Effect of sucrose on inducing in vitro microtuberization in potato without us...Innspub Net
The present in vitro experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of the various concentrations of sucrose on potato plantlets growth and microtuberization. It was observed that increasing sucrose level in the media influenced the plant growth negatively. 3% sucrose concentration in the medium showed comparatively early root/shoot emergence and highest mean root and shoot length (6.16 cm and 8.28 cm, respectively) with greater number of nodes (7.90). However, regarding microtubers (Mt) formation, treatment with 8% sucrose concentration has higher microtubers number with larger size (mean diameter 6.84mm). The mean weight of Mt
was also highest (97.0mg) at 8 % sucrose concentration followed by T1 (70.00mg). It has been concluded on the
basis of results that MS medium supplemented with 8% sucrose level and without any growth hormone is the best
for in vitro microtuber formation in potato.
The Studies of Effect of Bio Fertilizers Rhizobium, Phosphobacteria, and Root...IIJSRJournal
A pot culture experiment was carried out and to the find out the effect of Rhizobium, Phosphobacteria and Root Nodule extract on the vegetative growth and biochemical changes in Black gram and Maize. The Black gram and Maize is vegetative parameters such as seed germination, shoot and root length, leaf fresh weight, leafs dry weight, shoot and root dry weight had analyzed and biochemical studies of both Black gram and Maize was carried such as total chlorophyll content, leave soluble protein and in vivo nitrate reductase activity. Among microbial inoculants, the Rhizobium + PB mixer was found most effective in terms of seed germination, shoot and root length, leaf fresh weight, leafs dry weight, shoot and root dry weight and also showed increase total chlorophyll content, soluble protein and nitrate activities in both Black gram and Maize.
Effect of Different Concentrations of Glycerol on survival of Azotobacter chr...IIJSRJournal
The plant growth promoting rhizobacterias inoculants used in various formulations for different purpose. In addition to rhizobacterias, the formulation may also contain various additives. Furthermore, it is important to understand the interaction between bacteria and formulation materials. The formulation materials serve as cell protectants which enhance the shelf-life of bacteria. It is proved that the Rhizobium is the effective inoculants along with specific nutrient media for survival. Many researchers have shown that liquid rhizobial formulations are more beneficial than solid bio-fertilizer formulations. In the present work the survival of Azotobacter in liquid formulations were evaluated by using Glycerol at different concentration in Jenson’s broth. It was noted that survival of Azotobacter was concentration correlated. Lowest number of colonies in 5 mM in the medium containing glycerol (23 colonies at zero days and 5 colonies on 360th day) and highest number of colonies in 25 mM in the medium containing glycerol (38.66 colonies on zero day and 22 colonies on 360th day) (109 CFU/ml).
Effect of sucrose on inducing in vitro microtuberization in potato without us...Innspub Net
The present in vitro experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of the various concentrations of sucrose on potato plantlets growth and microtuberization. It was observed that increasing sucrose level in the media influenced the plant growth negatively. 3% sucrose concentration in the medium showed comparatively early root/shoot emergence and highest mean root and shoot length (6.16 cm and 8.28 cm, respectively) with greater number of nodes (7.90). However, regarding microtubers (Mt) formation, treatment with 8% sucrose concentration has higher microtubers number with larger size (mean diameter 6.84mm). The mean weight of Mt
was also highest (97.0mg) at 8 % sucrose concentration followed by T1 (70.00mg). It has been concluded on the
basis of results that MS medium supplemented with 8% sucrose level and without any growth hormone is the best
for in vitro microtuber formation in potato.
The Studies of Effect of Bio Fertilizers Rhizobium, Phosphobacteria, and Root...IIJSRJournal
A pot culture experiment was carried out and to the find out the effect of Rhizobium, Phosphobacteria and Root Nodule extract on the vegetative growth and biochemical changes in Black gram and Maize. The Black gram and Maize is vegetative parameters such as seed germination, shoot and root length, leaf fresh weight, leafs dry weight, shoot and root dry weight had analyzed and biochemical studies of both Black gram and Maize was carried such as total chlorophyll content, leave soluble protein and in vivo nitrate reductase activity. Among microbial inoculants, the Rhizobium + PB mixer was found most effective in terms of seed germination, shoot and root length, leaf fresh weight, leafs dry weight, shoot and root dry weight and also showed increase total chlorophyll content, soluble protein and nitrate activities in both Black gram and Maize.
