Morchella, the true morels, belonging to Helvellaceae family of class
Ascomycetes, are amongst the most highly priced fungi in the world. Their
artificial production is still a challenge, even though patents for their
cultivation do exist. The tissue of Morchella sp. was transferred aseptically
to Potato Dextrose Agar medium (peeled, sliced and boiled potato, 200 g;
dextrose, 20 g; agar, 20 g L-1) to grow hyphae. The mycelium showed
fastest growth as compared to other edible mushrooms. It covered entire area
of Petri plate (90 mm) within 4-5 days with the growth rate of 18-
22.5mm/day. A unique growth pattern i.e., vertically oriented mycelia were
observed. Brown coloured pigmentation in the culture was also observed
during the study. The basal media for spawn (wheat grains; Glucose, 1%,
CaCO3, 2%; CaSO4, 1.5% and MgSO4, 1%) was aseptically inoculated with
the mushroom culture. The spawn substrate was colonized by mushroom
mycelium in 7-8 days. The sclerotia were formed in unused (old) spawn.
Wheat straw was used as a substrate for mushroom cultivation. It was
supplemented with wheat bran, 20%, Glucose (1%) and MgSO4 (1%). It
showed prolific growth when it was seeded by mushroom spawn using jar
method. Once substrate was fully covered with mushroom mycelium, casing
was applied. Sclerotia were successfully obtained after 14 days of incubation
in our experiment both in the substrate and casing soil but failed to give rise
to fruiting primordial. Further research is going on to domesticate this
species in our country.
Micropropagation of Santalum Album L. Sandalwoodijtsrd
An efficient plant regeneration protocol was developed for Santalum album L. Santalaceae , an economically important species. Plant regeneration was achieved using nodal explants and leaf disc on Murashige and Skoog MS medium for direct shoot regeneration. Effect of Plant Growth Regulators PGR like 6 Benzyl Adenine BA , Kinetin KN and 2 Isopentenyl adenine 2 iP on shoot initiation 2 Isopentenyl adenine and Gibberellic acid GA3 for shoot elongation and multiple shoot formation and Indole 3 Butyric Acid IBA and a Naphthalene Acetic Acid NAA for rooting was studied. Among the explants tested for shoot induction, nodal segments proved good results. The best treatment for obtaining shoot induction was 3.0mg L BAP and for rooting 1 mg L of IBA was found to be the best treatment combination for maximum sprouting of shoot and rooting. After six the rooted plantlets were transferred for hardening, 20 of plantlets survived and resumed growth in the mixture of soil, vermiculite and sand 1 1 1 . S. Aghi Zion Inbakani | S. Sathishkumar | Bakan Jagdish Sudhakar "Micropropagation of Santalum Album L. (Sandalwood)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd43698.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.combiological-science/biotechnology/43698/micropropagation-of-santalum-album-l-sandalwood/s-aghi-zion-inbakani
This presentation is to understand the concepts of endophytes that reside within plants & to explore the applications of endophytes for the management of plant diseases.
Micropropagation of Santalum Album L. Sandalwoodijtsrd
An efficient plant regeneration protocol was developed for Santalum album L. Santalaceae , an economically important species. Plant regeneration was achieved using nodal explants and leaf disc on Murashige and Skoog MS medium for direct shoot regeneration. Effect of Plant Growth Regulators PGR like 6 Benzyl Adenine BA , Kinetin KN and 2 Isopentenyl adenine 2 iP on shoot initiation 2 Isopentenyl adenine and Gibberellic acid GA3 for shoot elongation and multiple shoot formation and Indole 3 Butyric Acid IBA and a Naphthalene Acetic Acid NAA for rooting was studied. Among the explants tested for shoot induction, nodal segments proved good results. The best treatment for obtaining shoot induction was 3.0mg L BAP and for rooting 1 mg L of IBA was found to be the best treatment combination for maximum sprouting of shoot and rooting. After six the rooted plantlets were transferred for hardening, 20 of plantlets survived and resumed growth in the mixture of soil, vermiculite and sand 1 1 1 . S. Aghi Zion Inbakani | S. Sathishkumar | Bakan Jagdish Sudhakar "Micropropagation of Santalum Album L. (Sandalwood)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd43698.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.combiological-science/biotechnology/43698/micropropagation-of-santalum-album-l-sandalwood/s-aghi-zion-inbakani
This presentation is to understand the concepts of endophytes that reside within plants & to explore the applications of endophytes for the management of plant diseases.
application of biofertilizers in forest nursery. Different types of biofertilizers and application methods. advantages and disadvantages of biofertilizers.
Soil enzyme increase the reaction rate at which plant residues decompose and release plant available nutrients.
The substance acted upon by soil enzyme is called substrate.
Eg. Glucosidase(soil enzyme) cleaves glucose from glucoside(substrate),
1.Constitutive
Always present in nearly constant amounts in a cell (not affected by addition of any particular substrate…genes always expressed.) (pyro-phosphatase).
2.Inducible
Present only in trace amounts or not at all, but quickly increases in concentration when its substrate is present. (Amidase).
Both enzymes are present in the soil.
Oxidoreductases – Oxidation reduction reaction (Dehydrogenase, Catalase, Peroxidase)
Transferases – The transfer of group of atoms from donor to an acceptor molecule. (Aminotransferases, Rhodonase)
Hydrolases – Hydrolytic cleavage of bonds. (Phosphatase, Cellulase, Urease)
Lysates – Cleavage of bonds other than hydrolysis or oxidation.
Isomerases – Isomerisation reaction.
Ligases – Formation of bonds by the cleavage of ATP. (Acetyl-CoA carboxylase)
The broadest definition of plant disease includes anything that damages plant health. This definition can include such diverse factors as pathogens, insufficient nitrogen, air pollution, lawnmower damage, and deer damage.
Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic group of bacteria that can fix atmospheric nitrogen essential for aminoacid biosynthesis. Earlier they were called as blue green algae. Now that name is not used because they are not belongs to the algae.
Plants require essential nutrients for their growth and development that are mainly acquired from soil by their roots. Nutrient stress is an environmental condition that can seriously affect the production and quality of crop produce. Biofertilizers are the organisms (Bacteria, fungi, cyanobacteria, etc.) that enrich the nutrient quality of soil. Plants have a number of beneficial relationship with such organisms. Among these AM-Fungi are ubiquitous and form a mutuality relationship with roots of most plant species.
Definition, Characteristics, Nutrition, Special Structures, Reproduction, Nam...Dr. Rajbir Singh
This Lecture Include the Definition, Main Characteristics, Nutrition, Special Structures, Reproduction (Asexual and Sexual), Naming and Classification (Old and New)of Fungi.
Thirty soil borne viruses or virus like agents are transmitted by five species of fungal vectors i.e soil inhibiting fungi or protists.
Known vectors are from members of class Plamodiophoromycetes in the division Myxomycota & class Chytridiomycetes in the division Eumycota.
Effect of some pre sowing treatments on Sapindus laurifolius seed germinationresearchplantsciences
Present paper deals with the effect of some pre-sowing treatments on the seed germination of Sapindus laurifolius Vahl. (Sapindaceae). The physical and chemical scarification treatments were given to S. laurifolius seeds in order to test, identify, and recommend suitable pre-sowing treatments. In-depth analysis of data obtained in the present work has proved that, sulphuric acid promotes seed germination in S. laurifolius comparatively within shorter time without affecting growth performance of saplings obtained.
Article Citation:
Vishal R. Kamble, Bazegah K. Sayed and Shrinath P. Kavade.
Effect of some pre-sowing treatments on Sapindus laurifolius seed germination
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2013) 2(2): 205-212.
Full Text:
http://plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0056.pdf
application of biofertilizers in forest nursery. Different types of biofertilizers and application methods. advantages and disadvantages of biofertilizers.
Soil enzyme increase the reaction rate at which plant residues decompose and release plant available nutrients.
