The document summarizes key components of a mobile robot including locomotion systems, power supplies, actuators, sensors, and control systems. It describes specific sensors like light dependent resistors and comparators that provide feedback. It also discusses actuators like DC motors and how their speed and direction can be controlled through H-bridge circuits and pulse width modulation.

1. Third Fresher’s Workshop

2. Basic Parts Of A Mobile Robot Locomotion system Power supply system Actuators Sensory devices for feedback Sensor Data processing unit Control system

4. Potentiometer

5. Capacitors

6. IR LED

7. LED: an inner view

8. Diode

9. Current Flow in a Diode

10. Multimeter

11. POWER SUPPLY (RECTIFIER CIRCUIT)

12. IC7805/ IC7812 1 - Input 2 - Ground 3 - Output

13. THE RECTIFIER CIRCUIT

14. USES OF RECTIFIER CIRCUIT To convert Alternating Current to Direct Current. We get Alternating Current as Power Supply in our homes, but electronic components in robots use Direct Current.

15. STEPS OF CONVERTING AC TO DC First the Transformer, converts 220V AC to 12V AC. The Diodes rectify the current in a single direction. The Capacitor then normalizes the current. The little distortions are further rectified by the IC7805.

16. End Actuators They convert the electrical energy into meaningful mechanical work Mechanical output can be rotational or linear (straight line) Motors provide rotational motion Electromagnets provide linear motion

17. Motors are of various kinds AC Motors : Not used much in robotics Stepper Motors : For controlled rotation DC Motors : Finds extensive general use Servo Motors : DC motor with in built feedback & error compensation

18. DC Motors As the name suggests, a motor which uses a DC (Direct Current) power Can run in both directions Speed Controllable

19. DC Motor Working Direction of rotation controlled by polarity of current / voltage Speed of rotation controlled by average energy (power) fed to the motor

20. DC Motor Specifications Operating Voltage : Recommended voltage for powering the motor Operating Current : Current drawn at a certain load on the shaft Stall Current : Maximum current drawn, when motor not allowed to rotate Stall Torque : Rotation force needed to hold the motor in stall condition

21. DC Motor Characteristics Free running torque & current are ideally zero Increased load implies, increased torque, current drawn & power consumption Power supplied by a motor is the product of output shaft’s rotational velocity & torque DC Motors are high–speed, low-torque devices Using gears, the high speed of the motor is traded off into torque

22. DC Motor Characteristics Zero speed at maximum load (stall torque) Highest speed while free running (zero load) Highest power at half speed & half load

23. DC Motor Drivers These are current amplifying circuits A low current control signal is converted into a proportionally higher current signal that can drive the motor Power Transistors can switch high currents. The ICmax is usually of the order of Amps as compared to small signal transistors which have ICmax in mA

24. DC Motor Direction Control H – Bridge Circuit Diagram S 1 S 3 S 2 S 4 M 1 2 V CC

25. H – Bridge Working

26. Electronic Direction Control H – Bridge Circuit Diagram

27. Sensors Analogous to human sensory organs Eyes, ears, nose, tongue, skin Sensors help the robot knowing its surroundings better Improves its actions and decision making ability Provides feedback control

28. LDR - Light Dependent Resistor Made of cadmium sulphide Resistance between two terminals vary depending on the intensity of light Can be used to differentiate contrast colours

29. Comparator

30. Light Sensing Module using LED-LDR combination Sensor Interfacing

31. Bump Detector Module

32. An Example - Line Follower A line follower is a robot capable of tracking a line drawn on a surface Optical sensors capture the line position at the front end of the robot The robot is steered to keep it always over the line

33. Block Layout of Line Follower

34. Line Following Algorithm All the sensors are assigned some weight such as Sensor 1 = a1 = 3 Sensor 2 = a2 = 2 Sensor 3 = a3 = 1 Sensor 4 = a4 = -1 Sensor 5 = a5 = -2 Sensor 6 = a6 = -3

35. DC Motor Speed Control Circuit Input is the operating voltage & control signal Output is a part of the operating voltage depending upon the control signal

36. DC Motor Speed Control Cont… Controlling the current by passing it through a variable resistor is not advisable as it is extremely energy inefficient A trick is done to achieve reduced average power Power is supplied to the motor in short intermittent bursts, as explained further

37. Duty Cycle Fundamentals

38. Duty Cycle Contd… The time period (τ) is the duration after the voltage waveform repeats itself Duty Cycle is the % time of τ, the voltage is equal to the operating voltage The average voltage is equal to the ‘Duty Cycle’ % of the Operating Voltage

39. Pulse Width Modulation PWM is a technique using which we can modify the duty cycle of a waveform depending upon an input control voltage This forms the backbone of our speed control circuit It can be easily implemented using the popular multipurpose IC 555, used widely for hobby electronics

40. L293D – Pin Diagram

41. THANK YOU