Permanent Magnet Synchronous motor (PMSM) or Permanent Magnet AC motor:
Introduction to PMSM motor.
Types of PMSM Motor.
Mathematical modelling of PMSM motor.
Advantages and dis Advantages of PMSM motor
Stepper Motor Basics and Types with different modes of operation
1. Basics of stepper motor
2. step angle
3. types
4. Variable reluctance stepper motor
5. 1-phase-on mode
6. 2-phase-on mode
7. half step mode
8. PM stepper motor
9. Hybrid Stepper Motor
10. Application
Permanent Magnet Synchronous motor (PMSM) or Permanent Magnet AC motor:
Introduction to PMSM motor.
Types of PMSM Motor.
Mathematical modelling of PMSM motor.
Advantages and dis Advantages of PMSM motor
Stepper Motor Basics and Types with different modes of operation
1. Basics of stepper motor
2. step angle
3. types
4. Variable reluctance stepper motor
5. 1-phase-on mode
6. 2-phase-on mode
7. half step mode
8. PM stepper motor
9. Hybrid Stepper Motor
10. Application
A synchronous motor is electrically identical with an alternator or AC generator.
A given alternator ( or synchronous machine) can be used as a motor, when driven electrically.
Some characteristic features of a synchronous motor are as follows:
1. It runs either at synchronous speed or not at all i.e. while running it maintains a constant speed. The only way to change its speed is to vary the supply frequency (because NS=120f/P).
2. It is not inherently self-starting. It has to be run up to synchronous (or near synchronous) speed by some means, before it can be synchronized to the supply.
3. It is capable of being operated under a wide range of power factors, both lagging and leading. Hence, it can be used for power correction purposes, in addition to supplying torque to drive loads.
In this slide given description about different Type of Single phase induction Motor.
i.e.Capacitor start motor
Permanent capacitor motor
Capacitor start capacitor run motor
Torque Production & Control of Speed in Synchronous Motor.
Speed of synchronous motors can be controlled using two methods called open loop and close loop control.
Open loop contol is the simplest scalar control method where motor speed is controlled by independent frequency control of the converter.
In case of close loop self control mode, instead of controlling the inverter frequency independentaly, the frequency and the phase of the output waveform are controlled by an absolute position encoder mounted on the machine shaft giving an account of position of the rotor.
This ppt shows the modelling and simulation of permanent magnet synchronous motor by using torque control method.
And this is the most advanced and soffestigated method to control the pmsm motors.
The project focuses on the harmonic analysis of transformer during the switching transient period. Measuring fundamental and second harmonics of differential current, an algorithm based on the Discrete Fourier Transform and an amplitude estimator are used to simulate and list various harmonic components of current and flux. Generalized functions for describing the relationships between resultant flux and harmonic components are derived. This is important to find these relations for further use in detecting non-linearity and elimination of harmonic components.
Design factors; Limitations; Modern trends; Electrical
Engineering Materials; Space factor; Choice of Specific
Electric and Magnetic loadings; Thermal Considerations;
Heat flow; Temperature rise; Insulating Materials; Properties;
Rating of Machines; Various Standard Specifications ;
Apprenticeship and traineeship programs at skills tech australiaskills tech
SkillsTech Australia is Queensland's largest TAFE institute dedicated to trade and technician training in automotive, building and construction, electrotechnology, manufacturing and engineering, sustainable technologies and water, mining, gas and resources.
A synchronous motor is electrically identical with an alternator or AC generator.
A given alternator ( or synchronous machine) can be used as a motor, when driven electrically.
Some characteristic features of a synchronous motor are as follows:
1. It runs either at synchronous speed or not at all i.e. while running it maintains a constant speed. The only way to change its speed is to vary the supply frequency (because NS=120f/P).
2. It is not inherently self-starting. It has to be run up to synchronous (or near synchronous) speed by some means, before it can be synchronized to the supply.
3. It is capable of being operated under a wide range of power factors, both lagging and leading. Hence, it can be used for power correction purposes, in addition to supplying torque to drive loads.
In this slide given description about different Type of Single phase induction Motor.
i.e.Capacitor start motor
Permanent capacitor motor
Capacitor start capacitor run motor
Torque Production & Control of Speed in Synchronous Motor.