The substance acted upon by soil enzyme is called substrate.
Eg. Glucosidase(soil enzyme) cleaves glucose from glucoside(substrate),
1.Constitutive
Always present in nearly constant amounts in a cell (not affected by addition of any particular substrate…genes always expressed.) (pyro-phosphatase).
2.Inducible
Present only in trace amounts or not at all, but quickly increases in concentration when its substrate is present. (Amidase).
Both enzymes are present in the soil.
Oxidoreductases – Oxidation reduction reaction (Dehydrogenase, Catalase, Peroxidase)
Transferases – The transfer of group of atoms from donor to an acceptor molecule. (Aminotransferases, Rhodonase)
Hydrolases – Hydrolytic cleavage of bonds. (Phosphatase, Cellulase, Urease)
Lysates – Cleavage of bonds other than hydrolysis or oxidation.
Isomerases – Isomerisation reaction.
Ligases – Formation of bonds by the cleavage of ATP. (Acetyl-CoA carboxylase)
The broadest definition of plant disease includes anything that damages plant health. This definition can include such diverse factors as pathogens, insufficient nitrogen, air pollution, lawnmower damage, and deer damage.
Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic group of bacteria that can fix atmospheric nitrogen essential for aminoacid biosynthesis. Earlier they were called as blue green algae. Now that name is not used because they are not belongs to the algae.
Plants require essential nutrients for their growth and development that are mainly acquired from soil by their roots. Nutrient stress is an environmental condition that can seriously affect the production and quality of crop produce. Biofertilizers are the organisms (Bacteria, fungi, cyanobacteria, etc.) that enrich the nutrient quality of soil. Plants have a number of beneficial relationship with such organisms. Among these AM-Fungi are ubiquitous and form a mutuality relationship with roots of most plant species.
Definition, Characteristics, Nutrition, Special Structures, Reproduction, Nam...Dr. Rajbir Singh
This Lecture Include the Definition, Main Characteristics, Nutrition, Special Structures, Reproduction (Asexual and Sexual), Naming and Classification (Old and New)of Fungi.
Thirty soil borne viruses or virus like agents are transmitted by five species of fungal vectors i.e soil inhibiting fungi or protists.
Known vectors are from members of class Plamodiophoromycetes in the division Myxomycota & class Chytridiomycetes in the division Eumycota.
Effect of some pre sowing treatments on Sapindus laurifolius seed germinationresearchplantsciences
Present paper deals with the effect of some pre-sowing treatments on the seed germination of Sapindus laurifolius Vahl. (Sapindaceae). The physical and chemical scarification treatments were given to S. laurifolius seeds in order to test, identify, and recommend suitable pre-sowing treatments. In-depth analysis of data obtained in the present work has proved that, sulphuric acid promotes seed germination in S. laurifolius comparatively within shorter time without affecting growth performance of saplings obtained.
Article Citation:
Vishal R. Kamble, Bazegah K. Sayed and Shrinath P. Kavade.
Effect of some pre-sowing treatments on Sapindus laurifolius seed germination
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2013) 2(2): 205-212.
Full Text:
http://plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0056.pdf
Among the edible mushrooms, Morchella esculenta (Pers.) is a highly prized mushroomwhich consists of a short stalk and a conical, pitted, hollow pileus. It is commonly known as amorel or sponge mushroom, or gucchi, etc. It belongs to the class Ascomycetes, order Pezizalesand family Morchellaceae. It is found throughout the world. In jammu and kashmir, it is found in various forests regions under pine vegetation. It is therapeutic in nature; thereforeits medicinal and biochemical properties are under investigation throughout the world, especiallyin regard to treating the hazardous diseases such as cancer, tumors, etc. The present in vitro studywas conducted for the first time. The three media soil and soil extracts Agar and LuriaAgar were used. Mycellial growth was obtained on all these media, but the LA medium showedbetter growth. Microscopic studies had shown pigmentation is most likely due to the secondarymycelium. Among these mycelium ascogenous hyphae are produced that may lead to theformation of ascogonium and antheridium with the dilated tips. The compact mass ofprosenchymatous and pseudoparenchyma tissues was observed.
Banana is the fourth largest produced food crop of the world and its demand is increasing day by day. It is available throw out the year and its cost is very less in comparison to other fruits. With the development in science new tissue culture protocols are standardized for mass propagation of Musa (Banana) on the basis of effects of plant growth regulators. BAP (6-Benzyl Amino Purine), KN (Kinetin) are most widely used cytokinins for shoot proliferation and IAA (Indole -3-acetic acid), NAA (Naphathalene acetic acid) are widely used auxins for root induction.
Integrated management of Helicoverpa armigera on different genotypes of Kabul...Innspub Net
Gram Pod borer (Helicoverpa armigera Hubner) is the most imperative constraint in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) production causing severe losses or there may be complete crop failure in spite of several rounds of insecticidal applications. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of neem application in controlling Pod borer on six different genotypic varieties (AZ-CM2, AZ-CM4, AZ-CM6, AZ-CM10, AZ-CM12 and Noor-91). The experiment was designed in a Split-Plot Design with three replicates. Different agronomic traits were recorded such as plant population, plant height, percentage flowering, physical maturity, number of pod per plant, infestation of pod borer and yield of chickpea. The results showed that plants treated with neem have high population (maximum in Noor-91 with 16.8 plants/m2 and minimum in AZ-CM12 with 2.9 plants/m2, plant height (46.7 cm in AZ-CM4 and 34.7cm in Noor-91), flowering (AZ-CM10 gave 50% flowers after 100.3 days), physical maturity (AZ-CM4 took maximum time (139.7 days) to attain 90% physical maturity while AZ-CM2 and AZ-CM4 took only 136.0 days to attain 90% physical maturity), average number of pods (Noor 91 has higher 19.4 and AZ-CM2 has lowest 12.1). Infestation of pod borer and % damage was found lower in neem sprayed plant. Overall highest yield was observed in plants treated with neem as compared to control and genotype dependent. It is concluded from the results that neem application has a significant effect in controlling pod borer and this effect varies from genotype to genotype. Noor-91 was found to be more resistant towards pod borer.
The Efficacy of Alchornea cordifolia Leaf Powder on Cowpea Beetle, Callosobru...Premier Publishers
The efficacy of Alchornea cordifolia leaf powder was investigated against cowpea beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus on stored cowpea in the laboratory. The tested leaf powder was added as admixtures to 20 g of cowpea grains at the following rates of at 0 (control), 3, 4, and 5g % (w/w) while in the control treatment there was no plant material added. Each of the treatments was tested by exposing five pairs of adult beetles in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) to assess oviposition deterrent and egg hatching suppression by the plant material. The results showed that oviposition and percentage egg hatched were significantly (P <0.05) suppressed on seeds treated with higher dosage level of the powder. Leaf powder with the concentration of 5g% (w/w)/20g cowpea seeds was most effective in suppressing oviposition and egg hatched. Thus, the result revealed that A. cordifolia leaf powder has oviposition deterrent and ovicidal properties and as such can be used as an alternative to synthetic insecticides for controlling C. maculatus infestation on stored cowpea grains. Therefore A. cordifolia leaf powder can be incorporated into traditional storage pest management as well as integrated pest management and it may strongly recommended in developing countries.