Effect of Different Concentrations of Glycerol on survival of Azotobacter chr...IIJSRJournal
The plant growth promoting rhizobacterias inoculants used in various formulations for different purpose. In addition to rhizobacterias, the formulation may also contain various additives. Furthermore, it is important to understand the interaction between bacteria and formulation materials. The formulation materials serve as cell protectants which enhance the shelf-life of bacteria. It is proved that the Rhizobium is the effective inoculants along with specific nutrient media for survival. Many researchers have shown that liquid rhizobial formulations are more beneficial than solid bio-fertilizer formulations. In the present work the survival of Azotobacter in liquid formulations were evaluated by using Glycerol at different concentration in Jenson’s broth. It was noted that survival of Azotobacter was concentration correlated. Lowest number of colonies in 5 mM in the medium containing glycerol (23 colonies at zero days and 5 colonies on 360th day) and highest number of colonies in 25 mM in the medium containing glycerol (38.66 colonies on zero day and 22 colonies on 360th day) (109 CFU/ml).
Synergetic effects of various plant extracts as bio-pesticide against wheat a...Muhammad Qasim
Human health and environment are greatly affected by extensive used of synthetic insecticide, which is why the alternative way of pesticides, such as botanical pesticide consumption increase with the passage of time to control of insect pests. The insecticidal impact of Moringa (Moringa oleifera), Neem (Azadirachta indica) and Euclyptus (Eucalyptus globules) leaves extracts were investigated on Diurophous noxia (Hemiptera: Aphididae). This study was aimed to evaluate the efficiency of bio-pesticide instead of synthetic chemicals against D. noxia. Experimental results showed that the percentage of mortality fluctuate with the fluctuation of concentration with time intervals and have great impact on the population of D. noxia. Single, doubled and tripled combinations of leaves extract were tested at two different concentrations (25 and 50%). The results suggested and concluded that from all the application of single botanicals A. indica give better result as compared to other single application while application of double combination M. olerifera with A. indica give significance result instead of other double mixture, meanwhile the triple combination (M. olerifera, A. indica and E. globules) performed excellent result as the others triple mixtures. The study revealed that combine used of M. olerifera, A. indica and E. globules leaves extract were very effective against D. noxia and surge as an alternative way of pesticides instead of synthetic chemicals.
Antibacterial activity on leaf extracts of Syzgium jambalonamSriramNagarajan15
The purpose of this investigation was to extract the bioactive agents from the Methanol, Acetone extracts were examined for their activities against pathogenic microorganism (Proteus vulgaris, Staphyloccus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and E.coli). The most of the incidence of infections caused by pathogenic microorganism in our routine life and the importance of using novel synergistic drug has become important. In the present study enhanced inhibitory effects were achieved by employing solvent extracts of Syzgium jambalonam. These MIC were compared with well known antibacterial plant of Neem extract (Biological source-Azadirachta indica, Family-Meliaceae).
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Mosquitocidal property of leaf extract of bougainvillea spectabilis (Nictagin...researchanimalsciences
Mosquitocidal property of leaf extract of Bougainvillea spectabilis was evaluated for the egg hatchability, larvicidal and pupicidal activity of mosquito, Aedes aegypti under the room temperature in the laboratory. A relationship was observed between the plant extract dose and the percentage of egg hatchability, larval and pupal mortality. Dosage value as expressed in % was 0.01 to 4.0 for Aedes aegypti. The percentage of egg hatchability, larval and pupal mortality were found to increase with the dosage indicating a relationship between the two. Based on the probit analysis the LC50 (mg/l) value of egg (31), I instar (59), II instar (231), III instar (606), IV instar (1578) and pupa (2637) were observed.
Article Citation:
Rajmohan D and Logankumar K.
Mosquitocidal property of leaf extract of Bougainvillea spectabilis (Nictaginaceae) against the growth and development of the mosquito, Aedes aegypti. l.
(Diptera: Culicidae)
Journal of Research in Animal Sciences (2012) 1(1): 028-032.
Full Text:
http://janimalsciences.com/documents/AS0012.pdf
Organogenic Regeneration of an Elite Cultivar of Chinese Jujube (Zizyphus juj...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— An efficient and relatively simple regeneration system was developed for an elite cultivar of Chinese Jujube, a perennial tree, by culturing young twig segments as explants from 8-15 year old trees. The twig segments were disinfected by submerging them in 1% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) for 15 min with 3 min vacuum. Calli developed from both ends of the twig segments on half-strength MS medium supplemented with sucrose and BA or BA and NAA in combination. The frequency of shoot formation from calli was higher than 80% when the explants were placed on the half - strength MS medium supplemented with BA (2.581 μM) and NAA (2.685 μM). Roots were produced from adventitious buds for 90% of the regenerated shoots when they were placed on the MS medium supplemented with 4.920 μM IBA and 5.708 μM IAA. After transplanting to soil, 82% of the regenerated seedlings survived when they were covered with glass containers to maintain humidity. The results suggest that Chinese jujube can be reproduced and multiplied using organogenesis with the appropriate explant and culture medium.