Speed of synchronous motors can be controlled using two methods called open loop and close loop control.
Open loop contol is the simplest scalar control method where motor speed is controlled by independent frequency control of the converter.
In case of close loop self control mode, instead of controlling the inverter frequency independentaly, the frequency and the phase of the output waveform are controlled by an absolute position encoder mounted on the machine shaft giving an account of position of the rotor.
This ppt shows the modelling and simulation of permanent magnet synchronous motor by using torque control method.
And this is the most advanced and soffestigated method to control the pmsm motors.
The project focuses on the harmonic analysis of transformer during the switching transient period. Measuring fundamental and second harmonics of differential current, an algorithm based on the Discrete Fourier Transform and an amplitude estimator are used to simulate and list various harmonic components of current and flux. Generalized functions for describing the relationships between resultant flux and harmonic components are derived. This is important to find these relations for further use in detecting non-linearity and elimination of harmonic components.
Design factors; Limitations; Modern trends; Electrical
Engineering Materials; Space factor; Choice of Specific
Electric and Magnetic loadings; Thermal Considerations;
Heat flow; Temperature rise; Insulating Materials; Properties;
Rating of Machines; Various Standard Specifications ;
Apprenticeship and traineeship programs at skills tech australiaskills tech
SkillsTech Australia is Queensland's largest TAFE institute dedicated to trade and technician training in automotive, building and construction, electrotechnology, manufacturing and engineering, sustainable technologies and water, mining, gas and resources.
Tutorial: Data Management in PowerFactory. This tutorial describes how data management is used in PowerFactory: Version, Derived Projects, Operation Scenarios
An induction is an AC electric motor in which the electric current in the rotor needed to produce torque is obtained by electromagnetic induction from the magnetic field of the stator winding. An induction motor therefore does not require mechanical commutation, separate-excitation or self-excitation for all or part of the energy transferred from stator to rotor, as in universal, DC and large synchronous motors. An induction motor's rotor can be either wound type or squirrel-cage type.
WORKSHOP: Frequency Control Schemes and Frequency Response of Power Systems c...Francisco Gonzalez-Longatt
The frequency of a power system depends on real power balance: generation-demand. During the normal operation of a power system, the frequency is regulated within strict limits by adjusting the electrical supply to meet the demand. If the balance between generation and demand is not reached, the system frequency will change at a rate initially determinate by the total system inertia. The total system inertia comprises the combined inertia of most of spinning generation and load connected to the power system. The contribution of the system inertia of one load or generator depend if the system frequency causes change in its rotational speed and, then, its kinetic energy. Worldwide, electricity generation from renewable energy is increasing rapidly; it is especially true in terms of the increasing of the wind power penetration. This situation arise some issues regarding the system frequency control because wind turbines provide small or even none response to frequency changes. Power electronically controlled and/or power electronically connected generators such as DFIG and FPC wind turbines do not naturally provide inertia response. However inertia response can be emulated by adding a supplementary control signal proportional to the rate of change of frequency, this is named the Synthetic or Artificial Inertia. This approach imposes some challenges about control and protection systems. This workshop is designed to provide a general understanding of the frequency control schemes and frequency response of power systems with the integration of wind power penetration.
Seminar: Modelling Renewables Resources
and Storage in PowerFactory V15.2
This is a very simple seminar designed to present a general overview of the modelling renewables (Wind and PV) and storage (Batteries) in PowerFactory. This is not a 2 day training, it is a simple 90 minutes presentations. I hope you enjoy it.
Tugas Teknik Tenaga Listrik membuat presentasi tentang generator ac yang berisi prinsip, jenis, karakteristik, rugi-rugi, dan paralel generator ac.
Oleh :
Nama : Lukman Sukmana Nugraha
NIM : 1310502003
Jurusan : S1 Teknik Mesin
Dosen Pengampu : Bapak Suryoto Edi Raharjo, S.T., M.Eng.
Instansi : Universitas Tidar Magelang
An alternator is an electrical generator that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy in the form of alternating current. For reasons of cost and simplicity, most alternators use a rotating magnetic field with a stationary armature.