PHYTO-NUTRITIONAL PROFILES OF BROOM WEED (SIDA ACUTA) LEAF EXTRACTSubmissionResearchpa
Medicinal plants are abundant in phytochemicals that has significant therapeutic effects. They are relatively cheap, effective and safe in prolong use. This experiment was carried out to investigate the phyto-nutritional profile of broom weed (Sida acuta) leaf extract. Proximate analysis Sida acuta leaf indicated the presence of dry matter (91.88 %), crude protein (18.01 %), ash (9.73 %), crude fibre (6.24 %), ether extract (1.77 %) and energy (2760 Kcal/kg). Phytochemical screening of the extract revealed the presence of condensed tannins, hydrolysable tannins, flavonoids, saponins, phenols, oxalate, phytate, alkaloids, terpenoids and glycosides at 0.82 %, 2.02 %, 4.25 %, 0.20 %, 0.17 %, 0.05 %, 0.23 %, 0.22 %, 0.95 % and 0.02 % respectively and the vitamin constituents are thiamine (0.33 mg/100g), ascorbic acid (30.17 mg/100g), riboflavin (0.05 mg/100g), β-carotene (0.79 mg/100g) and niacin (0.41 mg/100g). Mineral analysis showed that it contained calcium (127.6 mg/100g), phosphorus (78.6 mg/100g), potassium (31.6 mg/100g), magnesium (102.1 mg/100g), iron (2.14 mg/100g), manganese (0.60 mg/100g), copper (0.04 mg/100g) and zinc (1.75 mg/100g). Result on amino acid composition showed that they contained lysine (2.11 mg/100g), arginine (1.77 mg/100g), aspartic acid (2.13 mg/100g), threonine (1.85 mg/100g), histidine (4.71 mg/100g), serine (2.03 mg/100g), glycine (1.05 mg/100g), alanine (3.31 mg/100g), cystine (5.06 mg/100g), valine (0.88 mg/100g), leucine (2.04 mg/100g), phenyalanine (4.72 mg/100g), tyrosine (3.51 mg/100g), isoleucine (2.84 mg/100g), methionine (0.85 mg/100g) and proline (1.05 mg/100g). It was concluded that Sida acuta leaf extract is rich in various nutrients and phytochemicals conferring it the ability to perform multiple biological activities and as a natural alternative to antibiotics. by Shittu, M. D and Alagbe, J.O 2020. PHYTO-NUTRITIONAL PROFILES OF BROOM WEED (SIDA ACUTA) LEAF EXTRACT. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 11 (Nov. 2020), 119-124. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i11.845. https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/845/806 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/845
Evaluation of the Activity of Insecticides Plants in the Far North Region of ...IJEAB
This study proposes to assess the activity of insecticide plants in the far North region of Cameroon. The leaves or bark of four local plants (Azadirachtaindica, Boswelliadalzeilii, Khayasenegalensis and Ocimumcanum) were harvested, dried and powdered for the formulation of insecticidal chopsticks at different doses. Toxicity tests have been conducted on adult culicidae mosquitoes by fumigation. They reveal low levels of mortality after 15 minutes of exposure to the smoke of the chopsticks. Remanence due to chopsticks smoke leads to high rates of mortality after 6 and 24 hours of exposure. Mortality rates increase with the dose of each vegetable powder. Lethal doses were calculated 6 hours after exposure for each plant powder. Those of the leaves of Azadirachtaindica proved to be the most efficient thus with the lowest LD50 value of 36.14%. These vegetable powders can be used as natural insecticides instead of chemical insecticides.
Transformation of Sandalwood Leaves (Santalum album) into Nutrient Rich Compo...AI Publications
It is significant to use renewable resources to maximize crop yields and minimize the environmental risks accompanying with chemical residues. Composting is an age old practice for the biological conversion of organic waste into a humus-like substance which can enhance physical, chemical and biological soil properties. Vermicomposting of leaf litter by Eisenia foetida and Eudrilus eugenia potentially play a substantial role in remediation of organic waste as well as building up of soil fertility for sustainable agriculture. Present study was based on the conversion of Sandal wood leaf waste into nutrient rich best source. Sandal wood leaf were chopped at fine level and later mixed with cattle dung in order to pre composting followed by addition of earthworm.Several factors were also analysed during process. It was found that physical factors viz. pH, temperature moisture content etc. were significantly fluctuating at initial time period but later it was stagnant at constant level. Volume of waste and density were also reduced at the end of process. Colour of waste also turned into black that was good for seed germination but bad for health of earthworm. Final product was found odour less. Present results revealed about favourable condition of addition of earthworm into leaf litter waste and also explore the capability of both earthworm species to degrade leaf litter after semi-digested condition.
Transformation of Sandalwood Leaves (Santalum album) into Nutrient Rich Compo...AI Publications
It is significant to use renewable resources to maximize crop yields and minimize the environmental risks accompanying with chemical residues. Composting is an age old practice for the biological conversion of organic waste into a humus-like substance which can enhance physical, chemical and biological soil properties. Vermicomposting of leaf litter by Eisenia foetida and Eudrilus eugenia potentially play a substantial role in remediation of organic waste as well as building up of soil fertility for sustainable agriculture. Present study was based on the conversion of Sandal wood leaf waste into nutrient rich best source. Sandal wood leaf were chopped at fine level and later mixed with cattle dung in order to pre composting followed by addition of earthworm.Several factors were also analysed during process. It was found that physical factors viz. pH, temperature moisture content etc. were significantly fluctuating at initial time period but later it was stagnant at constant level. Volume of waste and density were also reduced at the end of process. Colour of waste also turned into black that was good for seed germination but bad for health of earthworm. Final product was found odour less. Present results revealed about favourable condition of addition of earthworm into leaf litter waste and also explore the capability of both earthworm species to degrade leaf litter after semi-digested condition.
EFFECT OF SUPPLEMENTING MIXTURE OF BENZENE AMINO PURINE (BAP) AND KINETIN (KN...Journal For Research
Naveen Gaurav , Assistant Professor Department of Biotechnology, S G R R P G College Dehradun, U.K.; A. P. Singh, Assistant Professor Department of Biotechnology, S G R R P G College Dehradun, U.K.; Arun Kumar, Professor, Department of Botany Govt. P.G. Science College, Rewa, M.P.; Aviral Maithani , M.Sc Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology , SGRRPG College Dehradun, U.K.; Aditi Grover, M.Sc Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology , SGRRPG College Dehradun, U.K.
Recycling of Recalcitrant Solid Waste from Herbal Pharmaceutical Industry thr...IJEAB
As per the estimates of World Health Organization (WHO) about 80% of world’s population depends on plant and plant products for their primary healthcare. Recently the demand for herbal drugs has increased many folds at the global level, as these herbal medicines do not have any side effects and its cost effectiveness. Huge quantities of solid waste is generated during the production of decoction using roots, stems, nuts, barks, seeds, flowers and fruits. This solid waste is recalcitrant in nature and the dried waste is very sharp and prickly in nature. Hence cannot be used as a fodder, like leguminous plants. At present, this solid waste is simply being disposed off on land. So it was envisaged to try vermicomposting of this solid waste using earthworm species of Eudrilus eugeniae, considering the high content of Volatile Solids of Total Solids to the tune of 81.78%, indicating its good degradable nature. Herbal solid waste depicted C/N ratio of 35.34 and the vermicompost had C/N ratio of 12.6. Volatile Solids reduction obtained is around 61.23% indicating good bioconversion of the waste. 18.6% moisture content further indicates good quality vermicompost production. Maturity of the compost was confirmed by microbial analysis and also by Scanning Electron Microscopy. Vermicompost prepared out of this herbal pharmaceutical solid waste depicted efficient porosity of 80.489% and water holding capacity of 87.5534%. Bulk density was around 0.9667 gm/cm3 indicating its suitability for agricultural activity.
The experiment was conducted at the experimental farm and laboratory of Institute of
Sustainable Agrotechnology, University Malaysia Perlis, Padang Besar, Perlis, Malaysia, with the objective
toinvestigate the inhibitory and stimulatory effects of aqueous extract of mungbean on seed germination and
seedling growth of three crop species, mungbean, sweet corn and okra. Different treatments of mungbean
aqueousextracts (vegetative fresh, vegetative after 2 weeks drying, vegetative after 4 weeks drying, flowering
fresh, flowering after 2 weeks drying, flowering after 4 weeks drying, flowering fresh, flowering after 2 weeks
drying, flowering after 4 weeks drying, maturity fresh, maturity after 2 weeks drying, maturity after 4 weeks
drying and water as control) were used to test their effect on the test species. The experiment was randomly
distributed and according to Completely Randomized Design(CRD) with five replicates. The results showed the
fresh vegetative aqueous extract of mungbean had a significant effect (stimulatory) on germination percent and
growth parameters such as number of root, root length and shoot height, of the three crop species. The study
revealed that the aqueous extract of mungbean have different effects (inhibitory and stimulatory) on the
seedlings and the mode of action depends on the associated plant species.Our results suggest that the aqueous
extract of mungbean from the different growth stages and drying periods have an allelopathic effect.
