Revision 6 O
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The document discusses the structure of atoms including subatomic particles like protons, neutrons, and electrons. It explains how electrons are arranged in shells around the nucleus and how the shells fill up with electrons for different elements. Tables are included showing the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons for elements from hydrogen to calcium.
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Revision 6 O
- 1. Wednesday, 09 October 2013 1
- 2. 2 The process in living organisms of taking in oxygen from the surroundings and giving out carbon dioxide (external respiration). During which energy is released and carbon dioxide produced (internal respiration).
- 3. 3 The Respiratory System includes the nose, mouth, trachea, bronchi, diaphragm, and lungs. Carbon monoxide gas starves the body of oxygen.
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- 12. Atomic Structure
- 13. The structure of the atom ELECTRON – negative, mass nearly nothing PROTON – positive, same mass as neutron (“1”) NEUTRON – neutral, same mass as proton (“1”) The Ancient Greeks used to believe that everything was made up of very small particles. I did some experiments in 1808 that proved this and called these particles ATOMS: Dalton
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- 15. The Atom Nucleus Electron Shell or Orbit
- 16. The Atom Hydrogen Proton Electron Hydrogen has one proton, one electron and NO neutrons
- 17. The Atom Helium ElectronProton Neutron Helium has two electrons, two protons and two neutrons
- 18. Mass and atomic number Particle Relative Mass Relative Charge Proton 1 1 Neutron 1 0 Electron 0 -1 MASS NUMBER = number of protons + number of neutrons SYMBOL PROTON NUMBER = number of protons (obviously)
- 19. The Atom Helium ElectronProton Neutron Helium has two electrons, two protons and two neutrons
- 21. The Atom Beryllium Protons Neutrons Electrons Beryllium has four electrons, four protons and five neutrons.
- 22. The Atom Boron Protons Neutrons Electrons Boron has five electrons, five protons and six neutrons.
- 23. The Atom Carbon Protons Neutrons Electrons Carbon has six electrons, six protons and six neutrons.
- 24. The Atom Nitrogen Protons Neutrons Electrons Nitrogen has seven electrons, seven protons and seven neutrons.
- 25. The Atom Oxygen Protons Neutrons Electrons Oxygen has eight electrons, eight protons and eight neutrons.
- 26. The Atom Fluorine Protons Neutrons Electrons Fluorine has nine electrons, nine protons and ten neutrons.
- 27. The Atom Neon Protons Neutrons Electrons Neon has ten electrons, ten protons and ten neutrons.
- 28. The Atom Sodium Protons Neutrons Electrons Sodium has eleven electrons, eleven protons and twelve neutrons.
- 29. How many protons, neutrons and electrons?
- 30. Mendeleev Periodic table The periodic table arranges all the elements in groups according to their properties. Horizontal rows are called PERIODS Vertical columns are called GROUPS
- 31. How shells fill • The first electron shell can only hold a maximum of two electrons. • The second electron shell can hold a maximum of eight electrons. • The third electron shell can also hold a maximum of eight electrons. • The fourth electron shell can also hold eight electrons.
- 32. H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na M g Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Fe Ni C u Zn Br Kr Ag I Xe Pt A u H g The Periodic Table Fact 3: Most of the elements are metals: These elements are metals This line divides metals from non-metals These elements are non- metals
- 33. Group 1 – The alkali metals Li Na K Rb Cs Fr
- 34. Group 0 – The Noble gases He Ne Ar Kr Xe Rn
- 35. Group 7 – The halogens F Cl Br I At
- 36. The halogens – some reactions1) Halogen + metal: Na + Cl - Na Cl+ 2) Halogen + non-metal: H Cl+ Cl H Halogen + metal ionic salt Halogen + non-metal covalent molecule
- 37. How shells fill • The first electron shell can only hold a maximum of two electrons. • The second electron shell can hold a maximum of eight electrons. • The third electron shell can also hold a maximum of eight electrons. • The fourth electron shell can also hold eight electrons.