Learned how to convert R&D results into a working Prototype. The PhD program was supported by a U.K. SME Industrial Scholarship from Wolf Safety Lamp Co, Sheffield to develop a Portable High Speed Turbo Generator from 55 Watts to 250 Watts within the same packaging. Starting from magnetic materials of Alnico until Rare Earth Samarium Cobalt with different Rotor Design configurations at TRL3. This project was to develop a full scale TRL5 prototype suitable for the product development launch of the Turbolite Model. The design required the development of an Efficient Electric Power Generator Model, a 2 Dimensional Magnetic Field Finite Element Method (FEM) Model from Maxwell' s Equation with Numerical Methods using Fortran IV and Development of over speed protection electronic techniques. The project was successful launched into a full scale product model by the company. In their website, it is mentioned that that product help the company to grow into an international business.
The total system inertia (H) is the primary source of electricity system robustness to frequency disturbances which arise due to an imbalance of generation and demand. The traditional large synchronous generators directly connected to the grid are the main sources of inertia, and they play an important role in limiting rate of change of frequency (ROCOF) and provide a natural response to the system frequency changes following an unscheduled loss of generation or demand from the power system.
The transition to a low carbon society is the driving force pushing the traditional power system to increase the volume of non-synchronous technologies which mainly use power converters (PCs) as an interface to the power network. The PCs decoupled the primary source from the power network, as a consequence are not able to contribute with “natural” inertia in the same way as classical synchronous generators. During a system frequency disturbance (SFD), the system frequency will change at a rate initially determined by the total system inertia (H). The inertial response of the system might be negatively affected with devastating consequences for system security and reliability.
The objective of this seminar is to present the fundamental aspects about system Frequency Control in Low Inertia Systems.
This seminar has special emphasis on non-synchronous technologies, mainly using power converters (PCs): (a) High Voltage DC (HVDC) and (b) Wind Power Integration and considers the implications on frequency control.
The total system inertia (H) is the primary source of electricity system robustness to frequency disturbances which arise due to an imbalance of generation and demand. The traditional large synchronous generators directly connected to the grid are the main sources of inertia, and they play an important role in limiting rate of change of frequency (ROCOF) and provide a natural response to the system frequency changes following an unscheduled loss of generation or demand from the power system.
The transition to a low carbon society is the driving force pushing the traditional power system to increase the volume of non-synchronous technologies which mainly use power converters (PCs) as an interface to the power network. The PCs decoupled the primary source from the power network, as a consequence are not able to contribute with “natural” inertia in the same way as classical synchronous generators. During a system frequency disturbance (SFD), the system frequency will change at a rate initially determined by the total system inertia (H). The inertial response of the system might be negatively affected with devastating consequences for system security and reliability.
The objective of this seminar is to present the fundamental aspects about system Frequency Control in Low Inertia Systems.
This seminar has special emphasis on non-synchronous technologies, mainly using power converters (PCs): (a) High Voltage DC (HVDC) and (b) Wind Power Integration and considers the implications on frequency control.
The total system inertia (H) is the primary source of electricity system robustness to frequency disturbances which arise due to an imbalance of generation and demand. The traditional large synchronous generators directly connected to the grid are the main sources of inertia, and they play an important role in limiting rate of change of frequency (ROCOF) and provide a natural response to the system frequency changes following an unscheduled loss of generation or demand from the power system.
The transition to a low carbon society is the driving force pushing the traditional power system to increase the volume of non-synchronous technologies which mainly use power converters (PCs) as an interface to the power network. The PCs decoupled the primary source from the power network, as a consequence are not able to contribute with “natural” inertia in the same way as classical synchronous generators. During a system frequency disturbance (SFD), the system frequency will change at a rate initially determined by the total system inertia (H). The inertial response of the system might be negatively affected with devastating consequences for system security and reliability.
The objective of this seminar is to present the fundamental aspects about system Frequency Control in Low Inertia Systems.
This seminar has special emphasis on non-synchronous technologies, mainly using power converters (PCs): (a) High Voltage DC (HVDC) and (b) Wind Power Integration and considers the implications on frequency control
The total system inertia (H) is the primary source of electricity system robustness to frequency disturbances which arise due to an imbalance of generation and demand. The traditional large synchronous generators directly connected to the grid are the main sources of inertia, and they play an important role in limiting rate of change of frequency (ROCOF) and provide a natural response to the system frequency changes following an unscheduled loss of generation or demand from the power system.