Similar to Sclerotia production a way ahead to morchella Cultivation (20)
Sclerotia production a way ahead to morchella cultivationDr. siddhant
Morchella, the true morels, belonging to Helvellaceae family of class Ascomycetes, are amongst the most highly prized fungi in the world. Their artificial production is still a challenge, even though patents for their cultivation do exist. The tissue of Morchella sp. was transferred aseptically to Potato Dextrose Agar medium (peeled, sliced and boiled potato, 200 g; dextrose, 20 g; agar, 20 g L-1) to grow hyphae. The mycelium showed fastest growth as compared to other edible mushrooms. It covered entire area of Petri plate (90 mm) within 4-5 days with the growth rate of 18-22.5mm/day. A unique growth pattern i.e. vertically oriented mycelia were
observed. Brown coloured pigmentation in the culture was also observed during the study. The basal media for spawn (wheat grains; Glucose, 1%, CaCO3, 2%; CaSO4, 1.5% and MgSO4, 1%) was aseptically inoculated with the mushroom culture. The spawn substrate was colonized by mushroom mycelium in 7-8 days. The sclerotia were formed in unused (old) spawn. Wheat
straw was used as a substrate for mushroom cultivation. It was supplemented with wheat bran, 20%, Glucose (1%) and MgSO4 (1%). It showed prolific growth when it was seeded by
mushroom spawn using jar method. Once substrate was fully covered with mushroom mycelium, casing was applied. Sclerotia were successfully obtained after 14 days of incubation in our experiment both in the substrate and casing soil but failed to give rise to fruiting primordial. Further research is going on to domesticate this species in this part of country.
A new filter for safe view of solar eclipseDr. siddhant
Looking directly at the sun can lead to permanent eye injury due to damage of light-sensitive rod and cone cells within the retina. There are two ways to look at the Sun safely: by observing the sun directly through a suitable filter, or by projecting the Sun’s reflection onto a piece of paper via handmade pinhole camera/ telescope. The present correspondence shows the specification for the development of an optical instrument for the direct observation of sun. For this device, commonly available solar control glass plates can be used. The design of this filter is based on the fact that both visible and UV radiation comply with the law of Reflection and Refraction of light. As light rays appeared on the glass plate, most of the rays pass through the glass after refraction. A portion of the incident ray is mirrored and goes out to the next glass panel, where the same thing is going to happen. Through this way, multiple glass plates reflect the light ray before diffuse light is received. Owing to the fact that diffuse reflection is responsible for the ability to see most illuminated objects, we will be able to see the dull image of sun directly through this filter during the solar eclipse.
An Approach to Improve Yield Parameters of Pleurotus florida Strain P1Dr. siddhant
Aim: The efficient mushroom production involves many factors of which spawn production, culture methods and substrate selection are of prime importance. The research has, therefore, been carried out to standardize these aspects in present communication, for production of Pleurotus florida Strain P1.
Materials and Methods: Various cereals (maize, oat, barley) and millets (Italian millets, Little millet, Pearl millet) were assessed against wheat grain spawn for enhancing yield and biological efficiency of mushroom. Most suitable wheat straw component among fine pieces of leaves and leaf sheath (0.2
cm), coarse pieces of leaves and leaf sheath (0.4 cm), small (1.0 cm) and large pieces of the stem (1.7 cm) were also evaluated for the manifestations above. Various culture methods viz., bag, column, wall and tray culture and few substrate mixtures (corncob + wheat straw, mango sawdust + wheat straw and rice husk + wheat straw) have also been taken to increase yield performance of mushroom.
Results: The result showed that barley and oat grains produced good quality spawn in terms of quick mycelial running on the grain surface (14 days each). These spawn produced acceleration of spawn running and increased yield, as compared to other types of spawn. When different components of wheat straw were evaluated for the yield performance of mushroom, the course pieces of the stem (1.0 cm) proved the most appropriate component in relation to very low/zero contamination along highest yield (819 gm) and biological efficiency (163.8%). In contrast, wheat straw and corn cob were
recognized as the best substrate combination with highest yield (707 gm) and biological efficiency (141.4%) of mushrooms. Among different culture techniques used, only the column method gave significant yield (930 gm) and biological efficiency (186%) with appropriate mushrooms sizes from
packaging point of view.
Conclusion: The results obtained during the study revealed that by adopting the composite approach, the growers enhance mushroom production in manyfolds. The mushroom is cultivated by following column method. The wheat straw devoid from pieces of leaf & leaf sheath should be utilized
as a substrate with corncob combination. It should be inoculated with oat/barley spawn to higher yield.
A new filter for safe view of Solar EclipseDr. siddhant
Looking directly at the sun can lead to permanent eye injury due to damage of light-sensitive rod and cone cells within the retina. There are two ways to look at the Sun safely: by observing the sun directly through a suitable filter, or by projecting the Sun’s reflection onto a piece of paper via handmade pinhole camera/ telescope. The present correspondence shows the specification for the development of an optical instrument for the direct observation of sun. For this device, commonly available solar control glass plates can be used. The design of this filter is based on the fact that both visible and UV radiation comply with the law of Reflection and Refraction of light. As light rays appeared on the glass plate, most of the rays pass through the glass after refraction. A portion of the incident ray is mirrored and goes out to the next glass panel, where the same thing is going to happen. Through this way, multiple glass plates reflect the light ray before diffuse light is received. Owing to the fact that diffuse reflection is responsible for the ability to see most illuminated objects, we will be able to see the dull image of sun directly through this filter during the solar eclipse.
A new filter for safe view of Solar EclipseDr. siddhant
Looking directly at the sun can lead to permanent eye injury due to damage of light-sensitive rod and cone cells within the retina. There are two ways to look at the Sun safely: by observing the sun directly through a suitable filter, or by projecting the Sun’s reflection onto a piece of paper via handmade pinhole camera/ telescope. The present correspondence shows the specification for the development of an optical instrument for the direct observation of sun. For this device, commonly available solar control glass plates can be used. The design of this filter is based on the fact that both visible and UV radiation comply with the law of Reflection and Refraction of light. As light rays appeared on the glass plate, most of the rays pass through the glass after refraction. A portion of the incident ray is mirrored and goes out to the next glass panel, where the same thing is going to happen. Through this way, multiple glass plates reflect the light ray before diffuse light is received. Owing to the fact that diffuse reflection is responsible for the ability to see most illuminated objects, we will be able to see the dull image of sun directly through this filter during the solar eclipse.
Comparison of Growth and Development of Pleurotus florida against Wastes from...Dr. siddhant
Two wastes from animal origin, viz., human hairs and egg shells were evaluated for different manifestations of white oyster mushroom, Pleurotus florida. The mushroom utilized both the
substrates for their growth and sporophore formation. The mycelial growth was significantly (P=0.05) faster on egg shell (18 days) as compared to human hair (23 days). The crop of mushroom was harvested in four flushes where human hairs showed higher yield and biological efficiency of mushroom (165 gm, 33%) than egg shells (155 gm, 31%), respectively. In respect of yield parameters such as yield, biological efficiency, number of mushroom fruit bodies and average weight of
sporophores, both the substrates were statistically at par to each other. Utilization of human hairs egg shells by P. florida reveals a new strategy for mycoremediation of these wastes.
