This document describes a field experiment conducted in Bangladesh during the 2009 kharif (monsoon) season to evaluate the effects of various insecticides on yield performance of heat tolerant country bean. The insecticides reduced pod damage from bean pod borers compared to the untreated control. Fresh neem oil provided the highest reduction in infested pods (59.46%) and yielded the lowest number of infested pods. Deltamethrin, fenitrothion, and curtap produced the highest marketable pod yields, increasing 46.70%, 38.58%, and 36.80% respectively over the untreated control. These three insecticides also performed best for gross pod yield, with deltamethrin increasing yield by 41.76% over
Synergetic effects of various plant extracts as bio-pesticide against wheat a...Muhammad Qasim
Human health and environment are greatly affected by extensive used of synthetic insecticide, which is why the alternative way of pesticides, such as botanical pesticide consumption increase with the passage of time to control of insect pests. The insecticidal impact of Moringa (Moringa oleifera), Neem (Azadirachta indica) and Euclyptus (Eucalyptus globules) leaves extracts were investigated on Diurophous noxia (Hemiptera: Aphididae). This study was aimed to evaluate the efficiency of bio-pesticide instead of synthetic chemicals against D. noxia. Experimental results showed that the percentage of mortality fluctuate with the fluctuation of concentration with time intervals and have great impact on the population of D. noxia. Single, doubled and tripled combinations of leaves extract were tested at two different concentrations (25 and 50%). The results suggested and concluded that from all the application of single botanicals A. indica give better result as compared to other single application while application of double combination M. olerifera with A. indica give significance result instead of other double mixture, meanwhile the triple combination (M. olerifera, A. indica and E. globules) performed excellent result as the others triple mixtures. The study revealed that combine used of M. olerifera, A. indica and E. globules leaves extract were very effective against D. noxia and surge as an alternative way of pesticides instead of synthetic chemicals.
Influence of phosphorous acid application on the accumulation of total phenol...Innspub Net
One mechanism used by coconut plant to protect itself against Phytophthorakatsurae is linked to total
polyphenols production. This study aimed to investigate the impact of phosphorous acid plant treatment on the
production of total polyphenols in coconuthusk, as part of chemical control.The study was conducted on two
coconuts cultivars (EGD and PB 121+) with four doses of phosphorous acid [Control, 2.8 g (TA), 5.6 g (TB), 11.2 g
(TC)]. At each sampling, the husks were processed and extracts were prepared for total polyphenols assays. There
was significant difference between EGD and PB 121+ total polyphenols production (p<0.001).The interaction
between coconut variety and phosphorous acid doses was also significant.The interaction EGD and TC had the
highest total polyphenols accumulation of 4838.5 µg/g of fresh weight (FW). For PB121+, the highest total polyphenols accumulation of 6433.71 µg/g FW was obtained from the interaction between PB121+ and T0. From this observation, it could be statedthat phosphorous acid only triggers the treated plantdefense mechanisms to produce total phenolic compounds when attacked by a pathogen. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-3-september-2015-ijaar/
Bioactivity of Locally Available Plants on Cotton Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci an...IJEAB
Aqueous, diethyl ether, chloroform, petroleum ether, N-hexane and benzene extracts of locally available plant species were tested for phytochemical and insecticidal bioactivity against cotton whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, under controlled conditions. This study is within bioprospection context, for utilizing local plant species as alternative in sustainable agriculture development. The leaf and stem extract was used. The whole plant extract of T.procumbens followed by N.oleander and V.rosea showed repellent and toxic effect against adult and second nymphal instars. Leaf extract of all three plants showed high inhibition activity against nymphal instars. In case of flower extract less inhibition activity was shown respectively. Fungi which grow on the cotton plant was screened, characterized and checked for antifungal activity against the extracts of the plant material. Phytochemical analysis was also carried out by standard protocols.
Evaluation of various Synthetic Insecticides against Thrips (Thrips tabaci) i...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Cotton (Gossypium spp.) popularly known as ‘white gold’ is one of the most ancient important cash crop of India. Apart from its value as fibre, it has great potential to be used as edible oil, food for animals and other by products like particle board and boxes. The development of Bt cotton containing a genetically introgresses endotoxin gene from the gram negative soil bacteria (Bacillus thuringiensis Hubner) represents a significant technological land mark in the global cotton research. Thrips is a major sucking pest on cotton crop, causing quantitative and qualitative losses to cotton. An experiment was conducted at Agriculture Research Station, Sri Ganganagar in Randomized Block Design with 10 treatments including control and replicated three times, to evaluate various insecticides against thrips in Bt cotton. The study revealed that maximum reduction (56.00%) in thrips population was recorded with the treatment of Acephate 75% SP, followed by Imidacloprid 17.8% SL (49.66%). Both the treatments were at par and significantly superior over the other treatments. The phytotoxic effect on crop could not be observed during the experimental period.
Pesticidal efficacy of crude aqueous extracts of Tephrosia vogelii L., Alli...researchagriculture
Cabbage aphid (
Brevicoryne brassicae
L.) is one of the most problematic
pests in smallholder vegetable production, causing significant yield losses in heavy
infestations. Current control strategy focuses on use of synthetic pesticides that
consequently lead to decimation of natural enemies, development of insect
resistance and resurgence and upset biodiversity. Botanical pesticides have been used
widely in smallholder farmers but not much documented literature exists on efficacy
of these products. A field trial was done to assess the efficacy of crude aqueous
extracts of
Tephrosia vogelii
,
Allium sativum
and
Solanum incanum
in controlling
Brevicoryne brassicae
in
Brassica napus
production. The trial was laid in a randomized
complete block design (RCBD) with five treatments replicated four times. The five
treatments used in the experiment were
T
.
vogelii
,
A
.
sativum
,
S
.
incanum
,
dimethoate and control. Wingless adult female aphids were inoculated three weeks
after transplanting of seedlings. Spraying and data collection were done weekly for
four weeks. Data was collected on aphid nymph and adult counts on the third leaf
from the aerial plant part of randomly selected plants from each treatment for
24 hours after the application of treatments and total plant fresh weight per each
treatment. There were significant differences (p<0.05)><0.05) on the yield of rape. It was concluded that
T. vogelii
,
S
.
incanum
and
A
.
sativum
aqueous crude extracts have some pesticidal
effects on aphid in rape
production.
Pesticidal efficacy of crude aqueous extracts of Tephrosia vogelii L., Allium...researchagriculture
Cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae L.) is one of the most problematic pests in smallholder vegetable production, causing significant yield losses in heavy infestations. Current control strategy focuses on use of synthetic pesticides that consequently lead to decimation of natural enemies, development of insect resistance and resurgence and upset biodiversity. Botanical pesticides have been used widely in smallholder farmers but not much documented literature exists on efficacy of these products. A field trial was done to assess the efficacy of crude aqueous extracts of Tephrosia vogelii, Allium sativum and Solanum incanum in controlling Brevicoryne brassicae in Brassica napus production. The trial was laid in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with five treatments replicated four times. The five treatments used in the experiment were T. vogelii, A. sativum, S. incanum, dimethoate and control. Wingless adult female aphids were inoculated three weeks after transplanting of seedlings. Spraying and data collection were done weekly for four weeks. Data was collected on aphid nymph and adult counts on the third leaf from the aerial plant part of randomly selected plants from each treatment for 24 hours after the application of treatments and total plant fresh weight per each treatment. There were significant differences (p<0.05)><0.05) on the yield of rape. It was concluded that T. vogelii, S. incanum and A. sativum aqueous crude extracts have some pesticidal effects on aphid in rape production.
Article Citation:
Shepherd Mudzingwa, Simbarashe Muzemu and James Chitamba.
Pesticidal efficacy of crude aqueous extracts of Tephrosia vogelii L., Allium sativum L. and Solanum incanum L. in controlling aphids (Brevicoryne brassicae L.) in rape (Brassica napus L.)
Journal of Research in Agriculture (2013) 2(1): 157-163.
Full Text:
http://www.jagri.info/documents/AG0040.pdf
Synergetic effects of various plant extracts as bio-pesticide against wheat a...Muhammad Qasim
Human health and environment are greatly affected by extensive used of synthetic insecticide, which is why the alternative way of pesticides, such as botanical pesticide consumption increase with the passage of time to control of insect pests. The insecticidal impact of Moringa (Moringa oleifera), Neem (Azadirachta indica) and Euclyptus (Eucalyptus globules) leaves extracts were investigated on Diurophous noxia (Hemiptera: Aphididae). This study was aimed to evaluate the efficiency of bio-pesticide instead of synthetic chemicals against D. noxia. Experimental results showed that the percentage of mortality fluctuate with the fluctuation of concentration with time intervals and have great impact on the population of D. noxia. Single, doubled and tripled combinations of leaves extract were tested at two different concentrations (25 and 50%). The results suggested and concluded that from all the application of single botanicals A. indica give better result as compared to other single application while application of double combination M. olerifera with A. indica give significance result instead of other double mixture, meanwhile the triple combination (M. olerifera, A. indica and E. globules) performed excellent result as the others triple mixtures. The study revealed that combine used of M. olerifera, A. indica and E. globules leaves extract were very effective against D. noxia and surge as an alternative way of pesticides instead of synthetic chemicals.