The transition to a low carbon society is the driving force pushing the traditional power system to increase the volume of non-synchronous technologies which mainly use power converters (PCs) as an interface to the power network. The PCs decoupled the primary source from the power network, as a consequence are not able to contribute with “natural” inertia in the same way as classical synchronous generators. During a system frequency disturbance (SFD), the system frequency will change at a rate initially determined by the total system inertia (H). The inertial response of the system might be negatively affected with devastating consequences for system security and reliability.
The objective of this seminar is to present the fundamental aspects about system Frequency Control in Low Inertia Systems.
This seminar has special emphasis on non-synchronous technologies, mainly using power converters (PCs): (a) High Voltage DC (HVDC) and (b) Wind Power Integration and considers the implications on frequency control.
During the normal operation of a power system, the frequency is regulated within strict limits by adjusting the electrical supply to meet the demand. If the balance between generation and demand is not reached, the system frequency will change at a rate initially determinate by the total system inertia. The total system inertia comprises the combined inertia of most of spinning generation and load connected to the power system. The contribution of the system inertia of one load or generator depend if the system frequency causes change in its rotational speed and, then, its kinetic energy. Worldwide, electricity generation from renewable energy is increasing rapidly; it is especially true in terms of the increasing of the wind power penetration. This situation arises some issues regarding the system frequency control because wind turbines provide small or even none response to frequency changes. Power electronically controlled and/or power electronically connected generators such as DFIG and FPC wind turbines do not naturally provide inertia response. However, inertia response can be emulated by adding a supplementary control signal proportional to the rate of change of frequency, this is named the Synthetic or Artificial Inertia. This approach imposes some challenges about control and protection systems. This workshop is designed to provide a general understanding of the frequency control schemes and frequency response of power systems with the integration of wind power penetration.
Content:
Basic PowerFactory Concepts
Overview of System Analysis Functions
Dynamic Modelling with PowerFactory
Types of Wind Turbines Technologies
WTG Models for Load Flow and Short Circuit Calculation
Global “Templates” library
WTG Models for Dynamic Simulation
Fully Rated WTG Template
PV and Battery Energy Storing System (BESS)
The Book…
Modelación y Simulación de Sistemas de Potencia Empleando DIgSILENT PowerFact...Francisco Gonzalez-Longatt
Los participantes en este entrenamiento disfrutarán de una experiencia de aprendizaje única, en la cual se presenta una introducción exhaustiva e integral de las funciones básicas de software DIgSILENT PowerFactory.
El participante de este entrenamiento obtendrá una visión completa de las principales funcionalidades del programa de DIgSILENT PowerFactory.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...
ELB044 Lecture 18. Introduction to Induction Machines
1. Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt 1/41ELB044 Electrotechnology
ELB044 Electrotechnology
Lecture 18
Induction Machines
Dr Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt
f.gonzalez-longatt@lboro.ac.uk
http://www.fglongatt.org
2. Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt 2/41ELB044 Electrotechnology
Agenda
• Lecture Outline
– Lesson Opening
– Objectives
– Rotating Magnetic Field
– Induction Machine
– Questions and Answers
– Lesson closing and summary
3. Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt 3/41ELB044 Electrotechnology
Lesson Opening
Electrical Machines
Rotating Machines Transformers (static machines)
AC MachinesDC Machines
Operation Mode:
• Generator
• Motor
Separately Excited
Series
Shunt or Parallel
Compounds: Series+Parallel
Synchronous
Machines
Operation Mode:
• Generator
• Motor
Asynchronous
Machines or
Induction
Machines
Squirrel-Cage
Wound Rotor
Cylindrical Rotor
Salient Pole Rotor
Today’s
Lesson
Last Week Lesson
Why???
4. Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt 4/41ELB044 Electrotechnology
ELB044 Electrotechnology
General objective
Understand the most basic structure of
induction machine and to generation of
rotating magnetic field produced due to three
coils using AC current
5. Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt 5/41ELB044 Electrotechnology
ELB044 Electrotechnology
Specific Objectives
1) Identify the main components of induction
machine.