Determination of the Paper Quality as a Substrate for Oyster Mushroom Cultiva...Dr. siddhant
Eight different kinds of papers, viz., glaze paper, brown paper, news paper, magazine paper, chart paper, kite paper, rough copy paper and A-4 size printing paper, and two types of cardboard viz., corrugated cardboard and card board were evaluated for different manifestations of white oyster
mushroom Pleurotus florida Strain-P1. Among them news paper was later treated as a control. The mushroom was utilized all the substrates for their growth and sporophore formation. Majority substrates were taken almost equal time for spawn run, primordial development and fruiting bodies
maturation. The measured parameters were net yield (Weight of fresh mushrooms), biological efficiency, number of fruiting bodies produced and average weight of sporophores varied among themselves. The crop of mushroom was harvested in three flushes where yield and biological efficiency ranged 190-495 gm, 38-99% for the substrate used. Magazine paper (450 gm; 90%) and card board (495 gm; 99%) produced significant (P=0.05) yield and biological efficiency over control.
They also produced significant number of mushroom fruit bodies (56 and 64, respectively). Corrugated cardboard (10.29 gm) was found significant in terms of average weight per sporocarp. The percentage yield of different substrates was also evaluated. Among the substrates, card board
contributed 14% of total mushroom production followed by magazine paper (13%) and news paper (12%).
Eight different kinds of papers, viz., glaze paper, brown paper, news paper, magazine paper, chart paper, kite paper, rough copy paper and A-4 size printing paper and two types of cardboards viz., corrugated cardboard and card board were evaluated for different manifestations of white oyster mushroom Pleurotus florida Strain-P1. Among them news paper was later treated as a control. The mushroom utilized all the substrates for their growth and sporophore formation. Majority of substrates took almost equal time for spawn run primordial development and fruit bodies maturation. The yield parameters such as yield, biological efficiency, number of mushroom fruit bodies and average weight of sporophores varied among themselves. The crop of mushroom was harvested in three flushes where yield and biological efficiency ranged 190-495 gm, 38-99% for the substrate used. Magazine paper (450 gm; 90%) and card board (495 gm; 99%) produced significant (P=0.05) yield and biological efficiency over control. They also produced significant number of mushroom fruit bodies (56 and 64, respectively). Corrugated cardboard (10.29 gm) was found significant in terms of average weight per sporocarp. The percentage yield of different substrates was also evaluated. Among the substrates, card board contributed 14 % of total mushroom production followed by magazine paper (13%) and news paper (12%).
A Modified Approach in Substrate Preparation Technique for Small Scale Oyster...Dr. siddhant
Aims: Cultivation of oyster mushrooms has increased vastly in a global scale during last few
decades. Contaminants and indigenous microflora present in the substrate may led to the low
productivity of mushrooms. Keeping this in mind, the present study was under-taken with slight
modification in substrate preparation technique to eliminate dust particles from the substrate and to
assure contamination free mushroom production.
Study Design: Comparative evaluation between modified approach and control beds.
Place and Duration: The study was carried out in Shri Laxman Prasad Pyare Lal Agro Products,
Ayodhya during 2017.
Methodology: The wheat straw substrate was immersed in the drum containing tap water, mixing
properly and allowed to stand for 10-15 min to settle down the dust particle in the bottom of the
drum. After that, the floating substrate was transferred to the slant surface so that the extra water
was decanted off. This substrate was put in to the steam sterilised gunny bag and steeped in the
chemical solution consisting of Formaldehyde (500 ppm) and Bovistin (75 ppm) for 18 h. For the
Short Communication
Siddhant et al.; AJAHR, 2(2): 1-5, 2018; Article no.AJAHR.44907
2
control, fresh wheat straw was put in to the steam sterilised gunny bag and steeped directly in the
chemical solution as suggested above. After removal of excess water, the substrate was used for
spawning with inoculums of Pleurotus sajor-caju, Strain- Malaysia.
Results: Beds with modified approach showed a complete absence of contaminants during entire
crop cycle which showed the effectiveness of modified method while beds treated as control
showed little incidence of various contaminants viz., Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus fumigatus,
Curvularia sp., Penicillium sp., and Rhizopus stolonifer with 6.67-20.00 percent incidence.
Conclusion: The results revealed that the modified method should be considered to contamination
free mushroom production.
Comparison of Growth and Development of Pleurotus florida against Wastes fr...Dr. siddhant
Two wastes from animal origin, viz., human hairs and egg shells were evaluated for different manifestations of white oyster mushroom, Pleurotus florida. The mushroom utilized both the substrates for their growth and sporophore formation. The mycelial growth was significantly (P=0.05) faster on egg shell (18 days) as compared to human hair (23 days). The crop of mushroom was harvested in four flushes where human hairs showed higher yield and biological efficiency of mushroom (165gm, 33%) than egg shells (155gm, 31%), respectively. In respect of yield parameters such as yield, biological efficiency, number of mushroom fruit bodies and average weight of sporophores, both the substrates were statistically at par to each other. Utilization of human hairs and egg shells by P. florida reveals a new strategy for mycoremediation of these wastes.
Effect of spawned and simple casing on the biological efficiency of pink oyster mushroom Pleurotus eous was observed. The results exhibit that spawned casing not only takes lesser time for case run but also produces early primordial development. A positive response on mushroom biomass is also noticed in this technique.
Wet rot disease of Cereus hexagonus and fruit rot of Syzygium cumini, new to ...Dr. siddhant
During an extensive survey of fungi from Faizabad (U.P.), the author came across two important diseases, viz., wet rot of Cereus hexagonus caused by Periconia byssoides Pers ex Me'rat and fruit rot of Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels caused by Rhizopus nigricans Ehrenb. ex Corda, new to India. The specimen has been deposited in the Department of Botany, K.S.S. P.G. College, Faizabad under Accession No. RSK 415 and 558.
Record of periconia byssoides on four o clock plant from indiaDr. siddhant
In September, 1978, the author observed plants of Mirabilis jalapa L. infected by wet disease at Faizabad. On examination the pathogen responsible for the disease was found to be Periconia byssoides Pers. ex Me'rat. The specimen has been deposited in the Department of Botany, K.S.S. P.G. College, Faizabad as Herbarium No. RSK-260. The present case is a new host record for India.
Periconia rot of capsicum annum in indiaDr. siddhant
Periconia byssoides is known to parasite a number of plants in India but so far not reported on Capsicum annuum L. The small spherical to irregular spots of light brown colour gradually enlarged and merged subsequently to form continuous dark brown to black patches on stem, leaves and fruits. The whole plant were soon infected and ultimately dried within 20-25 days. The damage was about 70-85 per cent. The fungus was isolated on PDA medium by usual methods. The specimen has been deposited (No. RSK-142) in the herbarium of Botany Department, K.S.S. P.G. College, Faizabad.
Cited this as: R.S. Kanaujia and R.S. Verma (1979): Periconia rot of Capsicum annuum in India. Indian Phytopathology. 32(3): 445.
In December 1978, the author observed the stored fruits of Citrus reticulata Blanco severely infected by a fungus causing soft rot in local fruit market of Faizabad. The entire fruit surface was densely covered by the fungus causing the rot. The fungus was isolated on PDA medium and identified as Trichoderma lignorum (Tode) harz.
In India, T. lignorum has been found on various substrates, viz., soil, rhizosphere region of Pennisetum typhoides, paddy straw of mushroom beds, phyllosphere of Impatiens balsamina and Citrus crysocarpa but not on Citrus reticulata and the present association is a new record for India.
Cited this as: R.S. Kanaujia (1979): Fruit rot of mandarin orange. Indian Phytopathology. 32(3):450.