The present study aims to (I) evaluate the antiviral activity of eugenol oil nanoemulsion (EON) on eliminate Banana bunchy top virus (BBTV) from naturally infected banana plants and produce virus-free banana plants, (II) identify fungal contaminants of in vitro banana cultures and (III) evaluate the potential of EON on the suppression of the identified microbial contaminants and reduce of their occurrence frequency.
Pathogenicity of Helminthosporium rostrata on rice varieties widely grown in ...IJEAB
The plants of rice varieties (Arco, Thaibonnet and Elio) were inoculated with three isolates of Helminthosporium rostrata (HR1 HR2 and HR3), isolated for the first time in Morocco from the rice seed of Taibonnet variety at the end of the growing season. The results obtained showed that all the isolates are able to induce the disease on rice plants and sporulate on the foliar lesions. HR1, HR2 and HR3 was respectively the most pathogenic on Elio (I.C = 113), Arco (I.C = 212.5), and Taibonnet (130.48). The symptoms induced by the isolates are similar to those induced by Helminthosporium sativum on rice.
— Post-harvest diseases are a major problem for banana yield. Despite treatments with chemical fungicides, a persistence of diseases is noticed. This study aims at proposing a biological control method against banana post-harvest diseases by using banana rachis leachate. The effect of leachate has been tested in vitro on mycelial growth, conidial germination and in vivo on pathogenic fungi virulence. All leachate concentrations (5, 15 and 20%) tested showed antifungal activity on the tested fungi. However, the 20% concentration was more effective with complete inhibition of mycelial growth and conidial germination of all fungi. No symptoms of crown rot and anthracnose were observed after treatment of bananas with leachate. However, with azoxystrobin, the prevalence of crown rot and anthracnose was 60% and 30%, respectively. Banana rachis leachate recorded highly significant reduction of banana finger rot prevalence compared to azoxystrobin. Banana rachis leachate have strong antifungal properties that may be useful to control banana post-harvest disease as a safe alternative option to chemical fungicides Keywords— banana; post-harvest diseases; banana rachis leachate, antifungal activity.
Efficacy of insecticides against citrus psylla diaphorina citri kuwayama in f...Muhammad Qasim
The experiments were conducted in a citrus orchard to check the efficacy of insecticides against citrus psylla, and mortality was observed after three days, seven days and then after one month. Four insecticides, Polytrin-C, Talstar, Bifenthrin and Imidacloprid applied, had an almost equal effect on the population reduction of citrus psylla on all citrus plants. The trial was laid out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) having five treatments with three replications in a citrus orchard, after three days of spray showed percentage control as 96.91%, 94.33%, 93.83% and 93.06% of following insecticides Polytrin- C, Imidacloprid, Bifenthrin and Actara, respectively, calculated by Minitab 15. Psylla adults were exposed to different concentrations (500, 400, 300, 200 and 100 ppm) of Imidacloprid and Bifenthrin, and two controlled conditions (with leaves and without leaves). Both Imidacloprid and Bifenthrin insecticides proved to be the most effective against D. citri with lethal times (LT50s) of 4 and 5 hours, respectively, at a concentration of 500 ppm, calculated from probability test with Minitab-15
Undergraduate study done in an attempt to expedite yeast growth to fit the busy biology undergraduate schedule. The yeast were growth at various time/temp/rotation increments and were monitored for growth with a spectrometer. This information is now being used by our team of graduate students on a more in depth sudy using yeast speroplasts to study apoptosis mechanisms.
CHARACTERIZATION OF STREPTOMYCES SCABIES ISOLATESijabjournal
Potato, (Solanum tuberosum L,) have various biotic constraints in its production due to pest attack. Among these, common scab caused by streptomyces scabies in an important disease in potato which causes economic loss with respect to plant yield and quality of tubers. The present study was conducted to determine the pathogenicity, pathogenic variation, characterization of morphological, physiological and
biochemical aspects of Streptomyces specie associated with potato tubers grown in Rawalpindi district.Severity data and pathogenic variation of disease was studied by using different isolation and characterization techniques. Isolation and characterization of Streptomyces spp. From potato tubers will
guide the researchers about the causative strains of common scab of potato present in the particular area.