(2) Recognize the generation of rotating magnetic
field produced due to three coils using AC current
6. Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt 6/41ELB044 Electrotechnology
ELB044 Electrotechnology
An Introduction to
Induction Machines (IM)
How does it work…
7. Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt 7/41ELB044 Electrotechnology
How does it work…
Asynchronous Induction Motor. How does it work.avi. Category: Education, Licence: Standard YouTube Licence
Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N8LUOTQKXlk
8. Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt 8/41ELB044 Electrotechnology
ELB044 Electrotechnology
Structure of an Induction
Machine
9. Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt 9/41ELB044 Electrotechnology
Stator and Rotor
• Every induction machine (motor or generator) has
two main parts:
• Rotating part (rotor) and
• Stationary part (stator).
Stator
Rotor
Machine Shaft
Schematic Diagram
Physical Structure
10. Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt 10/41ELB044 Electrotechnology
Additional Components
• Additional components with specific uses.
Steel
Frame
11. Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt 11/41ELB044 Electrotechnology
Stator
• A stationary stator:
– Consisting of a steel frame that supports a hollow,
cylindrical core.
– Core, constructed from stacked laminations, having a
number of evenly spaced slots, providing the space for
the stator winding.
12. Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt 12/41ELB044 Electrotechnology
Rotor
• A Revolving Rotor:
– Composed of punched laminations, stacked to create a
series of rotor slots, providing space for the rotor
winding.
Single Cage Rotor Wounded Rotor
13. Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt 13/41ELB044 Electrotechnology
Rotor Winding
• One of two types of rotor windings.
– Conventional 3-phase windings made of insulated wire
(wound-rotor) similar to the winding on the stator.
– Aluminum bus bars shorted together at the ends by two
aluminum rings, forming a squirrel-cage shaped
circuit (squirrel-cage).
Welds at all
joints
Shaft
Iron Core
Cooper or aluminium bars
Welds holding copper or
aluminium bars to end
ring
Aluminiu
m or
copper end
rings
Rotor Core
Rotor
winding
Slip rings
Ball bearings
Cooling Fan
Ball bearings
Squirrel Cage
Rotor
Wound Rotor
14. Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt 14/41ELB044 Electrotechnology
ELB044 Electrotechnology
Rotating Magnetic Field
15. Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt 15/41ELB044 Electrotechnology
The Rotating Magnetic Field
• The basic idea of an electric machine is to
generate two magnetic fields:
– Rotor magnetic field (Br) and
– Stator magnetic field (Bs) and make the
stator field rotating.
rB
b
'
a
'
c
a
'
b
c sB
This Section presents the
fundamentals behind the
stator magnetic field a
rotating magnetic field
16. Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt 16/41ELB044 Electrotechnology
Single Coil (1/2)
• Single coil AA’:
➀
➁
➂
➀ ➁ ➂
'( ) sinAA Mi t I t
' 0AA RMSI I
Time domain Representation
Phasor domain Representation
'( )AAi t
'( )AAB t
The dark green plot in the phase diagrams is the resulting relative
magnitude of the magnetic field created by the sine wave source
currents. Within the vector plots, the red ball represents the time
position and the dashed black vector is the resultant vector when the
phases are added togetherSouce: ACRotatingMagneticFieldPrinciple.cdf
17. Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt 17/41ELB044 Electrotechnology
Single Coil (2/2)
Magnetic flux
density (BAA’)
is fixed in the
space and
changing
magnitude and
direction
Souce: ACRotatingMagneticFieldPrinciple.cdf
"AC Rotating Magnetic Field Principle"
from the Wolfram Demonstrations
Project http://demonstrations.wolfram.co
m/ACRotatingMagneticFieldPrinciple/
18. Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt 18/41ELB044 Electrotechnology
Two Coils (1/2)
• Two coils AA’ and BB’:
➀ ➁ ➂
'
'
( ) sin
( ) sin 90
AA M
BB M
i t I t
i t I t
'
'
0
90
AA RMS
BB RMS
I I
I I
Time domain Representation
Phasor domain Representation
'( )AAi t
( )sB t
The dark green plot in the phase diagrams is the resulting relative
magnitude of the magnetic field created by the sine wave source