Notes on a new fungal disease of alocasia indicaDr. siddhant
Short hole disease of Alocasia indica Schott, caused by Phoma exigua Desm., earlier unknown to India has been reported from Faizabad. The infection was chiefly confined to the margins of lamina. It started as small nonchlorophyllous spots near the fronds. The spots gradually enlarged irregularly upto 2-3 cm sq. area of the leaf, merged and in final stage, necrosis and then short holes appeared within a month. The pathogenicity tests performed by standard methods proved pathogenic nature of the fungus.
During survey of fungi causing disease in plants at Faizabad (U.P.), authors observed infection of wet rot disease on Amaranthus viridis L. plants growing as mixed crop with Abelmoschus esculentus at Ram Kote, Ayodhya of Faizabad district in September, 1976. The infection was severe during flowering when percentage of infection recorded was upto 60-70. The microscopic studies of the original specimen and that grown on Czapek's Agar Medium match with the description of Gilman for Choanephora cucurbitarum (Berk. & Rav.) Thaxter. The pathogenicity of the fungus was established. This is the first report of this fungus on Amaranthus viridis (Chaulai).
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Sclerotia production a way ahead to morchella Cultivation
1.
2. RecentAdvancesin
MushroomCultivation
Technology
andItsApplication
Volume - 1
Chief Editor
Dr. Shweta Kulshreshtha
Associate Professor, Amity University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
Co Editor
Ukaogo, Prince Onyedinma
Lecturer, Analytical/Environmental Unit, Department of Pure and Industrial
Chemistry, Abia State University, Uturu, Nigeria
Dr. Siddhant
Assistant Professor, Department of Botany, Durgesh Nandini Degree
College, Purabazar, Faizabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
Bright Sky Publications
New Delhi
4. Contents
Chapters Page No.
1. Mushroom and Its Choice of Substrates 01-13
(Nwaru C.E and Iwuagwu M.O)
2. Mushroom Cultivation: A Sustainable Solution for the
Management of Agriculture Crop Residues 15-26
(Nanje Gowda N.A, Chennappa Gurikar and Lokesh A.C)
3. Disinfection Methods for Mushroom Substrate Preparation 27-48
(Nanje Gowda N.A, Chennappa Gurikar and Hanumantharaju KN)
4. Mushroom Pests and Disease Management 49-66
(Sunanda Mandal)
5. Edible Mushrooms as Nutraceuticals: Boon or Bane 67-86
(Baby Sharma and Shruti Mathur)
6. Disease Management of Insect and Pest in Mushroom
Cultivation 87-106
(Dr. Monalisa Kulshrestha)
7. Sclerotia Production: A Way Ahead to Morchella Cultivation 107-126
(Siddhant, Shweta Kulshreshtha, PO Ukaogo, Vigi Chaudhary and Mahesh
Kumar)
5. Page | 109
Chapter - 7
Sclerotia Production: A Way Ahead to Morchella
Cultivation
Siddhant, Shweta Kulshreshtha, PO Ukaogo, Vigi Chaudhary and Mahesh Kumar
Abstract
Morchella, the true morels, belonging to Helvellaceae family of class
Ascomycetes, are amongst the most highly priced fungi in the world. Their
artificial production is still a challenge, even though patents for their
cultivation do exist. The tissue of Morchella sp. was transferred aseptically
to Potato Dextrose Agar medium (peeled, sliced and boiled potato, 200 g;
dextrose, 20 g; agar, 20 g L-1) to grow hyphae. The mycelium showed
fastest growth as compared to other edible mushrooms. It covered entire area
of Petri plate (90 mm) within 4-5 days with the growth rate of 18-
22.5mm/day. A unique growth pattern i.e., vertically oriented mycelia were
observed. Brown coloured pigmentation in the culture was also observed
during the study. The basal media for spawn (wheat grains; Glucose, 1%,
CaCO3, 2%; CaSO4, 1.5% and MgSO4, 1%) was aseptically inoculated with
the mushroom culture. The spawn substrate was colonized by mushroom
mycelium in 7-8 days. The sclerotia were formed in unused (old) spawn.
Wheat straw was used as a substrate for mushroom cultivation. It was
supplemented with wheat bran, 20%, Glucose (1%) and MgSO4 (1%). It
showed prolific growth when it was seeded by mushroom spawn using jar
method. Once substrate was fully covered with mushroom mycelium, casing
was applied. Sclerotia were successfully obtained after 14 days of incubation
in our experiment both in the substrate and casing soil but failed to give rise
to fruiting primordial. Further research is going on to domesticate this
species in our country.
Keywords: ascomycetes, jar method, Morchella, sclerotium
Introduction
Morchella, the true morels belonging to Helvellaceae family of class
Ascomycetes, are amongst the most highly priced fungi in the world (Pegler
2003) because of their medicinal and nutritional qualities. The average
6. Page | 110
morels are sold at a price of Rs. 5000 per Kg (Prasad et al., 2002) that makes
a good income generating source for livelihood (Semwal et al., 2014, Singh
and Rawat 2000). These were easily recognizable of all the edible mushroom
species because of their distinctive shape and appearance. In India, majority
of Morchella species are reported primarily in Northern Western Himalayan
regions (Bhatt et al., 2016, Ghosh and Pathak 1962, Hennings 1901, Kaul
1981, Khan et al., 2009, Kumar and Sharma 2010, Lakhanpal and Shad
1986, Manikandan et al., 2011, Negi 2006, Singh and Verma 2000a, Singh et
al., 2004, Sohi et al., 1965, Theissen 1911, Vishwakarma et al., 2011,
Waraitch 1976). However, occasional reports on collection of Morchella sp.
have also been documented from rest of the country (Acharya et al., 2005,
Bhattacharya and Baruah 1953, Ghurde and Wakode 1981, Kaviyasaran et
al., 2006, Moinudheen 2019, Paliwal et al., 2013, Purkayastha and Chandra
1985, Rai et al., 1999, Wakode 1983). All the true morels are known to
edible (Arora 1986) with excellent flavor and taste. They are rich in proteins,
minerals (Gençcelep et al., 2009) and vitamins viz., thiamine, riboflavin,
niacin, pantothenic acid, pyridoxine and cyanocobalamine (Samajpati 1979).
They contain 44.56-57.99% carbohydrate, 17.32-25.65% crude proteins,
9.34-15.33% crude fibre, and 6.45-10.87% ash content with the mean value
of 49.56%, 21.54%, 11.83% and 8.44%, respectively (Odoh et al., 2017).
Morels fruit bodies have same nutritive value as their mycelia have (Hayes
and Hadded 1976). They have also been used in traditional medicine for
centuries, due to their health-related benefits (Tietel and Masaphy 2018).
They contain a wide range of pharmacological properties which includes
antioxidant, antitumor, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory property, it also
acts as an immune-stimulant due to the presence of various active
constituents (Ajmal et al., 2015). It may be used as purgative, laxative, body
tonic, emollient and used for stomach problems, heal the wound and for
general weakness (Raman et al., 2018). The fruiting period of Morchella is
very short. Generally, they appear in the nature during the spring, i.e. March
and April (Lakhanpal et al., 2010) while some species can be grown in dry
regions all year-round. Furthermore, the accumulation of heavy metals in the
naturally grown ascocarps was reported (Daniel-Umeri et al., 2015, Isidak et
al., 2004, Shavit, 2008, Shavit & Shavit 2010). The distinctive culinary
flavour, nutritive and medicinal values, rare occurrence, the short fruiting
season, high price, and the heavy metal accumulation of wild morels have
led to the need to establish a biotechnological method to grow mushrooms
under controlled conditions. Morchella produces sclerotia in their life cycle.