Synergetic effects of various plant extracts as bio-pesticide against wheat a...Muhammad Qasim
Human health and environment are greatly affected by extensive used of synthetic insecticide, which is why the alternative way of pesticides, such as botanical pesticide consumption increase with the passage of time to control of insect pests. The insecticidal impact of Moringa (Moringa oleifera), Neem (Azadirachta indica) and Euclyptus (Eucalyptus globules) leaves extracts were investigated on Diurophous noxia (Hemiptera: Aphididae). This study was aimed to evaluate the efficiency of bio-pesticide instead of synthetic chemicals against D. noxia. Experimental results showed that the percentage of mortality fluctuate with the fluctuation of concentration with time intervals and have great impact on the population of D. noxia. Single, doubled and tripled combinations of leaves extract were tested at two different concentrations (25 and 50%). The results suggested and concluded that from all the application of single botanicals A. indica give better result as compared to other single application while application of double combination M. olerifera with A. indica give significance result instead of other double mixture, meanwhile the triple combination (M. olerifera, A. indica and E. globules) performed excellent result as the others triple mixtures. The study revealed that combine used of M. olerifera, A. indica and E. globules leaves extract were very effective against D. noxia and surge as an alternative way of pesticides instead of synthetic chemicals.
Antibacterial activity on leaf extracts of Syzgium jambalonamSriramNagarajan15
The purpose of this investigation was to extract the bioactive agents from the Methanol, Acetone extracts were examined for their activities against pathogenic microorganism (Proteus vulgaris, Staphyloccus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and E.coli). The most of the incidence of infections caused by pathogenic microorganism in our routine life and the importance of using novel synergistic drug has become important. In the present study enhanced inhibitory effects were achieved by employing solvent extracts of Syzgium jambalonam. These MIC were compared with well known antibacterial plant of Neem extract (Biological source-Azadirachta indica, Family-Meliaceae).
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Mosquitocidal property of leaf extract of bougainvillea spectabilis (Nictagin...researchanimalsciences
Mosquitocidal property of leaf extract of Bougainvillea spectabilis was evaluated for the egg hatchability, larvicidal and pupicidal activity of mosquito, Aedes aegypti under the room temperature in the laboratory. A relationship was observed between the plant extract dose and the percentage of egg hatchability, larval and pupal mortality. Dosage value as expressed in % was 0.01 to 4.0 for Aedes aegypti. The percentage of egg hatchability, larval and pupal mortality were found to increase with the dosage indicating a relationship between the two. Based on the probit analysis the LC50 (mg/l) value of egg (31), I instar (59), II instar (231), III instar (606), IV instar (1578) and pupa (2637) were observed.
Article Citation:
Rajmohan D and Logankumar K.
Mosquitocidal property of leaf extract of Bougainvillea spectabilis (Nictaginaceae) against the growth and development of the mosquito, Aedes aegypti. l.
(Diptera: Culicidae)
Journal of Research in Animal Sciences (2012) 1(1): 028-032.
Full Text:
http://janimalsciences.com/documents/AS0012.pdf
Organogenic Regeneration of an Elite Cultivar of Chinese Jujube (Zizyphus juj...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— An efficient and relatively simple regeneration system was developed for an elite cultivar of Chinese Jujube, a perennial tree, by culturing young twig segments as explants from 8-15 year old trees. The twig segments were disinfected by submerging them in 1% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) for 15 min with 3 min vacuum. Calli developed from both ends of the twig segments on half-strength MS medium supplemented with sucrose and BA or BA and NAA in combination. The frequency of shoot formation from calli was higher than 80% when the explants were placed on the half - strength MS medium supplemented with BA (2.581 μM) and NAA (2.685 μM). Roots were produced from adventitious buds for 90% of the regenerated shoots when they were placed on the MS medium supplemented with 4.920 μM IBA and 5.708 μM IAA. After transplanting to soil, 82% of the regenerated seedlings survived when they were covered with glass containers to maintain humidity. The results suggest that Chinese jujube can be reproduced and multiplied using organogenesis with the appropriate explant and culture medium.
The present study aims to (I) evaluate the antiviral activity of eugenol oil nanoemulsion (EON) on eliminate Banana bunchy top virus (BBTV) from naturally infected banana plants and produce virus-free banana plants, (II) identify fungal contaminants of in vitro banana cultures and (III) evaluate the potential of EON on the suppression of the identified microbial contaminants and reduce of their occurrence frequency.