Influence of phosphorous acid application on the accumulation of total phenol...Innspub Net
One mechanism used by coconut plant to protect itself against Phytophthorakatsurae is linked to total
polyphenols production. This study aimed to investigate the impact of phosphorous acid plant treatment on the
production of total polyphenols in coconuthusk, as part of chemical control.The study was conducted on two
coconuts cultivars (EGD and PB 121+) with four doses of phosphorous acid [Control, 2.8 g (TA), 5.6 g (TB), 11.2 g
(TC)]. At each sampling, the husks were processed and extracts were prepared for total polyphenols assays. There
was significant difference between EGD and PB 121+ total polyphenols production (p<0.001).The interaction
between coconut variety and phosphorous acid doses was also significant.The interaction EGD and TC had the
highest total polyphenols accumulation of 4838.5 µg/g of fresh weight (FW). For PB121+, the highest total polyphenols accumulation of 6433.71 µg/g FW was obtained from the interaction between PB121+ and T0. From this observation, it could be statedthat phosphorous acid only triggers the treated plantdefense mechanisms to produce total phenolic compounds when attacked by a pathogen. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-3-september-2015-ijaar/
Bioactivity of Locally Available Plants on Cotton Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci an...IJEAB
Aqueous, diethyl ether, chloroform, petroleum ether, N-hexane and benzene extracts of locally available plant species were tested for phytochemical and insecticidal bioactivity against cotton whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, under controlled conditions. This study is within bioprospection context, for utilizing local plant species as alternative in sustainable agriculture development. The leaf and stem extract was used. The whole plant extract of T.procumbens followed by N.oleander and V.rosea showed repellent and toxic effect against adult and second nymphal instars. Leaf extract of all three plants showed high inhibition activity against nymphal instars. In case of flower extract less inhibition activity was shown respectively. Fungi which grow on the cotton plant was screened, characterized and checked for antifungal activity against the extracts of the plant material. Phytochemical analysis was also carried out by standard protocols.
Evaluation of various Synthetic Insecticides against Thrips (Thrips tabaci) i...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Cotton (Gossypium spp.) popularly known as ‘white gold’ is one of the most ancient important cash crop of India. Apart from its value as fibre, it has great potential to be used as edible oil, food for animals and other by products like particle board and boxes. The development of Bt cotton containing a genetically introgresses endotoxin gene from the gram negative soil bacteria (Bacillus thuringiensis Hubner) represents a significant technological land mark in the global cotton research. Thrips is a major sucking pest on cotton crop, causing quantitative and qualitative losses to cotton. An experiment was conducted at Agriculture Research Station, Sri Ganganagar in Randomized Block Design with 10 treatments including control and replicated three times, to evaluate various insecticides against thrips in Bt cotton. The study revealed that maximum reduction (56.00%) in thrips population was recorded with the treatment of Acephate 75% SP, followed by Imidacloprid 17.8% SL (49.66%). Both the treatments were at par and significantly superior over the other treatments. The phytotoxic effect on crop could not be observed during the experimental period.
Pesticidal efficacy of crude aqueous extracts of Tephrosia vogelii L., Alli...researchagriculture
Cabbage aphid (
Brevicoryne brassicae
L.) is one of the most problematic
pests in smallholder vegetable production, causing significant yield losses in heavy
infestations. Current control strategy focuses on use of synthetic pesticides that
consequently lead to decimation of natural enemies, development of insect
resistance and resurgence and upset biodiversity. Botanical pesticides have been used
widely in smallholder farmers but not much documented literature exists on efficacy
of these products. A field trial was done to assess the efficacy of crude aqueous
extracts of
Tephrosia vogelii
,
Allium sativum
and
Solanum incanum
in controlling
Brevicoryne brassicae
in
Brassica napus
production. The trial was laid in a randomized
complete block design (RCBD) with five treatments replicated four times. The five
treatments used in the experiment were
T
.
vogelii
,
A
.
sativum
,
S
.
incanum
,
dimethoate and control. Wingless adult female aphids were inoculated three weeks
after transplanting of seedlings. Spraying and data collection were done weekly for
four weeks. Data was collected on aphid nymph and adult counts on the third leaf
from the aerial plant part of randomly selected plants from each treatment for
24 hours after the application of treatments and total plant fresh weight per each
treatment. There were significant differences (p<0.05)><0.05) on the yield of rape. It was concluded that
T. vogelii
,
S
.
incanum
and
A
.
sativum
aqueous crude extracts have some pesticidal
effects on aphid in rape
production.
Pesticidal efficacy of crude aqueous extracts of Tephrosia vogelii L., Allium...researchagriculture
Cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae L.) is one of the most problematic pests in smallholder vegetable production, causing significant yield losses in heavy infestations. Current control strategy focuses on use of synthetic pesticides that consequently lead to decimation of natural enemies, development of insect resistance and resurgence and upset biodiversity. Botanical pesticides have been used widely in smallholder farmers but not much documented literature exists on efficacy of these products. A field trial was done to assess the efficacy of crude aqueous extracts of Tephrosia vogelii, Allium sativum and Solanum incanum in controlling Brevicoryne brassicae in Brassica napus production. The trial was laid in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with five treatments replicated four times. The five treatments used in the experiment were T. vogelii, A. sativum, S. incanum, dimethoate and control. Wingless adult female aphids were inoculated three weeks after transplanting of seedlings. Spraying and data collection were done weekly for four weeks. Data was collected on aphid nymph and adult counts on the third leaf from the aerial plant part of randomly selected plants from each treatment for 24 hours after the application of treatments and total plant fresh weight per each treatment. There were significant differences (p<0.05)><0.05) on the yield of rape. It was concluded that T. vogelii, S. incanum and A. sativum aqueous crude extracts have some pesticidal effects on aphid in rape production.
Article Citation:
Shepherd Mudzingwa, Simbarashe Muzemu and James Chitamba.
Pesticidal efficacy of crude aqueous extracts of Tephrosia vogelii L., Allium sativum L. and Solanum incanum L. in controlling aphids (Brevicoryne brassicae L.) in rape (Brassica napus L.)
Journal of Research in Agriculture (2013) 2(1): 157-163.
Full Text:
http://www.jagri.info/documents/AG0040.pdf
Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal status on some medicinal plants of Go...inventionjournals
Medicinal plants are important for our existence that supplies us many components for drug formulation. In nature the plant of particular kind invades with so many microorganisms. Among them one beneficial one is Va-mycorrhizal fungi. It helps in various ways to promote growth and yield of biomass better in natural habitats. So, to promote growth in garden or manmade environment application of VA-fungi as biofertilizer is beneficial. In this study 41 medicinal plants have been studied and application of VAM fungi inocula on Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don. have been done. Monsoon showed highest colonization percentage followed by winter and summer where as spore density showed highest during winter followed by summer and monsoon.
Comparative analysis of some biochemical responses of winter and spring wheat...Innspub Net
To compare changes of biochemical indices between spring (Kavir) and winter (Azar2) cultivars of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under low temperature, 14 days old wheat seedlings were exposed to cold. The seedlings were transferred into growth chamber for 9 days at 5/3 °C (day/night) as cold treatment, or at 20/18 °C as control. Proline content, total protein accumulation, activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) enzymes, were assayed in the leaf extracts of control and cold treated plants. The results showed that cold led to an accumulation of proline and an increase in protein level, especially in winter cultivar. Rapid increases in proline and protein accumulations were observed during early stages of cold stress. SOD activity displayed no significant differences between the two cultivars during the first 3 days after cold stress, while in Azar 2, the level of SOD activity was gradually increased after 3 days of cold stress. The POD and CAT activity were higher in plants grown at cold stress than in the controls; however, their rate was different in winter and spring wheat cultivars. In general, Azar2 showed relatively higher POD and CAT activity compared to Kavir. Regarding antioxidant enzymes activities, cultivars respond differently under cold stress. Articles source: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-4-october-2015-ijaar/
In vitro callus induction of Melothria purpusilla, a traditional medicinal pl...IJERA Editor
Melothria purpusilla, a member of Cucurbitaceae, is an endemic species found in North-Eastern part of India.