currents. Within the vector plots, the red ball represents the time
position and the dashed black vector is the resultant vector when the
phases are added togetherSouce: ACRotatingMagneticFieldPrinciple.cdf
➀
➁➂
'( )BBi t
sB
'AAB
'BBB
19. Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt 19/41ELB044 Electrotechnology
Two Coils (2/2)
Two magnetic flux
density (BAA’ and
BBB’) are fixed in
the space and
changing
magnitude and
direction
Souce: ACRotatingMagneticFieldPrinciple.cdf
Total magnetic flux
density in the
stator (BS) is
rotating and
constant
amplitude
"AC Rotating Magnetic Field Principle"
from the Wolfram Demonstrations
Project http://demonstrations.wolfram.co
m/ACRotatingMagneticFieldPrinciple/
20. Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt 20/41ELB044 Electrotechnology
Three Coils (1/2)
• Three coils AA’, BB’, and CC’:
➀ ➁ ➂
'
'
'
( ) sin
( ) sin 120
( ) sin 120
AA M
BB M
CC M
i t I t
i t I t
i t I t
'
'
'
0
120
120
AA RMS
BB RMS
CC RMS
I I
I I
I I
Time domain Representation
Phasor domain Representation
( )sB t
The dark green plot in the phase diagrams is the resulting relative
magnitude of the magnetic field created by the sine wave source
currents. Within the vector plots, the red ball represents the time
position and the dashed black vector is the resultant vector when the
phases are added togetherSouce: ACRotatingMagneticFieldPrinciple.cdf
➀
➁➂
'( )BBi t
sB
'AAB
'BBB
'CCB
'BBB
'( )CCi t
'( )AAi t
21. Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt 21/41ELB044 Electrotechnology
Three Coils (2/2)
Three magnetic
flux density (BAA’
BBB’ and BCC’) are
fixed in the space
and changing
magnitude and
direction
Souce: ACRotatingMagneticFieldPrinciple.cdf
Total magnetic flux
density in the
stator (BS) is
rotating and
constant
amplitude
"AC Rotating Magnetic Field Principle"
from the Wolfram Demonstrations
Project http://demonstrations.wolfram.co
m/ACRotatingMagneticFieldPrinciple/
22. Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt 22/41ELB044 Electrotechnology
The Rotating Magnetic Field (1/6)
• Simple stator made of three pairs of coils around
iron pole pieces.
Iron Pole
Pieces
Phase connections
A’
A
B
B’
C
C’
Iron
Stator
Ring
Phase
Coils
Current enters coil
A and leaves coils
A’
Magnetic flux set
up in coils with
North Pole at the
bottom and South
Pole at the top
23. Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt 23/41ELB044 Electrotechnology
The Rotating Magnetic Field (2/6)
• Changing which coils are energised alters
direction of magnetic flux
AA’ energised CC’ energised BB’ energised
N
S
C
B’
C’
A
B
A’
C
B’
C’
A
B
A’
C
B’
C’
A
B
A’
24. Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt 24/41ELB044 Electrotechnology
The Rotating Magnetic Field (3/6)
• Energizing two sets of coils together in sequence
•
• Compass settles half way between poles
25. Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt 25/41ELB044 Electrotechnology
The Rotating Magnetic Field (4/6)
• Sequence produces one complete rotation of the
magnetic field
➀ CC’ & B’B
➁ AA’ & B’B
➂ AA’ & C’C
➃ BB’ & C’C
➄ BB’ & A’A
➅ CC’ & A’A
➆ CC’ & B’B
26. Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt 26/41ELB044 Electrotechnology
The Rotating Magnetic Field (5/6)
• Three-Phase supply provides the correct sequence
for stator coils
➀ CC’ & B’B
➁ AA’ & B’B
➂ AA’ & C’C
➃ BB’ & C’C
➄ BB’ & A’A
➅ CC’ & A’A
➆ CC’ & B’B0AI
0AI
0CI
0CI
0BI
0BI
27. Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt 27/41ELB044 Electrotechnology
The Rotating Magnetic Field (6/6)
• Three-Phase supply provides the correct sequence
for stator coils
➀ CC’ & B’B
➁ AA’ & B’B
➂ AA’ & C’C
➃ BB’ & C’C
➄ BB’ & A’A
➅ CC’ & A’A
➆ CC’ & B’B
0AI
0AI
0CI
0CI
0BI
0BI
0AI
0AI
28. Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt 28/41ELB044 Electrotechnology
Animation
http://www.ece.umn.edu/users/riaz/animations/spacevecmovie.html
29. Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt 29/41ELB044 Electrotechnology
Rotational Speed (1/4)
• Relationship between electrical frequency
and speed of field rotation
• The stator rotating magnetic (BS) field can be
represented as a north pole and a south pole.
a’
b
c’
a
b’
c
ω
N
ω
S
SB
ω
These magnetic poles
complete one
mechanical rotation
around the stator
surface for each
electrical cycle of
current.