Pathogenicity of Helminthosporium rostrata on rice varieties widely grown in ...IJEAB
The plants of rice varieties (Arco, Thaibonnet and Elio) were inoculated with three isolates of Helminthosporium rostrata (HR1 HR2 and HR3), isolated for the first time in Morocco from the rice seed of Taibonnet variety at the end of the growing season. The results obtained showed that all the isolates are able to induce the disease on rice plants and sporulate on the foliar lesions. HR1, HR2 and HR3 was respectively the most pathogenic on Elio (I.C = 113), Arco (I.C = 212.5), and Taibonnet (130.48). The symptoms induced by the isolates are similar to those induced by Helminthosporium sativum on rice.
— Post-harvest diseases are a major problem for banana yield. Despite treatments with chemical fungicides, a persistence of diseases is noticed. This study aims at proposing a biological control method against banana post-harvest diseases by using banana rachis leachate. The effect of leachate has been tested in vitro on mycelial growth, conidial germination and in vivo on pathogenic fungi virulence. All leachate concentrations (5, 15 and 20%) tested showed antifungal activity on the tested fungi. However, the 20% concentration was more effective with complete inhibition of mycelial growth and conidial germination of all fungi. No symptoms of crown rot and anthracnose were observed after treatment of bananas with leachate. However, with azoxystrobin, the prevalence of crown rot and anthracnose was 60% and 30%, respectively. Banana rachis leachate recorded highly significant reduction of banana finger rot prevalence compared to azoxystrobin. Banana rachis leachate have strong antifungal properties that may be useful to control banana post-harvest disease as a safe alternative option to chemical fungicides Keywords— banana; post-harvest diseases; banana rachis leachate, antifungal activity.
Efficacy of insecticides against citrus psylla diaphorina citri kuwayama in f...Muhammad Qasim
The experiments were conducted in a citrus orchard to check the efficacy of insecticides against citrus psylla, and mortality was observed after three days, seven days and then after one month. Four insecticides, Polytrin-C, Talstar, Bifenthrin and Imidacloprid applied, had an almost equal effect on the population reduction of citrus psylla on all citrus plants. The trial was laid out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) having five treatments with three replications in a citrus orchard, after three days of spray showed percentage control as 96.91%, 94.33%, 93.83% and 93.06% of following insecticides Polytrin- C, Imidacloprid, Bifenthrin and Actara, respectively, calculated by Minitab 15. Psylla adults were exposed to different concentrations (500, 400, 300, 200 and 100 ppm) of Imidacloprid and Bifenthrin, and two controlled conditions (with leaves and without leaves). Both Imidacloprid and Bifenthrin insecticides proved to be the most effective against D. citri with lethal times (LT50s) of 4 and 5 hours, respectively, at a concentration of 500 ppm, calculated from probability test with Minitab-15
Undergraduate study done in an attempt to expedite yeast growth to fit the busy biology undergraduate schedule. The yeast were growth at various time/temp/rotation increments and were monitored for growth with a spectrometer. This information is now being used by our team of graduate students on a more in depth sudy using yeast speroplasts to study apoptosis mechanisms.
CHARACTERIZATION OF STREPTOMYCES SCABIES ISOLATESijabjournal
Potato, (Solanum tuberosum L,) have various biotic constraints in its production due to pest attack. Among these, common scab caused by streptomyces scabies in an important disease in potato which causes economic loss with respect to plant yield and quality of tubers. The present study was conducted to determine the pathogenicity, pathogenic variation, characterization of morphological, physiological and
biochemical aspects of Streptomyces specie associated with potato tubers grown in Rawalpindi district.Severity data and pathogenic variation of disease was studied by using different isolation and characterization techniques. Isolation and characterization of Streptomyces spp. From potato tubers will
guide the researchers about the causative strains of common scab of potato present in the particular area.
Effects of cytokinins and auxins on micropropagation of Musa spp. cv. YangambiAgriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The present study was conducted at Banana Tissue Culture lab of Regional Plant Resource Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha to obtain a standardized micropropagation protocol supplemented with different concentrations and combinations of cytokinins and auxins for Musa cv. Yangambi Km-5 (AAA) variety. Data collected for in vitro culture consists of the following parameters: days for bud initiation, rate of shoot proliferation (%), growth value (gm) and number of multiple shoot buds during multiplication stage. Remarkable effects of Cytokinins and Auxins were observed in Yangambi Km-5. Out of various treatments, best concentration for multiple shoot in short period of time for Yangambi Km-5 was found in mediums 3 mg/l BAP + 0.5 mg/l IAA + 0.25 mg/l NAA + 100 mg/l ADS and 1.5 mg/l BAP + 1.5 mg/l KN + 1 mg/l IAA + 0.25 mg/l NAA + 100 mg/l ADS. Maximum growth value, rate of proliferation and number of shoot buds was obtained from explants culture medium 3 mg/l BAP + 0.5 mg/l IAA + 0.25 mg/l NAA + 100 mg/l ADS.