The sclerotia represent an intermediate stage between mycelial growth and
fructification. These are hard-surfaced resting bodies composed of
7. Page | 111
aggregated mycelium-large cells with thick wall, that act as nutrient
reservoir and therefore, helps the survival of mushroomsin the adverse
natural conditions and formation of fruiting bodies (Leonard and Volk
1992). Because of their complex life cycle, these delicacies are not
artificially cultivated, and the successful cultivation of morels remains a rare
and difficult task. Although, there are some reports on Morchella cultivation
(Longley et al., 2019, Masaphy 2010, Ower 1982, Ower et al., 1986), but
stable production remains difficult because its mechanisms of fruiting body
formation are unclear (Hao et al., 2019). The authors have reported the
occurrence of Morchella sp. in Ayodhya during December to January of
2014-2015 (Siddhant et al., 2014, 2016, 2019). The incidence of Morchella
in this region makes it the suitable place for seasonal cultivation in the same
way as cultivation of button mushroom is made, therefore, an attempt has
been made to cultivate it in this part of the country.
Materials and Methods
The specimens of Morchella sp. were collected during December 04 to
27, 2014 from district Faizabad (officially Ayodhya) which is one of the 75
districts of Uttar Pradesh state in northern India and lies between the
parallels of 26047’N to 26078’N latitude and 82.080E to 82.13’E longitude
having an average elevation of 97 meters above the sea level (Siddhant et al.,
2014).
Culture
The pure culture of Morchella was prepared on Potato Dextrose Agar
medium (peeled, sliced, and boiled potato, 200 g; dextrose, 20 g; agar, 20 g;
DW, L-1) by following tissue culture method (FAO 1990). To obtain tissue
culture, ascocarp was cut longitudinally and tissue from stipe region were
aseptically removed and placed on culture medium and incubate at 20°C for
5 days. It was maintained on same medium by serial subculture method
(FAO 1990).
Spawn preparation
Wheat grains (Triticum aestivum) were used as a spawn substrate which
was purchased from the seed market of Faizabad. These were cleaned
manually to remove inert matter, stubble, and debris. The grains were water
soaked overnight. On the following day, these were washed again and boiled
with water for 10-15 minutes until they cooked but not broken. The excess
water was drained off and boiled grains were allowed to cool. It was then
thoroughly mixed with 1% Glucose (w/w), 2% CaCO3 (w/w), 1.5% CaSO4
(w/w) and 1% MgSO4 (w/w). The mixture was then packed in heat resistant
8. Page | 112
polythene bags to two-third of their capacities and autoclaved at 15 lbs for
60 min. Immediately after sterilization, bags were shaken well to dislodge
the grains and cooled overnight. Next day, these were inoculated with fungal
discs under aseptic conditions and incubated at 20 °C until complete
colonization. During this period, bags were moved daily, so that fungal
mycelia may uniformly be mixed and cover around the grains. Spawn was
ready to use after the Morchella mycelia completely colonized the grains.
Substrate preparation
Wheat straw was used as a substrate for mushroom cultivation. It was
soaked overnight in tap water. After soaking excess water was drained off to
maintain appropriate moisture content which was supplemented with wheat
bran (20%), glucose (1%) and MgSO4 (1%; dissolve in water and spray).
The prepared substrate was filled in the jar. After the jar (empty bottle) has
been filled, substrate was pressed manually and a vertical hole is made
through this compact mixture which permits even distribution of mushroom
spawn to the bottom. The Jar was autoclaved at 15 lbs pressure for 60
minutes (Tewari & Panday 1988).
Preparation of casing soil
Farmyard soil and cow dung manure (1:1) were used as casing material,
which were collected from the village Madrahiya. These were sieved to
avoid foreign particles and then properly mixed to a uniform texture. The pH
of mixture was adjusted at 7.0-7.5 by addition of CaCO3. It was then
sterilized by with 2% formaldehyde solution and covered with the polythene
sheet for next 72 hours. After this period, the mixture was uncovered to
remove the extra trace of formaldehyde. It was then spread, collected and
stored for use (Biswas et al., 2012).
Method of cultivation
The jar method was used in this experiment (Ower et al., 1986). The
column spawning was done with the spawn of Morchella sp. at the rate of
15% w/w on dry weight basis under aseptic conditions. Once substrate was
colonized by mushroom mycelium, the mouth of jar was opened to apply the
casing soil. Watering was done at regular interval to maintain moisture.
Growth rate
The culture medium was inoculated by placing fungal disk from the end
of colony and then incubated at 18-22 ºC. Three replicates of each plate were
used and then the growth rate was calculated as follows:
Growth rate (mm/day) = x/y
9. Page | 113
Where,
X: Represents the diameter of the petri-dish (mm).
y: The time required for the fungal growth to reach the edge of the plate
(day). (Chechan et al., 2017).
Results
Cultural characteristics of Morchella on PDA media
The Morchella fruit bodies, obtained from District Ayodhya were used
for culture preparation (Fig.1). The large tissue from stipe region (10 mm)
was aseptically transferred on PDA media. The mycelia development began
on the tissue of Morchella as well as culture media within 24 hours after
inoculation which covered the whole area (90 mm) of the Petri plate in 4-5
days with the growth rate of 18-22.5mm/day. The colour of mycelia was
white when it was developed on the tissue of Morchella but on the culture
media it showed light brown colour. During this study, brown colour
pigmentation was also observed in the culture media. A very different
pattern was experienced during the mycelial run on the culture media which
generally do not happen with other mushroom species such as Pleurotus and
Agaricus. Initially mycelium was non-aerial during first 24 hours but in next
24 hours aerial mycelia were developed vertically to media surface and
formed a fluffy appearance, occupied the entire volume of the Petri plate. It
was observed that sclerotial formation did not initiate until mycelial growth
filled the Petri plate. White colour cell aggregations of pin head size were
developed after 12 days from the date of inoculation which were irregularly
dispersed on the media surface. Soon, after maturity (16-18 days) it
converted in to brown coloured sclerotia.
Growth characteristics of mycelia in spawn substrate
When supplemented wheat grains were inoculated with the fungal disc
of Morchella, extensive mycelial growth was observed within 24 hours in
spawn substrate. However, it was not as dense as in other edible mushrooms.
Despite of thick and light brown colour of mycelia, mycelial run was
difficult to visualize in first 24 hours. It was identified by the sizable lump
formation. Sooner, it was visualized due to its cottony appearance. The
mycelium took 7-8 days to cover the spawn substrate. Once spawn was
prepared, it was used to inoculate growing media. The orange pigmentation
was observed in the unused (old) spawn which became brownish on
maturity. The sclerotial formation was observed initially only on the surface
of grains, soon grains were entirely replaced by brown mass (sclerotia) (Fig.
2).
10. Page | 114
Evaluation of mycelia colonization and sclerotia production on substrate
Wheat straw supplemented with wheat bran (20%), Glucose (1%) and
MgSO4 (1%) was utilized as a substrate for sclerotia production/Morchella
cultivation. After inoculation, the mycelia took 7 days for complete
colonization of the substrate. However, as compared to grains, mycelial
growth was not as dense as on the lignocellulosic (wheat straw) substrate.
Once beds were fully covered with mushroom mycelium, casing was
applied. Both the substrate and casing layer showed mycelial growth and
sclerotial formation with the size of 2-4 mm. The orange coloured sclerotia
were formed mostly in the substrate, filled in upper half of the bottle after 14
days of inoculation. In our experiment, these sclerotia were failed to give rise
to fruiting primordia. Overall, the formation of sclerotia, in our investigation,
shows a big move towards Morchella cultivation.
Discussion
The Morchella fruit bodies were earlier reported by authors (Siddhant et
al., 2014, 2016 & 2019) from District Ayodhya (Figure. 1). Because the
tissue size influences the mycelia density of mushroom (Liu et al., 2016b),
the large tissue from stipe region (10 mm) was aseptically transferred on
PDA media. As Ower (1982) stated that both the stipe tissue cultures and
ascospore cultures were effective for obtaining vegetative hyphae, we prefer
tissue culture over spore culture method on PDA media. This media has
already been proved best for the mycelia growth of Morchella species.