The plant is used traditionally by the people of Manipur in the treatment of jaundice and its roots in fever and
diarrhoea. Tissue culture of medicinal plants was performed as a measure for the conservation of endangered
medicinal plants, Melothria perpusilla. Morphogenetic changes were observed in Melothria perpusilla
explants in the MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of PGRs. Different colours of callus
formation were observed in MS supplemented with BAP, kinetin and IBA. The best callus induction was
observed with MS media supplemented with combination of 1BAP mg/l + 1 IBA mg/l and combination of
1Kinetin mg/l + 1 IBA mg/l.
Two field experiment were run at the farms of Omar AL-Mokhtar university, in order to knew the effect of some methods used to control tomato pests on soil arthropod systemic groups in organic cultivated tomato field such as (BT, algifol, methyl salicylate, neem oil), Results indicated that application of B. thuringensis and Algifol achieved the highest performance showing 100% reduction in mites and other soil arthropods systemic groups, and gave reduction 55.5 and 54.96% in both insect and total population of soil arthropods collected with pitfall traps. As far as Neemazone and Methyl salicylate increased the insect population with percentages 132.5 and 310% and total soil arthropods with 133.2% and 308.6% respectively and reduced the mites and the other arthropods population with 100%. Also results showed that the pesticides (avermectin, indoxacarb, & neemazone) increased the average number of the total soil arthropod population groups, and these pesticides showed selective effect, so that, it will be recommended that in order to preserve the beneficial predators, carnivorous and parasitoids these biological and selective pesticides in conventional tomato field should be applied.
According to the results obtained from this work, the changes in diversity and equitability and decrease or increase of percent population of soil arthropods groups were differed according to the soil arthropod groups, sampling period, applied plant protection products and system of agricultural.
Effects of Sulfonylurea Herbicides on Protein Content and Antioxidants Activi...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Herbicides have been used in the crop field to increase the crop productivity and grain yield. But unfortunately since long back all research papers and articles showed the effect of this herbicide on the non-target organisms. The purpose of this study was to test the toxicity of two herbicides (Sekator and Zoom) on the biochemistry of hard wheat: Triticum durumDesf and common wheat: Triticumaestivum L. The herbicides were applied at tillering stage in the dose full recommendeddoses. After eight days of treatment leaves were collected to determine differentparametersof proteincontent and enzyme activity involved in the antioxidant system (ascorbate peroxidase: APX).The results validated by statistical analysis revealed that there was a highly significant decrease in proteincontent in plant samples treated with the herbicide Zoom in Hidhab variety. By contrast, exposure to the herbicide Sekator causes significant variation in APX activity. Peroxidase activity were significantly decreased in Waha variety but it was significantly increased in Hidhab (HD), and APX activity increased compared with controls in HD treated with Zoom herbicide.The decrease in protein content is an indication of reduction in the growth of the plants leading to a decrease in the yield, while increased level of peroxidase activity pointed to the occurrence of a scavenging mechanism.
8 ijhaf oct-2017-10-influence of nitrogen fixingAI Publications
A field experiment was conducted for two successive seasons 2012/2013 and 2013/2014 with four replicates at the experimental farm, Faculty of Agriculture, Omdurman Islamic University to determine the effect of inoculation and co-inoculation of symbiotic nitrogen fixing and phosphate solubilizing bacteria on fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) growth and yield. Fenugreek plant variety Kodab was used. Two bacterial strains Sinorhizobium meliloti strain TAL380 and Bacillus megatherium var. phosphaticum strain (BMP), each alone or in combination. Control plants were kept for comparison. The following measurements were taken per plant: number of nodules, dry weight of nodules, shoots and roots, plant height, pod length, number of pods/plant, number of seeds/pod, 1000 seed weight and yield. Results showed that inoculation with TAL380 and BMP each alone significantly increased nodulation and nodule dry weight compared to the control. Inoculation with BMP significantly increased root dry weight, when inoculation with TAL380 significantly increased shoot dry weight and plant height, co-inoculation significantly increased root and shoot dry weight compared to the control. The two bacterial inoculations each alone or in combination significantly increased number of pods and insignificantly increased number of seeds per pod and 1000 seed weight at both seasons. There was no effect of inoculation with bacteria on pod length. Co-inoculation significantly increased fenugreek seed yield at both seasons compared to the control.
Abstract— A laboratory experiments were conducted during the year of 2012-2014 at Annamalai University of cuddalore district under irrigated conditions to formulate site –specific nutrient management and efficiency of treatments known by comparing with rice, sunflower and black gram seeds. And the treatments includes control, 10%, 5%, 2.5% and 1% vermicompost, 10%, 5%, 2.5% and 1% phosphobacteria, 10%, 5%, 2.5% and 1% azospirillum. And the above treatments are applied to all the three seeds ie, rice, sunflower, black gram. The numbers of seeds used for the experiment are 50 seeds of paddy, 20 seeds of black gram and 10 seeds of sunflower. Highest values for plant biomass root and shoot length was noticed in 10 % all the treatments.
RESIDUAL ESTIMATION OF ISOPROTURON, ATRAZINE AND GRAIN PROTECTANTS IN STORED ...ijabjournal
This study was carried out to see the occurrence and level of pesticide residues in stored wheat grain samples. Wheat grains were collected from different godowns located in Faisalabad district. Weedicide residues in wheat grains were analyzed by using thin plate liquid chromatography and validated high
performance liquid chromatography. On the basis of extent of inhibition of the Hill reaction, it was found that the level of atrazine was (0-0.028 ngkg-1) and the level of isopproturon was (0-0.024 ngkg-1) in test samples. The calculated values were below the Maximum Residue Limit (MEL) i.e. 100 ngkg-1 for atrazine and 2200 ngkg-1 for isoproturon. It was found that presence of herbicide residues in stored wheat was negligible. Further, on wheat grain samples placed in jars and treated with deltamethrin and cypermethrin @0.4 and 0.8% concentration. The persistency data was calculated after 1 hour, 7, 15 and 30 days of treatment. The grain protectants were continuously degraded with the passage of time and after the 30 days
the amount of residues of the grain protectants was found to be very small. It was concluded that the use of the grain protectants in the powder form in combination with other botanicals on stored wheat samples is feasible to reduce the insect pest in stored grains.
Effect of Organic Fertilizer Containing Mint and Thyme Oil Extract on Tomato ...IJERA Editor
Success in vegetable cultivation begins with using plant materials that growth healthy and strong. Seedling growth and development has an important role in greenhouse vegetable production. In the present study, effects of organic fertilizer were obtained from mint and thyme oil extract on tomato seedlings were investigated. Local Çanak tomato cultivar, which is provided from Nevşehir region, and Toprak F1 cultivar, was used in the study. Organic and commercially fertilizer applications were held on both species and root length (cm), shoot length (cm), stem diameter (mm), root fresh weight (g), shoot fresh weight (g), leaf width (cm), leaf length (cm), dry matter content (%), moisture content (%), nutritional value and chlorophyll index values of the seedlings were determined. Results show that organic fertilizer dosage was high and seedlings‟ growth and development was affected negatively. On the other hand, the dry matter content and some plant nutrient values of the seedlings in organic fertilizer applications were higher than commercial fertilizers. Therefore the organic fertilizer is promising for organic seedling production. It is resulted that, application dosage experiments should be conducted to use organic fertilizer in an effective way.
STUDY OF FUNGAL, BACTERIAL AND ACTINOMYCETES POPULATION IN TENDU LEAF LITTER ...Dr Dama
STUDY OF FUNGAL, BACTERIAL AND ACTINOMYCETES POPULATION IN TENDU LEAF LITTER VERMICOMPOST IN COMPARISON WITH PRESS MUDCAKE.
Mushan L.C*. Rao K.R.**, Shagalolu V.V*. and Dama L.B*@.
Impact of abamectin, Bacillus thuriengiensis and Neem oil extract on Aphis go...Open Access Research Paper
A study on the control of watermelon pests was conducted in Western region of Cameroon. The trial was laided on a randomised complete block design with three replications at the University of Dschang farm from December 27, 2019 to April 10, 2020 (dry season). The treatments were T1 (control plot), T2 Biotrin (Abamectin 5% at 375ml/ha), T3 Antario (Bacillus thuringiensis 1.4%+abamectin 0.1% at 375g/ha), T4 Neem oil (0.3 to 1% Azadirachtin) at 7l/ha, 400 H2O/ha) and T5 (Emamectin benzoate 50g/kg, 250g/ha). Pest abundance, leaf infestation rate, plant growth parameters and yields were assessed weekly from 26 days after sowing to three weeks before harvest. The results showed that Aphis gossypii (Hemiptera: Aphididae) the major pest (39.54±7.15) and Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) (1.64±0.16) the second host infested watermelon. The peak of the leaf infestation rate is 20.97% at 40 DAS. The number of aphids was higher at 54DAS (71.34±26.30) and for whiteflies at 68 DAS (2.83±0.54). The effect of the treatments was significant (P>0.05) for all parameters. The control plot was more infested with highest mean leaf infestation rate, number of Aphids and whiteflies respectively 29.6± 2.30%; 158.03±29.59; 1.04±0.20 than Biotrin less attacked (4.11 0.89%; 2.21±0.4; 0.89±0.2). Biotrin, neem oil, Antario and Emacot are comparable for all parameters. In summary, the lowest yield was obtained in the control plot (35.71±2.66t/ha) but was not significantly different (P˃0.05) from those of the other plots. Biotrin, neem oil and Antario are bioinsecticides alternatives for Emacot and it should be applied before the 40DAS.