N S
30. Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt 30/41ELB044 Electrotechnology
Rotational Speed (2/4)
• The mechanical speed of rotation of the magnetic
field equals to the electrical frequency (Two Pole
Machine) a’
b
c’
a
b’
c
ω
N
ω
S
SB
ω[ ] [ ] mf Hz f rps
[ ] [ ]
sec sec
e m
rad rad
Two
Poles
Machine N S
31. Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt 31/41ELB044 Electrotechnology
Rotational Speed (3/4)
• What if 3 additional windings will be added? The
new sequence will be: a-c’-b-a’-c-b’-a-c’-b-a’-c-b’ and, when
3-phase current is applied to the stator, two north poles
and two south poles will be produced.
In this winding, a pole moves only halfway around the
stator. 2a
'
1b
1c
'
1a
1b
'
2c
1a
'
2b
2c
'
2a
2b
'
1ca’
b
c’
a
b’
c
One south Pole
One North Pole
Two south Pole
Two North Pole
32. Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt 32/41ELB044 Electrotechnology
Rotational Speed (4/4)
• The relationship between the electrical angle e
(current’s phase change) and the mechanical angle m
(at which the magnetic field rotates) in this situation is:
• Therefore, for a four-pole stator:
2a
'
1b
1c
'
1a
1b
'
2c
1a
'
2b
2c
'
2a
2b
'
1c
mB B
B B
S
S N
N
m
m
m
2e m
[ ] [ ] mf Hz f rps
[ ] [ ]
sec sec
e m
rad rad
Four
Poles
Machine
33. Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt 33/41ELB044 Electrotechnology
Rotational Speed: General Case
• Relationship between electrical frequency
and speed of field rotation:
- For an AC machine with Npoles in its stator:
- Relating the electrical frequency to the machine
speed in rpm:
2
poles
e m
N
2
poles
m
N
f f
2
poles
e m
N
120
polesN
f n
34. Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt 34/41ELB044 Electrotechnology
Rotational Speed: General Case
• A rotating magnetic field with constant
magnitude is produced, rotating with a speed.
Npoles 50 Hz 60 Hz
2 3000 3600
4 1500 1800
6 1000 1200
8 750 900
10 600 720
12 500 600
120 e
sync
poles
f
n rpm
N
35. Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt 35/41ELB044 Electrotechnology
ELB044 Electrotechnology
Example
Demonstrative example of rotational magnetic field
36. Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt 36/41ELB044 Electrotechnology
Example:
• What is the frequency (f) of a four-pole alternator
operating at a speed of n = 1500 rpm?
• Applying the mathematical definition for the
frequency on AC machine:
where Npoles = 4 and mec = 1500 rpm, then
4 1500
120
f 120
polesN
f n 50f Hz
120
poles
e
N
f n
50f HzAnswer
37. Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt 37/41ELB044 Electrotechnology
ELB044 Electrotechnology
Closure and Summary
38. Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt 38/41ELB044 Electrotechnology
Induction Machines
• Basic structure
• How does it work…
Rotor
Stator
Faraday's law of induction
Stator created a
rotating magnetic field
39. Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt 39/41ELB044 Electrotechnology
ELB044 Electrotechnology
Suggested Readings
40. Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt 40/41ELB044 Electrotechnology
Suggested Readings
• S. J. Chapman, Electric machinery fundamentals,
4th Edition. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Higher
Education, 2005. Chapter 7.
• A. E. Fitzgerald, C. Kingsley, and S. D. Umans,
Electric machinery, 6th Edition. Boston, Mass.:
McGraw-Hill, 2003. Chapter 6.
• I. L. Kosow, Electric Machinery and Transformers,
2nd Edition: Prentice Hall, 2007. Chapter 9.
41. Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt 41/41ELB044 Electrotechnology
ELB044 Electrotechnology
Any Question?
Lecture 18
Induction Machines
Dr Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt
f.gonzalez-longatt@lboro.ac.uk
http://www.fglongatt.org