Sustainable Agriculture.
Management and Utilization of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi.
Take advantage of mycorrhizal fungi for improved soil fertility and plant health.
Biological control of larger grain borer, Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) (Cole...Premier Publishers
The use of synthetic insecticide has been faced with challenges of resistance among other drawbacks. This has necessitated the search for bio-pesticide that are environmentally friendly, non-toxic to humans and have a residual effect. This study evaluated the entomopathogenic fungi, Beauveria bassiana for biological control of larger grain borer (LGB) Prostephanus truncatus in maize grains. Pathogenicity examination of dead adult LGB in maize grains treated with conidia of B. bassiana was done to confirm the source of LGB mortality in B. bassiana treated maize grains. Adult dead LGB were subjected to high humidity and observed for the growth of white mould (Muscadine disease), which was cultured on Potato Dextrose Agar and identified. Eighty six percent of the dead insects from treated maize grains showed fungal growth B. bassiana. Mortality of LGB generally increased with the concentration and the exposure time of the treatments. The “weight of grain dust”, “percentage of grain damaged” and “percentage of grain weight loss” were significantly (p<0.05) higher in the untreated maize kernels. Beauvaria bassiana formulation was effective in controlling LGB and is recommended for maize storage. Further studies should be conducted to test the formulation under farmer situations in order to deal with practical challenges.
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Effect of Extract of Ailanthus Excelsa on Red Cotton Bug (Dysdercus Cingulatus)IOSR Journals
Botanical pesticides have pesticidal or ovicidal or repellent activities. The development of resistance to existing conventional synthetic pesticides and the increasing public concern over environmental pollution and health hazards created by synthetic pesticides, generate a great need for new types of pest management agent’s advantage with higher activity against the target pests, and lower impact on humans and environmental quality. Repellents are the chemicals which cause an insect to make an oriented movement away from its source. Due to their odoriferous nature, oils of plants have been used for this purpose. Repellency in the present study has been noted visually in the treated insects and the observations recorded have been depicted. The results showed 95% repellency in the treated arms of petridish in fraction of Ailanthus ecxcelsa.
Mosquitocidal property of leaf extract of Bougainvillea spectabilis (Nictag...researchanimalsciences
Mosquitocidal property of leaf extract of
Bougainvillea spectabilis
was evaluated for the egg hatchability, larvicidal and pupicidal activity of mosquito, Aedes aegypti
under the room temperature in the laboratory. A relationship was observed between the plant extract dose and the percentage of egg hatchability,
larval and pupal mortality. Dosage value as expressed in % was 0.01 to 4.0 for
Aedes aegypti . The percentage of egg hatchability, larval and pupal mortality were
found to increase with the dosage indicating a relationship between the two. Based
on the probit analysis the LC 50
(mg/l) value of egg (31), I instar (59), II instar (231),
III instar (606), IV instar (1578) and pupa (2637) were observed.
Evaluation of four plants compost teas against fungi responsible for Corn dam...IJEABJ
Corn (Zea mays L.) is one of the most important cereals in Côte d'Ivoire. However, Corn seeds and seedlings are susceptible to infection by a number of soilborne fungi which caused seeds decay before or after germination. The objective of this study is to evaluate the suppressive effect of Four plants compost teas (Chromolaena odorata, Ricinus communis, Nicotiana tabacum, Azadiracta indica) on Corn damping off. In vitro assays showed a most suppressive effect of C. odorata and R. communis compost teas on mycelial growth of pathogenic fungi. Results of in vivo trials showed significant reduction of Corn seedlings diseases incidence and high seed germination percent after treatment with C. odorata, R. communis and A. indica compost teas. No efficiency effect was noted with N. tabacum compost tea. This study demonstrated the usefulness of compost tea as an efficient biological tool for the control of fungi responsible of corn damping-off.