International Journal of Advances in Biology (IJAB)ijcsity
International Journal of Advances in Biology (IJAB) is a peer-reviewed, open access journal, addresses the impacts and challenges of Biology. The journal documents practical and theoretical results which make a fundamental contribution for the development of Biological sciences and applications.
Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal status on some medicinal plants of Go...inventionjournals
Medicinal plants are important for our existence that supplies us many components for drug formulation. In nature the plant of particular kind invades with so many microorganisms. Among them one beneficial one is Va-mycorrhizal fungi. It helps in various ways to promote growth and yield of biomass better in natural habitats. So, to promote growth in garden or manmade environment application of VA-fungi as biofertilizer is beneficial. In this study 41 medicinal plants have been studied and application of VAM fungi inocula on Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don. have been done. Monsoon showed highest colonization percentage followed by winter and summer where as spore density showed highest during winter followed by summer and monsoon.
Comparative analysis of some biochemical responses of winter and spring wheat...Innspub Net
To compare changes of biochemical indices between spring (Kavir) and winter (Azar2) cultivars of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under low temperature, 14 days old wheat seedlings were exposed to cold. The seedlings were transferred into growth chamber for 9 days at 5/3 °C (day/night) as cold treatment, or at 20/18 °C as control. Proline content, total protein accumulation, activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) enzymes, were assayed in the leaf extracts of control and cold treated plants. The results showed that cold led to an accumulation of proline and an increase in protein level, especially in winter cultivar. Rapid increases in proline and protein accumulations were observed during early stages of cold stress. SOD activity displayed no significant differences between the two cultivars during the first 3 days after cold stress, while in Azar 2, the level of SOD activity was gradually increased after 3 days of cold stress. The POD and CAT activity were higher in plants grown at cold stress than in the controls; however, their rate was different in winter and spring wheat cultivars. In general, Azar2 showed relatively higher POD and CAT activity compared to Kavir. Regarding antioxidant enzymes activities, cultivars respond differently under cold stress. Articles source: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-4-october-2015-ijaar/
In vitro callus induction of Melothria purpusilla, a traditional medicinal pl...IJERA Editor
Melothria purpusilla, a member of Cucurbitaceae, is an endemic species found in North-Eastern part of India.
The plant is used traditionally by the people of Manipur in the treatment of jaundice and its roots in fever and
diarrhoea. Tissue culture of medicinal plants was performed as a measure for the conservation of endangered
medicinal plants, Melothria perpusilla. Morphogenetic changes were observed in Melothria perpusilla
explants in the MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of PGRs. Different colours of callus
formation were observed in MS supplemented with BAP, kinetin and IBA. The best callus induction was
observed with MS media supplemented with combination of 1BAP mg/l + 1 IBA mg/l and combination of
1Kinetin mg/l + 1 IBA mg/l.
Two field experiment were run at the farms of Omar AL-Mokhtar university, in order to knew the effect of some methods used to control tomato pests on soil arthropod systemic groups in organic cultivated tomato field such as (BT, algifol, methyl salicylate, neem oil), Results indicated that application of B. thuringensis and Algifol achieved the highest performance showing 100% reduction in mites and other soil arthropods systemic groups, and gave reduction 55.5 and 54.96% in both insect and total population of soil arthropods collected with pitfall traps. As far as Neemazone and Methyl salicylate increased the insect population with percentages 132.5 and 310% and total soil arthropods with 133.2% and 308.6% respectively and reduced the mites and the other arthropods population with 100%. Also results showed that the pesticides (avermectin, indoxacarb, & neemazone) increased the average number of the total soil arthropod population groups, and these pesticides showed selective effect, so that, it will be recommended that in order to preserve the beneficial predators, carnivorous and parasitoids these biological and selective pesticides in conventional tomato field should be applied.
According to the results obtained from this work, the changes in diversity and equitability and decrease or increase of percent population of soil arthropods groups were differed according to the soil arthropod groups, sampling period, applied plant protection products and system of agricultural.
Effects of Sulfonylurea Herbicides on Protein Content and Antioxidants Activi...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Herbicides have been used in the crop field to increase the crop productivity and grain yield. But unfortunately since long back all research papers and articles showed the effect of this herbicide on the non-target organisms. The purpose of this study was to test the toxicity of two herbicides (Sekator and Zoom) on the biochemistry of hard wheat: Triticum durumDesf and common wheat: Triticumaestivum L. The herbicides were applied at tillering stage in the dose full recommendeddoses. After eight days of treatment leaves were collected to determine differentparametersof proteincontent and enzyme activity involved in the antioxidant system (ascorbate peroxidase: APX).The results validated by statistical analysis revealed that there was a highly significant decrease in proteincontent in plant samples treated with the herbicide Zoom in Hidhab variety. By contrast, exposure to the herbicide Sekator causes significant variation in APX activity. Peroxidase activity were significantly decreased in Waha variety but it was significantly increased in Hidhab (HD), and APX activity increased compared with controls in HD treated with Zoom herbicide.The decrease in protein content is an indication of reduction in the growth of the plants leading to a decrease in the yield, while increased level of peroxidase activity pointed to the occurrence of a scavenging mechanism.
8 ijhaf oct-2017-10-influence of nitrogen fixingAI Publications
A field experiment was conducted for two successive seasons 2012/2013 and 2013/2014 with four replicates at the experimental farm, Faculty of Agriculture, Omdurman Islamic University to determine the effect of inoculation and co-inoculation of symbiotic nitrogen fixing and phosphate solubilizing bacteria on fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) growth and yield. Fenugreek plant variety Kodab was used. Two bacterial strains Sinorhizobium meliloti strain TAL380 and Bacillus megatherium var. phosphaticum strain (BMP), each alone or in combination. Control plants were kept for comparison. The following measurements were taken per plant: number of nodules, dry weight of nodules, shoots and roots, plant height, pod length, number of pods/plant, number of seeds/pod, 1000 seed weight and yield. Results showed that inoculation with TAL380 and BMP each alone significantly increased nodulation and nodule dry weight compared to the control. Inoculation with BMP significantly increased root dry weight, when inoculation with TAL380 significantly increased shoot dry weight and plant height, co-inoculation significantly increased root and shoot dry weight compared to the control. The two bacterial inoculations each alone or in combination significantly increased number of pods and insignificantly increased number of seeds per pod and 1000 seed weight at both seasons. There was no effect of inoculation with bacteria on pod length. Co-inoculation significantly increased fenugreek seed yield at both seasons compared to the control.
Abstract— A laboratory experiments were conducted during the year of 2012-2014 at Annamalai University of cuddalore district under irrigated conditions to formulate site –specific nutrient management and efficiency of treatments known by comparing with rice, sunflower and black gram seeds. And the treatments includes control, 10%, 5%, 2.5% and 1% vermicompost, 10%, 5%, 2.5% and 1% phosphobacteria, 10%, 5%, 2.5% and 1% azospirillum. And the above treatments are applied to all the three seeds ie, rice, sunflower, black gram. The numbers of seeds used for the experiment are 50 seeds of paddy, 20 seeds of black gram and 10 seeds of sunflower. Highest values for plant biomass root and shoot length was noticed in 10 % all the treatments.
RESIDUAL ESTIMATION OF ISOPROTURON, ATRAZINE AND GRAIN PROTECTANTS IN STORED ...ijabjournal
This study was carried out to see the occurrence and level of pesticide residues in stored wheat grain samples. Wheat grains were collected from different godowns located in Faisalabad district. Weedicide residues in wheat grains were analyzed by using thin plate liquid chromatography and validated high
performance liquid chromatography. On the basis of extent of inhibition of the Hill reaction, it was found that the level of atrazine was (0-0.028 ngkg-1) and the level of isopproturon was (0-0.024 ngkg-1) in test samples. The calculated values were below the Maximum Residue Limit (MEL) i.e. 100 ngkg-1 for atrazine and 2200 ngkg-1 for isoproturon. It was found that presence of herbicide residues in stored wheat was negligible. Further, on wheat grain samples placed in jars and treated with deltamethrin and cypermethrin @0.4 and 0.8% concentration. The persistency data was calculated after 1 hour, 7, 15 and 30 days of treatment. The grain protectants were continuously degraded with the passage of time and after the 30 days
the amount of residues of the grain protectants was found to be very small. It was concluded that the use of the grain protectants in the powder form in combination with other botanicals on stored wheat samples is feasible to reduce the insect pest in stored grains.
