimental evidences deduced from the Law of Conservation of Mass, the Law of Definite Proportions, the Law of Multiple Proportions and so on. It could not explain electrolysis and certain other phenomena. As a result of new discoveries, Dalton’s original Atomic Theory has undergone several modifications but the principal aspects as outlined above are still useful in the study of chemistry.
MODIFICATIONS OF DALTON’S ATOMIC THEORY
All Elements Are Made Up Of Small Indivisible Particles Called Atoms: This statement has been proven wrong by Rutherford’s discovery – the atom is built up of three main types of sub-particles: the proton, the electron, the neutron. It is not an indivisible solid piece.
The Atom Can Neither Be Created Nor Destroyed: This statement still holds good for ordinary chemical reactions and is embodied in the basic Law of Conservation of Mass. During a nuclear reaction, such as the fission of Uranium – 235, the nucleus is broken up into smaller units which form simpler atoms while a tremendous amount of heat energy is released. These changes that occur during nuclear fission destroy the atoms of the element involved.
The Atoms Of The Same Elements Are Alike In Every Aspect And Differ From Atoms Of All Other Elements: The discovery of isotopes makes this statement unacceptable. Chlorine, for example has two different atom
NOTA MATERIAL SCIENCE CHAPTER 2 DJJ3213.ppt
1. The document discusses various topics regarding material structure and bonding, including definitions of atoms, elements, compounds, mixtures and crystals.
2. It describes the four main types of crystal structures - simple cubic, body centered cubic, face centered cubic, and hexagonal close packed.
3. The types of bonding are defined as covalent bonding, metallic bonding, and ionic/electrovalent bonding. Covalent bonding involves sharing electrons between atoms, metallic bonding involves delocalized electrons shared among all atoms, and ionic bonding involves electron transfer between metals and nonmetals.
Lesson 5 elements and compounds
Elements are pure substances made of only one type of atom that cannot be broken down further by chemical means. There are 118 known elements including metals like iron, nonmetals like oxygen, and metalloids like silicon. Compounds are made of two or more elements chemically bonded together and can be decomposed into their constituent elements. Some important compounds for life include water, sodium chloride, calcium carbonate, and others. Dmitri Mendeleev created the first periodic table that organized elements according to their properties.
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Water is essential for life on Earth. It covers 71% of the planet's surface, with 96.5% found in oceans. Only 2.5% is freshwater, mostly stored as groundwater or ice. The water cycle describes the continuous movement of water on, above, and below the surface of the Earth. It involves evaporation, vapor rising and condensing into clouds, then falling as precipitation to nourish both land and water.
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A meniscus is the curved surface of liquid in a narrow container. Glass shows a larger meniscus than plastic because water molecules are more strongly attracted to the glass surface. Graduated cylinders account for the meniscus in measurements. Liquid level should be read from the bottom of the meniscus.
Capillary action is caused by two properties - adhesion of water to surfaces and cohesion of water
Properties of Water
Water is a polar molecule that forms hydrogen bonds between its oxygen and hydrogen atoms. These hydrogen bonds give water unique properties including its high boiling and freezing points of 100°C and 0°C respectively at sea level. Water's hydrogen bonding also allows it to have high surface tension and capillary action, which are important for biological functions. The polarity and hydrogen bonding of water molecules make it well-suited to serve as the universal solvent for life and allow it to absorb large amounts of heat, buffering Earth's temperature.
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The document is a unit conversion worksheet that provides conversion factors for common units of measurement and asks students to perform unit conversions for various quantities, showing their work and crossing out cancelled units. It includes conversions between seconds and days, pounds and kilograms, inches and miles, and rates such as miles per hour, feet per second, pounds per week, and gallons per month.
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Elements and Compounds 1
- 1. Elements and Compounds Foundation Science 4 Class Code SC22102
- 2. Matter Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space Is this matter? Is this? Is gas matter?
- 3. The Atom Atom – the basic unit of matter Atom is made of a nucleus and electrons Nucleus is made of protons and neutrons Helium Atom
- 4. The Atom Helium Atom Is this Helium atom matter? YES! Atoms have mass and take up space
- 5. How Small is an Atom??
- 6. Elements Elements – substances that can’t be broken down further Examples of elements: Gold and Oxygen Gold is an element because it can’t be broken down into simpler parts. Gold Atoms Is water an element? NO, water can be broken down into hydrogen and oxygen.
- 7. Periodic Table of Elements There are 118 elements 98 of the elements are natural, the others man-made
- 8. Creation of the Periodic Table Dmitri Mendeleev was a Russian chemist who created the first periodic table in 1869
- 9. How to use a Periodic Table weight Atomic Number is the number of protons Atomic symbol is a short way to write the element Atomic weight is the average mass of the element (protons + neutrons)
- 10. Answer Questions in Notebook 1. 2. 3. 4. Complete the table using a periodic table In your own words, tell me the difference between matter and an atom Is oxygen matter? Is oxygen an element? What is the atomic number of oxygen? How many protons does an atom of Oxygen have? 5. What is the atomic weight of aluminum? 6. What is an element? 7. Who created the first periodic table? What year did he create it? 8. What is the atomic symbol for gold? 9. What is the atomic symbol for iron? 10. If an atom has 16 protons, what type of atom must that be? 11. Are atoms mostly empty space?