Morchella tibelica, M. conica, M. deliciosa and M. esculenta showed best
mycelia growth on PDA media with the colony diameter of 7.0 cm, 8.5 cm,
6.5 cm and 9.0 cm, respectively (Lakhanpal et al., 2010). Our finding is very
close to Papadaki et al., (2019) who determined a growth rate of 13.1 -22.2
mm/day for Morchella on PDA media. In comparison to other edible
mushrooms (Zervakis et al., 2001), like Pleurotus pulmonarius, (6.6
Fig 2: Morchella sclerotia
formation in old spawn
Fig 1: Morchella sporocarp
11. Page | 115
mm/day), Lentinula edodes, (4.4 mm/day), Volvariella volvacea (18.8
mm/day), Auricularia auricula-judae (6.2 mm/day), Morchella showed
remarkable higher growth rate. The higher growth rate of Morchella on PDA
medium is in agreement with several researchers (Gülerand and Arkan 2000,
Gulerand and Ozkaya 2008, Kalmişand and Kalyoncu 2008, Volk and
Leonard 1990) who reported almost same time for mycelial colonization in
Petri plates. In our investigation, the mycelial colour on the media was light
brown from the beginning. However, some researchers reported white
mycelial colonies which turned brown with age (Gulerand and Ozkaya
2009). The white coloured mycelia (primary mycelia) are attributed to the
germination of ascospores in the culture. When two genetically different
primary hyphae interact, the secondary (heterokaryotic) hyphae may arise
which is represented in culture by the formation of an aerial ridge of hyphae
with the deposition of dark pigment at the line of confluence. Under
unfavourable conditions, these heterokaryotic hyphae may form a
heterokaryotic sclerotium which, after carpogenic germination, leads to
fruiting-body formation (Volk & Leonard 1990) (Fig.3).
The ascocarp consisting of heterokaryotic mycelia, therefore, produced
dark coloured mycelium by tissue culture method. Brown colour
pigmentation in the culture media was also observed during this study. It is
reported that mycelia secrete a dark brown pigment into the media and
browning starts from the centre and proceeds to the periphery with age
(Lakhanpal et al., 2010). The vertically oriented aerial mycelia were formed
in the Petri plate instead of primary vegetative mycelia. The reason has been
described earlier. In contrast to this, Hervey et al. (1978) reported both types
of mycelium in Morchella esculenta while using ascospores culture. Güler
and Arkan, (2000) also observed the vertical growing mycelia in their study.
They further stated that the density of the vegetative mycelia, increased on
joining the aerial mycelia, which resembled flappy cotton advancing from
the surface of the
12. Page | 116
Fig 3: Life cycle of Morchella (Volk & Leonard 1990)
agar plate towards the petri plate cover. The old cultures showed
sclerotia development which are irregularly scattered on the media surface. It
was possibly due to lack of nutrients in old culture that trigger the sclerotia
production. However, Singh and Verma (2000b) stated that the nutrient poor
condition is not essential for sclerotia production as they could be produced
13. Page | 117
on nutrient rich media. Even sclerotia formation was favoured when mycelia
grew from nutrient poor medium to nutrient rich medium (Faris et al., 1996).
Our results are similar to finding of Amir et al., (1993) who used split plate
method and observed the mycelia growth of Morchella toward a richer
medium and the formation of sclerotia mainly on the poor medium. The
development of sclerotia on culture media has already been reported by
several workers (Buscot 1993, Singh and Verma 2000b). Robbins and
Hervey (1959) observed sclerotia of Morchella crassipes on 2% Malt agar
medium. Mehta and Sharma (1992) also observed sclerotia formation by
different species of morels on PDA and YPDA media. Recently, Liu et al.
(2018 a, b) described the artificial formation of morel sclerotia on PDA
medium.
Agar block with active growing mycelia were transferred to grains to
produce spawn. Supplemented wheat grains have already been used as a
basal medium for spawn preparation (Liu et al., 2016a, Barnes and Wilson
1998). The enzyme amylase is reported from Morchella esculenta
(Krupodorova et al., 2014, Papinutti and Lechner, 2008). Thakur (2016)
observed amylase activity in seven different Morchella species (M.
angusticeps, M. conica, M. crassipes, M. deliciosa, M. esculenta, M. tibelica
and M. simlensis). This enzyme is associated with hydrolysis starch, the
main component of wheat grains (Shevkani et al., 2016). Because of this, the
quick mycelial colonization was observed in the wheat grain substrate. It is
supported by the finding of Alvarado-Castillo et al., (2011) which reported
prolific mycelial growth on different grains. Earlier, Brock (1951) observed
significant mycelial growth of Morchella esculenta on starch. The inoculated
wheat grains took relatively shorter time (7-8 days) for mycelial colonization
as compared to the finding of Zhang (2018) who reported 20 days for above
manifestation. The sclerotial formation was observed in the old spawn. Our
finding is similar to the Gupta (2011) who reported maximum number of
sclerotia in wheat grain substrate.
Wheat straw supplemented with wheat bran (20%), glucose (1%) and
MgSO4 (1%) was utilized as a substrate for sclerotia production/Morchella
cultivation. Various lignocellulosic substrates viz., wheat straw, groundnut
shell (Kanwal and Reddy, 2014), saw dust (He et al., 2018), rice straw
(Singh et al., 1999), pine needle (Gupta 2011), rice husk (Tan et al., 2019),
peat (Eliuzand and Goksen 2017) and vegetable wastes (Papadaki et al.,
2019) were tried either for the sclerotial development or to assist the fruiting
in Morchella. These substrates are rich in cellulose, hemicelluloses and
lignin content. To utilize these substrates, mushrooms mycelia used to
14. Page | 118
secrete extracellular enzymes which could depolymerize these
macromolecules into simpler forms that can be processed by mushrooms. It
is reported that Morchella sp. produces appreciable activities of
endoglucanase, β-glucosidase, laccase (Papinutti and Lechner 2008),
xylanase, laminarinase (Singh et al., 2001) that help in mycelial colonization
on lignocellulosic wastes. Our result is in conformity with Singh et al.,
(2001) who observed appreciable growth of Morel mycelia on wheat straw
substrate. Column spawning was used for the substrate inoculation.
However, Liu et al. (2018a) stated that the spawning for morel cultivation is
different from that for most mushrooms given that the morel spawn is sown
directly into the cropland or forest, which is likethe seeding of wheat crops.
Once beds were fully covered with mushroom mycelium, casing was
applied. Both the substrate and casing layer showed mycelial growth and
small sized sclerotial formation. The mycelia growth of Morchella esculenta
on soil was earlier reported by Kanwal et al. (2016). The smaller size of
sclerotia might be due to smaller size of jar. It is well known that larger jar
produces quantitatively more and greater weights of sclerotia (Volk and
Leonard 1989). The orange coloured sclerotia were formed mostly in the
substrate, filled in upper half of the bottle. However, Kanwal and Reddy
(2014) reported most of the sclerotia in the soil layer in comparison to
substrate. The time, lapse in the sclerotia formation was much shorter than
that reported in other studies, where up to 70-75 days were required for
sclerotia formation (Singh et al., 1999). In our experiment, these sclerotia
were failed to give rise to fruiting primordia. Overall, the formation of
sclerotia, in our investigation, shows a big move towards Morchella
cultivation. The significance of sclerotia in the life cycle of Morchella sp.
has already been emphasized by Ower (1982) and Ower et al. (1986). They
demonstrated that, under controlled conditions, sclerotia have a central role
in the production of fruiting bodies in Morchella. Recently, Masaphy (2010)
successfully demonstrated the fruiting of M. rufobrunnea from sclerotia in
artificial conditions. Further research is going on in our laboratory to
domesticate this species in this part of country.
Conclusion
The present study showed that sclerotia of Morchella sp. can be
achieved by the conventional method of spawn and mushroom bags
preparation.
Acknowledgements
This finding is dedicated to Late Dr. C.S. Singh, Former Associate
professor, Department of Botany, K.S. P.G. College, Ayodhya.
15. Page | 119
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