Effect of Organic Fertilizer Containing Mint and Thyme Oil Extract on Tomato ...IJERA Editor
Success in vegetable cultivation begins with using plant materials that growth healthy and strong. Seedling growth and development has an important role in greenhouse vegetable production. In the present study, effects of organic fertilizer were obtained from mint and thyme oil extract on tomato seedlings were investigated. Local Çanak tomato cultivar, which is provided from Nevşehir region, and Toprak F1 cultivar, was used in the study. Organic and commercially fertilizer applications were held on both species and root length (cm), shoot length (cm), stem diameter (mm), root fresh weight (g), shoot fresh weight (g), leaf width (cm), leaf length (cm), dry matter content (%), moisture content (%), nutritional value and chlorophyll index values of the seedlings were determined. Results show that organic fertilizer dosage was high and seedlings‟ growth and development was affected negatively. On the other hand, the dry matter content and some plant nutrient values of the seedlings in organic fertilizer applications were higher than commercial fertilizers. Therefore the organic fertilizer is promising for organic seedling production. It is resulted that, application dosage experiments should be conducted to use organic fertilizer in an effective way.
STUDY OF FUNGAL, BACTERIAL AND ACTINOMYCETES POPULATION IN TENDU LEAF LITTER ...Dr Dama
STUDY OF FUNGAL, BACTERIAL AND ACTINOMYCETES POPULATION IN TENDU LEAF LITTER VERMICOMPOST IN COMPARISON WITH PRESS MUDCAKE.
Mushan L.C*. Rao K.R.**, Shagalolu V.V*. and Dama L.B*@.
Impact of abamectin, Bacillus thuriengiensis and Neem oil extract on Aphis go...Open Access Research Paper
A study on the control of watermelon pests was conducted in Western region of Cameroon. The trial was laided on a randomised complete block design with three replications at the University of Dschang farm from December 27, 2019 to April 10, 2020 (dry season). The treatments were T1 (control plot), T2 Biotrin (Abamectin 5% at 375ml/ha), T3 Antario (Bacillus thuringiensis 1.4%+abamectin 0.1% at 375g/ha), T4 Neem oil (0.3 to 1% Azadirachtin) at 7l/ha, 400 H2O/ha) and T5 (Emamectin benzoate 50g/kg, 250g/ha). Pest abundance, leaf infestation rate, plant growth parameters and yields were assessed weekly from 26 days after sowing to three weeks before harvest. The results showed that Aphis gossypii (Hemiptera: Aphididae) the major pest (39.54±7.15) and Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) (1.64±0.16) the second host infested watermelon. The peak of the leaf infestation rate is 20.97% at 40 DAS. The number of aphids was higher at 54DAS (71.34±26.30) and for whiteflies at 68 DAS (2.83±0.54). The effect of the treatments was significant (P>0.05) for all parameters. The control plot was more infested with highest mean leaf infestation rate, number of Aphids and whiteflies respectively 29.6± 2.30%; 158.03±29.59; 1.04±0.20 than Biotrin less attacked (4.11 0.89%; 2.21±0.4; 0.89±0.2). Biotrin, neem oil, Antario and Emacot are comparable for all parameters. In summary, the lowest yield was obtained in the control plot (35.71±2.66t/ha) but was not significantly different (P˃0.05) from those of the other plots. Biotrin, neem oil and Antario are bioinsecticides alternatives for Emacot and it should be applied before the 40DAS.
International Journal of Advances in Biology (IJAB)ijcsity
International Journal of Advances in Biology (IJAB) is a peer-reviewed, open access journal, addresses the impacts and challenges of Biology. The journal documents practical and theoretical results which make a fundamental contribution for the development of Biological sciences and applications.
Identification and evaluation of antifungal compounds from botanicals for the...researchagriculture
Red rot is a devastating disease in sugarcane caused by fungus, Colletotrichum falcatum. In this study, eighteen different botanicals were screened for identifying effective antifungal compound against C. falcatum. Among the plants screened, 15 per cent aqueous leaf extract of Psoralea corylifolia alone inhibited 100 per cent growth of both mycelium as well as spore germination under in vitro conditions. The extract did not exhibit any inhibitory effect to the beneficial microbes viz., Pseudomonas fluorescens, Bacillus megaterium and Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus which are normally used in sugarcane. The effective plant extracts exhibiting 100 per cent antifungal activity was subjected to TLC, HPLC and GC-MS analysis to identify the bioactive antifungal compound. It revealed the presence of 7H-furo [3,2-G] (1) benzopyran-7-one as main bioactive compound which is thought to be the intermediate of antifungal compound, 8 – methoxypsoralen formed during biosynthesis.
Article Citation:
Rajkumar D and Murugesan R.
Identification and Evaluation of Antifungal Compounds from Botanicals for the Control of Sugarcane Red Rot Pathogen, Colletotrichum falcatum.
Journal of Research in Agriculture (2013) 2(1): 164-172.
Full Text:
http://www.jagri.info/documents/AG0044.pdf
Identification and Evaluation of Antifungal Compounds from Botanicals for th...researchagriculture
Red rot is a devastating disease in sugarcane caused by fungus,
Colletotrichum
falcatum
. In this study, eighteen different botanicals were screened for
identifying effective antifungal compound against
C.
falcatum.
Among the plants
screened, 15 per cent aqueous leaf extract of
Psoralea corylifolia
alone inhibited 100
per cent growth of both mycelium as well as spore germination under
in vitro
conditions. The extract did not exhibit any inhibitory effect to the beneficial microbes
viz.
,
Pseudomonas fluorescens
,
Bacillus megaterium
and
Gluconacetobacter
diazotrophicus
which are normally used in sugarcane. The effective plant extracts
exhibiting 100 per cent antifungal activity was subjected to TLC, HPLC and GC
-
MS
analysis to identify the bioactive antifungal compound. It revealed the
presence of
7H
-
furo [3,2
-
G] (1) benzopyran
-
7
-
one as main bioactive compound which is thought to be
the intermediate of antifungal compound, 8
–
methoxypsoralen formed during
biosynthesis.
Antifungal activity of psoralea corylifolia hairy root extract against sugarc...researchagriculture
Red rot disease is the major constraint for sugarcane production in India and the pathogen has gained virulence in recent years. About 33 % reduction in yield was observed and loss in sucrose and commercial cane sugar was estimated upto 32 to 50 % in average infections. The present investigation was carried out in sugarcane breeding institute, Coimbatore to study the effect of Psoralea corylifolia hairy root extract against high intensity Colletotrichum falcatum spore suspension (106 spores ml-1) causing red rot disease reaction in canes under Controlled Condition Treatment (CCT) Chamber. Nodal infection, green top, internodal discoloration and internal discoloration of the canes in CCT chamber were taken as the parameters for fixing the disease evaluation after 10 days of incubation. The results of CCT method authenticated the results obtained under laboratory conditions. The study revealed 100 per cent effectiveness of two per cent P. corylifolia hairy root extract over red rot pathogen infection when compared to canes treated only with spore suspension of C. falcatum.
Article Citation:
Rajkumar D and Murugesan R.
Antifungal Activity of Psoralea corylifolia Hairy Root Extract against Sugarcane Red Rot Pathogen under Controlled Condition Treatment Chamber.
Journal of Research in Agriculture (2013) 2(2): 173-179.