Potentials of Compost Tea of Certain Botanicals for Minimizing Root- Knot and...Premier Publishers
Two greenhouse experiments were conducted on eggplant to assess the impact of compost tea derived from plant residues namely rice hull (RHC), rice straw (RSC), tomato (TC), potato (PC), citrus (CC), and guava(GC) as well as city waste (CWC) compost on eggplant biomass and reproduction of Meloidogyne incognita and Rotylenchulus reniformis. Screened composts were introduced to plants as drenching application. Results indicated that percentage of increase in total plant fresh weight of eggplant infected with such nematodeswere more pronounced (P<0.05) with compost teas of RSW. Drenching the soil with RHC (Rf=0.7) and PC (Rf=0.9) were also effective in suppressing densities of M. incognita as well as number of galls, and eggs/ root. However, population densities and fecundity of R. reniformis were significantly reduced following the introduction of GC. Only, total phenol showed remarkable increment in plants treated with PC, GC and RSC compared to untreated inoculated plants.
Effect of Biofertilizers and their Consortium on Horticultural CropsSourabhMohite
The presentation includes detailed information about the mode of action of different biofertilizers including plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria. By the use of different biofertilizers, we can minimize the quantity of chemical fertilizers and other agrochemicals. use of biofertilizers enhances plant growth with increased yield and quality sustainably. it also includes some case studies which confirm the beneficial use of biofertilizers and PGPR.
Toxic Effects of some Pungent Smelling Seed Extracts and Powders on Sitophilu...Premier Publishers
Sitophilus zeamais is a notorious field-to-store pest of maize in the Tropic. The use of chemical insecticides, regardless of its adverse effects has been the major means of managing this pest. In this study, bio-insecticides of plant origin was used to control maize weevil in the store. The dry fruits of Capsicum frutescens, Piper guineense and Aframomum melegueta were extracted with ethanol, using Soxhlet apparatus. The extracts and powders were evaluated on S. zeamais Motschulsky for mortality, oviposition and adult emergence. The long term storage of the treated maize was also investigated. The results obtained shows that all extracts and powders from C. frutescens and P. guineense caused 100 % mortality by day 12 of exposure with all extract concentrations and doses of powder applied. Powders of A. melegueta was able to achieve 100 % mortality only by day 12 of exposure. The extracts also suppressed oviposition and subsequent adult emergence. Extracts and powders of A. melegueta and P. guineense completely prevented infestation and hence damage of the treated maize grains for a period of three months. The result obtained suggests that extracts and powders of the test plants most especially that of P. guineense and C. frutescens can be utilized in protecting stored maize grains from infestation by S. zeamais.
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11.[28 35]insecticidal activity of garlic (alium sativum (l.)) oil on callosobruchus maculatus (f.) in post-harvest cowpea
1. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol 2, No.3, 2012
INSECTICIDAL ACTIVITY OF GARLIC (Alium sativum (L.)) OIL
ON Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) IN POST-HARVEST COWPEA
(Vigna unguiculata (L.) WALP.)
Z. Dauda, Y. T. Maina* and Richard, B. I.
Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maiduguri, P. M. B. 1069, Maiduguri,
Borno State, Nigeria
Corresponding author E-mail: ytmaina@yahoo.com; Tel.: +234 (0) 8063096474
Abstract
Studies were conducted to determine the effect of garlic oil on Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) in three
cowpea varieties (Borno brown, Mubi white and Iron beans). Ten grams in 3 replicates for untreated
(check) and 4 levels of garlic Alium sativum (L.) seed oil treatments (0.1, 0.2,0.4 and 0.6 ml) were infested
with 3 pairs of 0 - 3 days old C. maculatus for pre and post oviposition. Experiments were conducted under
ambient conditions of 25- 30oC and 27 - 56% relative humidity. Data on number of eggs laid and progeny
emergence were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA). Significantly different means were separated
using the Least Significant difference at 5% level of probability. Result showed that the number of eggs
laid and adults that emerged from untreated grains of the varieties were each significantly (p<0.05)
different from the number of eggs that were laid and adults that emerged from all treated grain of the
varieties. The study also showed that cowpea grains infested with 1 - 5 day old eggs of C. maculatus can
be prevented from damage by the bruchid. Grain treatment with garlic oil before oviposition drastically
suppressed oviposition, egg-hatch and development by the cowpea bruchid consequently the emergence of
few to zero adults. Both pre and post oviposition grain treatments were effective in the management of the
beetle. However, treatment before oviposition appeared to be more effective in protecting cowpea grains
against infestation and damage.
