This document discusses various components used in robotics including electric motors, sensors, voltage regulators, and H-bridges. It describes how electric motors convert electrical energy to mechanical energy and lists common types like brushed DC motors, brushless DC motors, stepper motors, and servo motors. Sensors are outlined as playing a key role in robotics by allowing robots to maintain stability, report position/speed, interact with surroundings, distinguish objects, and mimic human senses. Voltage regulators are defined as devices that maintain a constant voltage level and various types are identified. H-bridges are described as circuits for controlling DC motor direction. Potential future applications of robotics discussed include expanded use in industrial, military, medical, and space

2. Karel Capek

5. ROBOT MOTORS
ELECTRIC MOTOR:
An electric motor is an electro chemical
device that converts electrical energy into mechanical
energy.
• Electric motors are driven by DC current.
• They are most commonly used in hobbyist robot
applications.
TYPES OF MOTORS:
1. Brushed DC motors:
• Motor controller is used to rotate the motor in two
directions.
• It is quite expensive.
• Pulse-width modulation.
• Gear reducer is used to reduce speed and increase
torque

6. 2. Brushless DC motors:
•Electronic speed control unit is used.
•Still, these are widely used in RC community because they
offer greater reliability, torque and have other good
characteristics.
3. Stepper motors:
•Magnetic poles on stator.
•Provide current to the coils at a predefined sequence.
•Special stepper motor controller.

7. 4. Servo motors:
•Servo motors are integrated with control system.
•They include other types of motors such as pneumatic or
hydraulic as long as the feedback system is present in
provide positioning.
•Pulse width modulation.
•Used to construct robot arms.

8. ROBOTIC ARM:
•Robotic arm is a robotic manipulator, usually
programmable with similar functions to a human
arm.
•Servo motor is used for joint rotation.
•We can control arm through computer interface.

9. SALIENT FEATURES OF A ROBOTIC ARM.
•Five servos which are controlled through only one
microcontroller ATMEGA16.
•Used to grab things in the hemisphere of 50cm.
•It is user friendly.
•It can lift objects weighing 200gms and above.
•To keep the design of robotic arm gripper simple, and
implementing the gripping mechanism without gears with
one servo motor.

12. PRESSURE SENSORS
• pressure sensors
measures pressure

14. DESIRABLE FEATURES OF SENSORS
 Accuracy
 Precision
 Operating range
 Speed of response
 Calibration
 Reliability
 Ease of operation
 Cost

15. What is the role played by sensors in
robotics?
•To maintain its stability and orientation.
•Report position and speed.
•Interaction with
surroundings.
•Distinction of objects.
•To mimic sensory abilities
of humans.

20. VOLTAGE REGULATION
 What is a voltage regulator?
A device designed to automatically maintain constant
voltage level.
TYPES OF VOLTAGE REGULATORS
1) Electronic voltage regulators.
2) Electrochemical regulators.
3) Coil-rotation AC voltage regulator.
4) Active regulators- linear, switching and
SCR.

21. 1. Electronic-
A simple voltage can be made
from a resistor in series with
diodes.
2. Coil-rotation AC-
Basic design principle

22. 1. Linear regulators-
These regulators comprise of
devices that operate in their
linear region.
2. Switching regulators-
They rapidly switch a series
device on and off.

23. FUNCTIONS OF VOLTAGE REGULATORS
Passive voltage regulators.
Active voltage regulators.
AC voltage stabilization.
DC voltage stabilization.
Coil rotation AC voltage regulators.

24. H-BRIDGES:
•A circuit for driving DC motors
is called H-bridge.
•The great ability of a H-bridge circuit is that
the motor can be driven forward or backward at
any speed. `

25. POWER REGULATION
• Supply a minimum required amount of power
POWER=VOLTAGE*CURRENT
• Capacitor is used to store large quantities of
energy.

26. FUTURE OF ROBOTICS
•Industrial robots.
•Military and police organizations.
•Surgical robots.
•100% automated factories.
•Robot astronauts.