Full Text:
http://www.jagri.info/documents/AG0047.pdf
Insecticidal Potential of Two Monoterpenes against Tribolium Castaneum (Herbs...BRNSS Publication Hub
In the present study, two pure monoterpenes: Citronellol and geraniol were tested for their fumigant toxicity, repellent activity, and antifeedant activity against two stored product insect pests, Sitophilus oryzae (L.), and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst.) Monoterpenes tested showed varying degrees of toxicity against different species of stored product pests but were highly dependent on dosage and exposure duration. Geraniol was found to be highly effective against both S. oryzae and T. castaneum than citronellol. 0.02 μl/ml geraniol produced a mortality of 26.30 ± 0.11 after a short duration of 6 h that reached 52.76 ± 0.28% after an increased exposure of 72 h against S. oryzae while citronellol showed least activity producing a mortality of 52.76 ± 0.28 at 0.02 after 72 h of exposure. Similarly for T. castaneum geraniol produced 68.75 ± 0.55% mortality at 0.2 μl/ml after 72 h and citronellol even at a highest dose of 0.2 μl/ml caused 30.77 ± 0.49% mortality after 12 h. Geraniol produced 42.56 ± 1.9% repellent activity at 1 μl/cm2 after 1 h whereas repellency of 48.60 ± 1.4% was obtained by citronellol against T. castaneum after same concentration and time period citronellol and geraniol at a highest concentration of 1 μl/cm2 gave 56.61 ± 3.4 and 50.56 ± 1.1% repellency, respectively, after 5 h against S. oryzae. Feeding deterrence index (FDI) of 78.95 ± 0.09 and 67.59 ± 0.17% was obtained for citronellol and geraniol at a high concentration of 30 μl/g against T. castaneum. Citronellol showed 52.80 ± 0.32% FDI, followed by geraniol with 49.28 ± 0.17 FDI % against S. oryzae.
Effect of Trichoderma Fortified Compost on Disease Suppression, Growth and Yi...IJEAB
Trichoderma species are commonly used as effective biological control agents against phytopathogens especially the soil-borne fungi while some isolates are able to ameliorate plant growth. In the present study, Trichoderma fortified compost with different substrates were evaluated to reduce the pre-emergence and post-emergence seedling mortality, diseases of stem and root of chickpea caused by several soil-borne fungal pathogens, including Fusarium oxysporum, Rhizoctonia solani and Sclerotium rolfsii at different growth stages in the field under natural epiphytotic conditions. Among the twenty isolates of T. harzianum, Co-7 showed the most effective antagonist against the test pathogens in dual culture method. In field experiment, subsequently it was used for inoculum preparation with colonized wheat grain and mixed with well-matured decomposed composting materials like, saw dust, cow dung, tea waste, water hyacinth and poultry manure. Trichoderma fortified compost with poultry manure was found significantly effective in reducing pre-emergence and post emergence seedling mortality, disease incidence and disease severity of chickpea in the field. Interestingly, all the treatments significantly increased but Trichoderma fortified compost with poultry manure was the best to boost seed yield and quality.
Evaluate the Efficiency of Gamma Irradiation and Chitosan on Shelf-Life of St...IJEABJ
Chitosan play an important role as an antifungal against Botrytis cinerea and the effect was a concentration dependent. The obtained results of in vitro experiment demonstrated that chitosan (4%) decreased radial growth of B. cinereato 2 %. Invivo the severity of infection reduced from 59.8 and 100.0 to 9.7, 33.8 and 40.1 in first, second and third week’s storage periods at 13C, respectively. Also, chitosan coating (4%) significantly caused an increase in fruit firmness whereas TSS was decreased with an increase by increasing in storage time. However,Vitamin C gave fluctuated results by increasing storage time. Gamma irradiation at 2.5 KGy reduced severity (%) of infected fruits from 55.5, 100 and 100 to 31.7, 45.9 and 49.9 and in healthy fruits severity (%) reduced from 48.9, 100 and 100 to 23.3, 25.1 and 29.1 in different storage periods 1, 2 and 3 weeks, respectively. Similarly, chitosan as well as gamma irradiation combination induced a significant increase of peroxidase enzyme (POD) activity. Induced changes in surface morphology and damage of cell structure caused by using chitosan shown by scanning electron microscopy. Also, gamma irradiation causes changes in hyphea structure and in surface morphology but combination of gamma irradiation with chitosan was more effective in altering fungus morphology and cell structure damage and no spore forming. This providing the efficiency of combination on reducing disease severity (%) of strawberry.
Cycloartanes from Tabernaemontana coronaria (Jacq) Willd flowers with their c...Akhil Gupta
The n-hexane fraction of Tabernamontana coronaria (Jacq) Willd flowers afforded two cycloartane type triterpenes, cycloart-25-en-3β, 24 diol and cycloart-23-en-3β, 22α, 25triol for the first time from this plant, in addition to lupeol acetate, α-amyrin, cycloeucalenol, stigmasterol.
In vitro antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of the various e...Akhil Gupta
The present study was designed to investigate antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic potential of pet ether, chloroform and methanol extracts of Ganoderma lucidum available in Bangladesh.
Histophysiology and Histochemical Analysis of the Saccus Vasculosus of Butter...Akhil Gupta
Cellular details including histochemical nature and functional aspects of saccus vasculosus in Ompok bimaculatus (Bloch, 1794) were studied using histological and histochemical techniques. The oval protruded saccus vasculosus
situated on the ventral side of the diencephalon behind the pituitary. This circumventricular organ contained atypical large central lumen lined by single stratified ithelium with characteristic coronet cells and supporting cells.
Silver stain was adopted for the occurrence and distribution of neurons if any in the epithelium and various regions
of the saccus vasculosus. Intensity of glycogen was found to be associated with the coronet cells and blood vessels.
Histochemical localization of basic protein and bound lipid were recorded in the cells of saccus epithelial lining as
well as in the blood vessels. Coronet cells perhaps involved in secretory as well as sensory function of the fish concerned.
1. ISSN 2320-7078
Volume 1 Issue 3
Online Available at www.entomoljournal.com
Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies
Vol. 1 No. 3 2013 www.entomoljournal.com Page | 1
Yield Performance of Heat Tolerant Country Bean (Lablab
purpureus Lin.) as Influenced by Insecticides During Kharif
Season
Md. Mahi Imam Mollah1*
, Md. Mahbubar Rahman2
, Md. Zinnatul Alam2
andMd. Mofazzal Hossain3
1. Department of Entomology, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Patuakhali-8602, Bangladesh.
[E-mail: mahiimam@yahoo.com]
2. Department of Entomology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur-1706,
Bangladesh.
3. Department of Horticulture, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur-1706,
Bangladesh.
Field experiment was conducted in the research field of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural
University, Gazipur, Bangladesh during 2009 kharif season to evaluate the efficacy of insecticides for increasing
yield of country bean by protecting pod damage by bean pod borers. The spray plots gave significantly higher yield
than the control plots. Among the insecticides, Neem oil, Fenitrothion50 EC and Emamectin benzoate 5 SG
performed best by reducing 59.46, 51.35 & 45.95 % infested pod production respectively. For marketable pod yield,
Deltramethrin 2.5 EC, Fenotrothion 50 EC and Curtap 50 SP performed best by producing 5.78, 5.48 & 5.39
ton/hectate at the same time increasing 46.70, 38.58 & 36.80 % marketable pod yield over control respectively. Thus
for gross yield, Deltramethrin 2.5 EC, Fenitrothion 50 EC & Cutap 50 SP performed best by producing 6.11, 5.65 &
5.61 ton/ha as well as increasing 41.76, 31.09 & 30.16 % gross pod production. Therefore, Deltramethrin 2.5 EC,
Fenitrothion 50 EC & Curtap 50 SP can be recommended for successful country bean cultivation with more
production during kharif season.
Keyword: Yield performance, Heat tolerant country bean, Insecticides, Marketable yield, Gross yield
1. Introduction
Bangladesh is one of the most densely populated
countries in the world. With the increase of
population, the cropped area is reducing and the
total production of crop including vegetables is
decreasing. In Bangladesh, the annual production
of vegetable is 1.53 million metric tons [1]
, which
is far below to its actual requirement of 9.21 m
metric tons. The average vegetable consumption
in Bangladesh is only 50 g per head per day,
against the actual requirement of 213 gram [2]
.
There is a big gap between the need and supply of
vegetable in the country. As a result, the chronic
malnutrition is commonly evident in Bangladesh,
which results in poor physical and mental growth,
labour inefficiency and short span of working life
and poor physical activity.
Country bean, Lablab purpureus (Linn.) is
reported to be originated in India [3,4]
and then
spreaded to other parts of the world. It is a
common and protein rich leguminous vegetable.
In Bangladesh, it is commercially cultivated in
Comilla, Noakhali, Sylhet, Dhaka, Kishoregonj,
Tangail, Jessore, Pabna and Dinajpur [5]
.
Noticable development in country bean
cultivation as ail crop is stricking the attention of
the general people of Chittagong region [6]
.
Although beans are considered as the major
2. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies
Vol. 1 No. 3 2013 www.entomoljournal.com Page | 2
group of vegetables grown intensively in Rabi
season, some varieties of country bean can be
grown year round including Kharif. Thus the
importance of country bean from growing season
point of view is highly significant. Because more
than 70% of the vegetables are produced in the
Rabi season while less than 30% are grown in
Kharif season [7]
. Thus the seasonal distribution
of vegetable production is highly contagious and
supply of fresh vegetables from local production
is not available year round. In this context, the
country bean having varieties suitable for
production during off season can play a vital role
to meet up the off season vegetable deficiency.
