This document provides an overview of electrophoresis techniques. It defines electrophoresis as the migration of charged particles in an electric field, which allows for separation based on differences in charge-to-size ratios. Several electrophoresis methods are described, including capillary electrophoresis, paper electrophoresis, gel electrophoresis, and SDS-PAGE. Capillary electrophoresis provides high-speed separation of small sample volumes, while SDS-PAGE is used to determine protein molecular weights. Electrophoresis has applications in biochemistry, clinical analysis, environmental analysis and other fields.

1. ELECTROPHORESIS
NIVEDITHA G
1st sem M. Pharm
Dept. of Pharmaceutics
NARGUND COLLEGE OF PHARMACY

2. 2
Contents
 Introduction
 Electrophoretic Separation
 Types of Electrophoresis
 Capillary Electrophoresis
 Paper Electrophoresis
 2D Electrophoresis
 Gel Electrophoresis
 SDS-PAGE

3. 3
Introduction
 Electrophoresis: It is defined as the
migration of particles under the
influence of electric field
 It is a separation method based on the
differential rate of migration of
charged species in a buffer solution
across which a DC current field has
been applied.

4. 4
Introduction Contd…
 Separations are based on differences in
charge-to-size ratio for various analytes
in the sample.
 Larger this ratio, faster the ion migrates
in the electric field

5. 5
Introduction Contd…
 This separation technique was first
developed by the Swedish chemist
Arne Tiselius in 1930s for the study of
serum protein
 Awarded Noble Prize in 1948

6. 6
Electrophoretic Separation
 It is performed by injecting a small
quantity of sample into an aqueous
buffer solution that is contained in a
narrow tube or on a gel.
 A high DC potential is applied across
the length of the buffer by means of pair
of electrodes located at either end of
buffer.

7. 7
Electrophoretic Separation Contd…
 The potential causes ions of the sample
to migrate towards one or the other
electrode.
 Rate of migration depends on its
charge & also on its size
 Separations are based on charge-to-size
ratio.

8. 8
Types of Electrophoresis
 Slab Electrophoresis
 Capillary Electrophoresis
 Paper Electrophoresis
 Gel Electrophoresis
 2D Electrophoresis
 Alternating-field Electrophoresis

9. 9
Types of Electrophoresis Contd..
 Continuous Electrophoresis
 Column Electrophoresis
 Crossing Electrophoresis
 Isotachophoresis
 Isoelectric Focusing
 Zone Electrophoresis
 Immuno Electrophoresis

10. 10
Capillary Electrophoresis (CE)
 It is a high speed, high resolution
separations on exceptionally small
sample volumes (0.1 to 10nL)
 Potentials of 20,000 to 60,000 V are
commonly used in capillary
electrophoresis

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Instrumentation for Capillary
Electrophoresis
 A buffer-filled fused-silica capillary (10
to 100µm in ID & 40 to 100 cm long),
extends between two buffer reservoirs
that also holds platinum electrodes.
 Sample introduction at one end and
detection at the other.

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Sample Introduction
 The most common sample introduction
methods are:
 Electrokinetic Injection and
 Pressure Injection

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Electrokinetic Injection
 One end of capillary & its electrodes are
removed and placed in small cup
containing sample
 potential is applied for measured time

15. 15
Pressure Injection
 Pressure difference is used to drive the
sample and can be done by:
 Applying vacuum at the detector end
 By pressurizing the sample
 By elevating the sample end

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Detection
 Absorption detection
 Indirect Absorbance detection
 Fluorescence detection
 Electrochemical detection
 Mass Spectrometric detection

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Advantages of CE
 High separation efficiency
 Small sample size required (0.1-10 nL)
 Fast separation (1 to 45 min)
 Easy and predictable selectivity
 Automation
 Low operating cost
 Reproducibility
 Couple to mass spectrophotometer

19. 19
Limitations of CE
 Not well suited for determination of
low molecular weight, volatile
compounds
 Not well suited for determination on
nonionic, high molecular weight
polymers
 Not as sensitive as HPLC

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Modes of CE
 Capillary Zone Electrophoresis
 Capillary Gel Electrophoresis
 Capillary Isoelectric Focusing
 Capillary Isotachophoresis

22. 22
Capillary Zone Electrophoresis
 Buffer composition is constant
throughout the separation region.
 Applied potential causes the different
ionic mixture to migrate according to its
mobility to separate into zones

23. Capillary zone electrophoresis. (a) Separation
mechanism showing electrophoretic mobility of the
positive ion (μM+) and negative ion (μM−); N is a
neutral molecule. (b) Migration order of the ions.

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General Uses of CE
 Separation and identification of
 Polar & non-polar
 Some elements, including non-ionic & ionic
compounds,
 Inorganic anions & cations,
 Macromulecules (proteins & oligonucleotides)
 Chiral Compounds

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General Uses of CE Contd..
 Quantitative and qualitative determination
of compounds and some elements in
mixture
 Determination of molecular weights of
large biomolecules and isoelectric points of
proteins
 Used in biochemical, clinical,
environmental, forensic, food and
Pharmaceutical applications

26. 26
Paper electrophoresis
Apparatus for Paper Electrophoresis

27. 27
2D Electrophoresis (2DE)
 A separation is carried out in one direction
for a suitable time and then for an additional
time at right angles to the first separation
 Often isoelectric focusing is combined with
SDS-PAGE in two-dimensional gel
electrophoresis
 Proteins with similar isoelectric points or with
similar molecular weights can be separated
by this method

28. After isoelectric focusing in pH gradient of the
electric field the electrophoretic separation is
used in SDS-PAGE Electrophoresis

29. 29
Gel Electrophoresis (GE)
 Generally performed in a porous gel
polymer matrix
 Pores contains a buffer mixture in
which the separation is carried out
 Most common type of gel used in
electrophoresis is a polyacrylamide
polymer.

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SDS-PAGE
 SDS- Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate
 PAGE- Polyacrylamide Gel
Electrophoresis
 One of the most important
electrophoresis technique used to
measure molecular weights of proteins

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SDS-PAGE Contd…
 SDS is a detergent which denatures
proteins by binding to the hydrophobic
regions
 It coats the linear protein sequence with
the set of SDS molecules.
 The SDS is negatively charged and thus
becomes the dominant charge of the
complex

34. 34
SDS-PAGE Contd…
 Number of SDS molecules that bind is
proportional to size of protein
 Then run through inert polymer,
Polyacrylamide

35. Gel electrophoresis
being set up to run.
Plexiglass housing
holds a slab gel that is
being loaded with a
sample

36. Polyacrylamide Gel
Electrophoresis
Agarose Gel Electrophoresis
Pulsed Field Gel
Electrophoresis
Temperature
Gradient Gel
Electrophoresis

37. 37
References
 Principles of Instrumental Analysis by
Skoog, Holler, Nieman, 5th Edition, 2001,
Page no. 778-792
 Handbook of Instrumental Techniques for
Analytical Chemistry by Frank Settle, 2004
Page No. 165-180
 Paper Chromatography and Electrophoresis
(Vol. I) by Gunter Zweing & John R.
Whitaker, 1967, Page No. 1-46
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