- 38. Electron structureConsider an atom of Potassium: Potassium has 19 electrons. These are arranged in shells… Nucleus The inner shell has __ electrons The next shell has __ electrons The next shell has __ electrons The next shell has the remaining __ electron Electron structure = 2,8,8,1
- 39. How the shells fill with electrons Element Shell 1 Shell 2 Shell 3 Shell 4 Hydrogen H 1 electron 0 electron 0 electron 0 electron Helium He 2 electron 0 electron 0 electron 0 electron
- 40. How the shells fill with electrons Element Shell 1 Shell 2 Shell 3 Shell 4 Lithium Li 2 electron 1 electron 0 electron 0 electron Beryllium Be 2 electron 2 electron 0 electron 0 electron
- 41. How the shells fill with electrons Element Shell 1 Shell 2 Shell 3 Shell 4 Boron B 2 electron 3 electron 0 electron 0 electron Carbon C 2 electron 4 electron 0 electron 0 electron
- 42. How the shells fill with electrons Element Shell 1 Shell 2 Shell 3 Shell 4 Nitrogen N 2 electron 5 electron 0 electron 0 electron Oxygen O 2 electron 6 electron 0 electron 0 electron
- 43. How the shells fill with electrons Element Shell 1 Shell 2 Shell 3 Shell 4 Fluorine F 2 electron 7 electron 0 electron 0 electron Neon Ne 2 electron 8 electron 0 electron 0 electron
- 44. How the shells fill with electrons Element Shell 1 Shell 2 Shell 3 Shell 4 Sodium Na 2 electron 8 electron 1 electron 0 electron Magnesium Mg 2 electron 8 electron 2 electron 0 electron
- 45. How the shells fill with electrons Element Shell 1 Shell 2 Shell 3 Shell 4 Aluminium Al 2 electron 8 electron 3 electron 0 electron Silicon Si 2 electron 8 electron 4 electron 0 electron
- 46. How the shells fill with electrons Element Shell 1 Shell 2 Shell 3 Shell 4 Phosphorus P 2 electron 8 electron 5 electron 0 electron Sulphur S 2 electron 8 electron 6 electron 0 electron
- 47. How the shells fill with electrons Element Shell 1 Shell 2 Shell 3 Shell 4 Chlorine Cl 2 electron 8 electron 7 electron 0 electron Argon Ar 2 electron 8 electron 8 electron 0 electron
- 48. How the shells fill with electrons Element Shell 1 Shell 2 Shell 3 Shell 4 Potassium 2 electron 8 electron 8 electron 1 electron Calcium Ca 2 electron 8 electron 8 electron 2 electron
- 49. The First Twenty Elements • Hydrogen 1,0,0,0 • Helium 2,0,0,0 • Lithium 2,1,0,0 • Beryllium 2,2,0,0 • Boron 2,3,0,0 • Carbon 2,4,0,0 • Nitrogen 2,5,0,0
- 50. First 20 Elements continued • Oxygen 2,6,0,0 • Fluorine 2,7,0,0 • Neon 2,8,0,0 • Sodium 2,8,1,0 • Magnesium 2,8,2,0 • Aluminium 2,8,3,0 • Silicon 2,8,4,0
- 51. First 20 Elements continued • Phosphorus 2,8,5,0 • Sulphur 2,8,6,0 • Chlorine 2,8,7,0 • Argon 2,8,8,0 • Potassium 2,8,8,1 • Calcium 2,8,8,2
- 52. Reactions • Sodium and Chlorine react to form • Sodium Chloride. • Iron and Chlorine react to form • Iron Chloride. • 2Na + Cl2 2NaCl. • Fe + Cl2 FeCl2.
- 54. Average vs. Instantaneous speed • Average speed is the distance traveled divided by the time to travel. • Instantaneous speed is the average speed for infinitely small distances and times. TimeTravel Total SpeedAverage CoveredDistance 0)(~AmountTimeMinimalIn CoveredDistance SpeedousInstantene
- 55. “Conversion”
- 56. “Molecular masses” • Calculate molecular masses of the following: • H2SO4 = (1x2) + 32 + (16x4)=2+32+64=98 • CaCO3 = 40+ 12 + (16x3)=40+12+48=100 • NaCl= 23 + 35.5=58.5 • H2O = (1x2) + 16=188 • CO2= 12+ (16x2)=12+32=44 • NaNO3= 23+14 + (16x3)= 23+14+48=85