Inspite of being a prospective crop, high
incidence of insect pests have resulted its low
yield and poor quality. Yield loss in country bean
due to insect pests is reported to be about 12-30
percent [8]
. Till now the only way to protect the
country bean from its yield loss is by applying
insecticides. Therefore, the present study was
undertaken to observe the effect of insecticides
on yield of heat tolerant country bean grown
during kharif season.
2. Materials and Methodes
The experiment was conducted at the Research
field of Entomology Department of Bangabandhu
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University,
Gazipur during the period from 9 March to 15
July 2009. The study area is situated at 24.09 N
latitude and 90.26 E longitudes with an elevation
of 8.4 meter from the sea level. The experiment
was laid out in randomized complete block
design (RCBD) with three replications. The plot
size was 5mx2m keeping plot to plot distance 1m
and block to block distance 2 m. The soil was
well prepared, and good tilth was ensured for
commercial crop production and standard
dosages of cow dung and fertilizers were applied
as per recommendation [9]
. The seedlings of heat
tolerant IPSA Seem 2 with good vigor were
transplanted in the main field on 23th
March
2009. After transplanting a light irrigation was
given. Irrigation, fertilization, weeding and
mulching in the plots were done whenever
necessary.
The treatments comprised of eight insecticides
including one botanical (fresh) and (stored) with
untreated control. The treatments were: T1 =
Cypermethrin (Ripcord) 10 EC @ 1.0 ml / L
water, T2 = Fenitrothion (Sumithion) 50 EC @ 1.0
ml / L water, T3 = Fenvalerate (Fenfen) 20 EC @
1.0 ml / L water, T4 = Emamectin benzoate
(Proclaim) 5 SG @ 1.0 g / L water, T5 =
Deltramethrin (Decis) 2.5 EC @ 1.0 ml / L water,
T6 = Esfenvalerate (Sumialpha) 5 EC @ 1.0 ml / L
water, T7 = Curtap (Suntap) 50 SP @ 2.0 g / L
water, T8 = Neemoil (fresh) @ 2.5 ml / L water,
T9 = Neemoil (stored) @ 2.5 ml / L Water, T10 =
Untreated control. The fresh Neemoil was
collected from Ghani mill located at Kakonhat
bazar, Godagari, Chapai Nawabgonj and the
Neemoil was stored at room temperature for 16
month. The insecticides and botanicals were
sprayed at their recommended rate using
knapsack sprayer at 10 days interval from first
flowering to before last harvest of country bean.
During spray, drifting of insecticides was
checked by avoiding heavy wind and appropriate
rules of insecticide application. The mature pods
were harvested from all plots before spray.
During harvest infested pods were separated from
the healthy one’s and then the number and weight
of both healthy and infested pod was recorded.
The collected data were properly compiled,
coded, tabulated and analyzed statistically using
MSTAT- C software. The means were compared
for significant difference using the Duncan’s
Multiple Range Test (DMRT). The two formulae
were used for calculating percent increase or
reduction over control.
3. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies
Vol. 1 No. 3 2013 www.entomoljournal.com Page| 3
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Effect of Insecticides on Pod Infestation
Reduction
The insecticides play significant role in pod yield
by reducing pod infestation of country bean as
given in Table 01. The lowest amount of infested
pod was counted from Fresh Neemoil
(36.00/plot) which was followed by Emamectin
benzoate 5 SG (46.33/plot), Fenitrothion 50 EC
(48.67/plot), Curtap 50 SP (52.67/plot) and
Stored Neemoil (61.00/plot) while that of highest
was produced in control plot (96.33/plot)
followed by Deltramethrin 2.5 EC (82.67/plot),
Cypermethrin 10 EC (70.00/plot), Esfenvalerate 5
EC (68.67/plot) and Fenvalerate 20 EC
(65.60/plot) (Table 01). Reduction of pod
infestation over control found maximum in Fresh
Neemoil (62.63 %) which was followed by
Emamectin benzoate 5 SG (51.90 %),
Fenitrothion 50 EC (49.48 %) and Curtap 50 SP
(45.32 %) while that of minimum was in
Deltramethrin 2.5 EC (14.18 %) followed by
Cypermethrin 10 EC (27.33 %), Esfenvalerate 5
EC (28.71 %) and Fenvalerate 20 EC (31.83 %).
Similarly lowest quantity of infested pod was
collected from Fresh Neemoil (0.15 ton/ha)
which was followed by Fenitrothion 50 EC (0.18
ton/ha), Emamectin benzoate 5 SG (0.20 ton/ha),
Curtap 50 SP (0.23 ton/ha) and Esfenvalerate 5
EC (0.24 ton/ha) while the highest of that was
found in control (0.37 ton/ha) followed by
Deltramethrin 2.5 EC (0.33 ton/ha), Fenvalerate
20 EC (0.31 ton/ha), Cypermethrin 10 EC as well
as Stored Neemoil (0.27 ton/ha). Maximum
reduction of infested pod quantity over control
was confirmed from Fresh Neemoil (59.46 %)
followed by Fenitrothion 50 EC (51.35%),
Emamectin benzoate 5 SG (45.95 %) and Curtap
50 SP (37.84 %) while Deltramethrin 2.5 EC
(10.81 %), Fenvalerate 20 EC (16.22 %),
Cypermethrin 10 EC as well as Stored Neemoil
(27.03 %) and Esfenvalerate 5 EC (35.14 %)
confirmed the minimum reduction over control
respectively.
Table 1: Effect of insecticides for reducing infested pod production
Treatments Number of infested
pod/plot
% reduction
over control
Wt. of infested
pod (ton/ha)
% reduction
over control
Cypermethrin 10 EC 70.00 c 27.33 0.27 bcd 27.03
Fenitrothion 50 EC 48.67 e 49.48 0.18 ef 51.35
Fenvalerate 20 EC 65.60 c 31.83 0.31 abc 16.22
Emamectin benzoate 5 SG 46.33 e 51.90 0.20 def 45.95
Deltrametrin 2.5 EC 82.67 b 14.18 0.33 ab 10.81
Esfenvalerate 5 EC 68.67 c 28.71 0.24 cde 35.14
Curtap 50 SP 52.67 de 45.32 0.23 cdef 37.84
Neemoil (fresh) 36.00 f 62.63 0.15 f 59.46
Neemoil (stored) 61.00 cd 36.68 0.27 bcd 27.03
Untreated control 96.33 a 0.37 a
CV 9.20 % 15.21%
*Values are mean of 3 replications from 6 harvests. In a column, means followed by same letter (s) are statistically
identical by DMRT at 5% level of significance.
Among the tested insecticides, Fresh Neem oil @
2.5 ml/L water followed by Fenitrothion 50 EC@
1 ml/L water and Emamectin benzoate 5 SG@
1g/L water performed best for reducing damaged
pod over control during kharif season. Similarly,
during kharif season maximum reduction of pod
damage over control was ensured by Emamectin
benzoate 5SG@1g/L water followed by
Cypermethrin 10 EC @ 1ml/L water and curtap
50 SP @ 2g/L water [10]
.
3.2. Effect of insecticides on Marketable Pod
Production Increase
The highest number of healthy pod production
was ensured from Deltramethrin 2.5 EC
(1558/plot) treated plots which was followed by
Emamectin benzoate 5 SG (1509/plot),
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Fenitrothion 50 EC (1497/plot), Curtap 50 SP
(1474/plot) and Esfenvalerate 5 EC (1456/plot).
Conversely, the lowest number of pod production
was obtained from untreated control (1076/plot)
plot followed by Neemoil (fresh) (1118/plot),
Cypermethrin 10 EC (1156/plot), Neemoil
(stored) (1287/plot) and Fenvalerate 20 EC
(1349/plot) where the first three were statistically
similar. Highest increase of healthy pod over
control was achieved from Deltramethrin 2.5 EC
(44.80 %) followed by Emamectin benzoate 5 SG
(40.24 %), Fenitrothion 50 EC (39.13 %), Curtap
50 SP (36.99 %) and Esfenvalerate 5 EC (35.32
%) while that of lowest was obtained from
Neemoil (fresh) (3.90 %), Cypermethrin 10 EC
(7.43 %), Neemoil (stored) (19.61 %) and
Fenvalerate 20 EC (25.37 %). Highest quantity of
marketable yield was obtained from
Deltramethrin 2.5 EC (5.78 ton/ha) treated plots
which was followed by Fenitrothion 50 EC (5.48
ton/ha), Curtap 50 SP (5.39 ton/ha), Emamectin
benzoate 5 SG (5.31 ton/ha) and Esfenvalerate 5
EC (5.29 ton/ha) while the lowest of that was
found in untreated control (3.94 ton/ha) followed
by Cypermethrin 10 EC (4.06 ton/ha), Neemoil
(fresh) (4.17 ton/ha), Neemoil (stored) (4.55
ton/ha) and Fenvalerate 20 EC (4.97 ton/ha).
Maximum increase of marketable yield over
control was achieved from Deltramethrin 2.5 EC
(46.70 %) which was followed by Fenitrothion 50
EC (38.58 %), Curtap 50 SP (36.80 %),
Emamectin benzoate 5 SG (34.77 %) and
Esfenvalerate 5 EC (34.26 %) while the lowest of
that was found from Cypermethrin 10 EC (3.05
%) followed by Neemoil (fresh) (5.84 %),
Neemoil (stored) (15.48 %) and Fenvalerate
20EC (26.14%).
Table 2: Effect of insecticides for Increasing Marketable Pod Production
Treatments
Marketable yield
(Number/plot)
% increase
over control
Marketable yield
(ton/ha)
% increase
over control
Cypermethrin 10 EC 1156 de 7.43 4.06 d 3.05
Fenitrothion 50 EC 1497 ab 39.13 5.48 ab 38.58
Fenvalerate 20 EC 1349 bc 25.37 4.97 bc 26.14
Emamectin benzoate 5 SG 1509 ab 40.24 5.31 ab 34.77
Deltrametrin 2.5 EC 1558 a 44.80 5.78 a 46.70
Esfenvalerate 5 EC 1456 ab 35.32 5.29 ab 34.26
Curtap 50 SP 1474 ab 36.99 5.39 ab 36.80
Neemoil (fresh) 1118 e 3.90 4.17 d 5.84
Neemoil (stored) 1287 cd 19.61 4.55 cd 15.48
Untreated control 1076 e 3.94 d
CV 6.66 % 6.89 %
*Values are mean of 3 replications from 6 harvests. In a column, means followed by same letter(s) are statistically identical
by DMRT at 5% level of significance.
Among the treated insecticides, Deltrametrin 2.5
EC (5.78 ton/ha & 46.70 %) followed by
Fenitrothion 50 EC (5.48 ton/ha & 38.54 %) and
Curtap 50 SP (5.39 ton/ha & 36.80 %) performed
best by ensuring highest marketable pod
production as well as maximum increase of
marketable pod over control respectively [10]
.
observed that Deltramethrin 2.5 EC @ 1ml/L
water produced 5.0 ton/ha marketable pod as well
as 32.7% yield increase over contron but curtap
50 WP @ 2g/L water produced 3.97 ton/ha
marketable yield confirming 28.41 % marketable
yield increase over control. It was found that
Fenitrothion 50 EC @ 1.5 ml/L water IPSA
seem-2 produced 7.42 ton/ha marketable yield
during winter season [11, 12]
observed that yield of
country bean in Deltramethrin 2.5 EC,
Esfenvalerate 5 EC and Curtap 50SP treated plot
was 4.76, 7.02 & 7.92 kg /plot respectively. In
increasing yield, various insecticides such as
Curtap, Deltramethrin, Cypermethrin, Emamectin
benzoate have been reported to be effective
against M. vitrata on cowpea [13, 14]
. In increasing
yield, various insecticides such as Curtap,
5. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies
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Deltramethrin, cypermethrin, Emamectin
benzoate have been reported to be effective
against M. vitrata on urdbean [15]
and black
gram[16]
.
3.3. Effect of Insecticides on Gross Pod
Production
For gross yield, highest number was obtained
from Deltramethrin 2.5 EC (1640.67/plot),
Emamectin benzoate 5 SG (1555.33/plot),
Fenitrothion 50 EC (1545.67/plot), Curtap 50 SP
(1526.67/plot) and Esfenvalerate 5 EC
(1524.67/plot) while the lowest of that was found
from untreated control (1172.33/plot) which was
followed by Neemoil (fresh) (1174/plot),
Cypermethrin 10 EC (1226/plot), Neemoil
(stored) (1348/plot) and Fenvalerate 20 EC
(1414.67/plot). Highest increase of total pod over
control was achieved from Deltramethrin 2.5 EC
(39.95 %) followed by Emamectin benzoate 5 SG
(32.67 %), Fenitrothion 50 EC (31.85 %), Curtap
50 SP (30.23 %) and Esfenvalerate 5 EC
(30.05%) while the lowest of that was obtained
from Neemoil (fresh) (0.14 %) followed by
Cypermethrin 10 EC (4.58 %), Neemoil (stored)
(14.98 %) and Fenvalerate 20 EC (20.67 %). On
the other hand, highest quantity of gross yield
was obtained from Deltramethrin 2.5 EC (6.11
ton/ha) followed by Fenitrothion 50 EC (5.65
ton/ha), Curtap 50 SP (5.61 ton/ha), Esfenvalerate
5 EC (5.54 ton/ha) and Emamectin benzoate 5 SG
(5.52 ton/ha). Conversely, the lowest of that was
obtained from untreated control (4.31 ton/ha)
followed by Neemoil (fresh) (4.32 ton/ha),
Cypermethrin 10 EC (4.33 ton/ha), Neemoil
(stored) (4.82 ton/ha) and Fenvalerate 20 EC
(5.27 ton/ha). Yield performance of any
insecticides depends on its ability to increase
yield over control by reducing pod infestation.
Considering this, best performance was achieved
from Deltramethrin 2.5 EC (41.76 %) followed
by Fenitrothion 50 EC (31.09 %), Curtap 50 SP
(30.16 %), Esfenvalerate 5 EC (28.54 %) and
Emamectin benzoate 5 SG (28.07 %) while the
lowest of that was achieved from Neemoil (fresh)
(0.23 %) followed by Cypermethrin 10 EC (0.46
%), Neemoil (stored) (11.83 %) and Fenvalerate
20 EC (23.42 %).
Table 3: Effect of insecticides for Increasing Gross Pod Production
Treatments
Gross yield
(Number/plot)
% increase over
control
Gross yield
(ton/ha)
% increase
over control
Cypermethrin 10 EC 1226 de 4.58 4.33 d 0.46
Fenitrothion 50 EC 1545.67 ab 31.85 5.65 ab 31.09
Fenvalerate 20 EC 1414.67 bc 20.67 5.27 bc 23.42
Emamectin benzoate 5 SG 1555.33 ab 32.67 5.52 ab 28.07
Deltrametrin 2.5 EC 1640.67 a 39.95 6.11 a 41.76
Esfenvalerate 5 EC 1524.67 ab 30.05 5.54 ab 28.54
Curtap 50 SP 1526.67 ab 30.23 5.61 ab 30.16
Neemoil (fresh) 1174 e 0.14 4.32 d 0.23
Neemoil (stored) 1348 cd 14.98 4.82 cd 11.83
Untreated control 1172.33 e 4.31 d
CV 6.54 % 6.54 %
Values are mean of 3 replications from 6 harvests. In a column, means followed by same letter(s) are statistically
identical by DMRT at 5% level of significance.
The above discussion thus revealed that among
the treated insecticides, Deltrametrin 2.5 EC,
Fenitrothion 50 EC and Curtap 50 SP performed
best by confirming highest gross yield as well as
increasing gross yield over control during
summer season[17]
. observed that IPSA seem 2
produce 4.33 ton/ha during winter under the
treatment Carbofuran 5G@ 1.5 kg/ha +
Cypermethrin 10 EC @ 1 ml/L water. It was
reported that dolichos bean produced on an
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average, 5-8 ton per hectare [18, 19]
observed
country bean produced 8.39 to 11.55 tons per
hectare. In increasing yield, various insecticides
such as Curtap, Deltramethrin, Cypermethrin,
Emamectin benzoate have been reported to be
effective against M. vitrata on cowpea [13, 14]
.
4. Conclusions
Considering the unavailability of vegetables in
kharif season in comparison to winter, the heat
tolerant variety of country bean (IPSA Seem 2)
provided satisfactory marketable yield of 5.78,
5.48 & 5.39 ton/ha and as well as gross yield of
6.11, 5.65 & 5.61 ton/ha when treated with
Deltramethrin 2.5 EC @ 1ml/L water,
Fenitrothion 50 EC @ 1ml/L water and Curtap 50
SP @ 2 g/L water respectively. These insecticides
can be recommended for successful country bean
production as these could control bean pod borer
satisfactorily.
5. References
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Bangladesh. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics,
Ministry of Planning, Govt. of the People’s
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4. Chowdhury AR, Ali M, Quadir MNA, Talukder
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