Key words: Damage, C. maculatus, garlic oil, varieties, pre-oviposition, post-ovipotion
INTRODUCTION
Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) has attracted great attention because it is widely distributed throughout the
tropical and sub-tropical regions. It is an important pest of several pulses including cowpea (Vigna
unguiculata (L.) Walp) (Mahfuz and Khalaquzzaman, 2007). Reports by IITA (1989) showed that C.
maculatus consumeed 50 - 90% of cowpea in storage annually throughout tropical Africa. The bruchid
infestation also affected seed quality, market value and reduced cowpea seed viability to 2% after 3 months
of storage (Caswell, 1980; Caswell, 1981; Ofuya and Credland, 1995). Synthetic pesticides are currently
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2. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol 2, No.3, 2012
the method of choice to protect stored grains from insect damage (Mahfuz and Khalequzzman, 2007;
Mbata et al., 2005). Their use is so desired because of the quicker and sometimes the complete protection it
offers against diverse storage insect pests. However, the indiscriminate use of pesticides, especially by
grain merchants and farmers to protect grains in storage with its adverse effects on man, the environment,
non-target organisms as well as the evolution of resistant strains of insect pests, has been a serious draw
back. One alternative to synthetic insecticides is the use of botanical pesticides, such as essential oils that
result from secondary metabolites of plants (Mahfuz and Khalequzzaman, 2007). Botanical insecticides are
of great interest to many because they have historically been in use longer than any other group with the
possible exception of sulphur, tobacco, pyrethrum, derris, hellebore, quassia, comphor and turpentine,
which were some of the more important plant products in use before the organised search for insecticides
began (Alberto et al., 2005). Plant essential oils and their constituent insecticidal action have been well
demonstrated against stored product insect pests by several authors (Boateng and Kusi 2008; Bamaiyi et al.,
2006; Maina, 2006; Maina and Lale, 2005; Papachristos and Stamopoulos 2003; Lale and Mustapha,
2000). However, the use of garlic oil in the management of pre and especially post infestation has not been
sufficiently reported in the literature. The objective of this study was to determine the insecticidal activity
of garlic (Alium sativum (L)) oil on C. maculatus oviposition and development in stored cowpea.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Source of cowpea grains and garlic (Alium sativum (L.)) oil
Grains of cowpea varieties namely: Borno brown, Mubi white and Iron beans were purchased from a local
market in Maiduguri, while variety banjaram was obtained from the Department of Crop Production,
University of Maiduguri. Garlic oil was purchased from a dealer in Monday Market, Maiduguri. Pristine
cowpea grains were each sorted out and cleaned from dirt and kept in a refrigerator until required for use.
Culturing of Callosobruchus maculatus
Callosobruchus maculatus culture was raised on 500g grain of variety banjaram infested with 50 pairs of C.
maculatus 0 - 3 day old in a Kitner jar. C. maculatus stock was obtained from house-hold infested cowpea.
The bruchids were sieved and removed after 5 days. The kilner jar was covered with a nylon mesh tied
with a rubber band to prevent contamination and escape of the beetles. Adult progeny that emerged from
this culture was used to set up experiments.
Experimental Procedure
Experiment was conducted in two batches in Entomology Laboratory, Department of Crop Protection,
University of Maiduguri. Ten grams of each variety in three replicates were weighed into a 200ml bottle,
for untreated (check) and four levels of garlic oil treatments (0.1, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6ml).
Grain treatment with garlic oil before oviposition
Grains of each replicate of the three varieties for the four levels of treatments were treated with 0.1, 0.2, 0.4
and 0.6ml of garlic oil respectively. Afterward the untreated (check) and all the treated grains were infested
with three pairs of 0 - 3 day old C. maculatus. The bruchids were removed after five days and the number
of eggs laid counted. The experiment was left until adult emergence. Adults that emerged were counted
and recorded daily throughout the first filial generation (F1).
29
3. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol 2, No.3, 2012
Grain treatment with garlic oil after oviposition
Three pairs of 0 - 3 day old C. maculatus were used to infest grains of each replicate for untreated (check)
and for four levels of grains to be treated with garlic oil after oviposition. The bruchids were removed after
five days and the number of eggs laid counted. Four levels of garlic oil (0.1, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 ml) in three
replicates were applied on the eggs laid on grains. Adults that emerged were counted daily throughout the
first filial generation (F1). All experiments were conducted under ambient conditions of 25 - 30oC and 27 -
56% relative humidity.
Data analysis
Data obtained on the number of eggs laid and progeny emergence were subjected to the analysis of
variance (ANOVA). Significantly different means were separated using the least significant difference
(LSD), at 5% level of probability.
RESULT
Results
Effect of garlic oil on C. maculatus eggs and development (Grain treatment after oviposition)
The mean number of adults that emerged from the untreated (check) grains of the varieties were each
significantly (P < 0.05) different from all treated grains of the varieties. There was however, no significant
(P > 0.05) difference in the mean number of adult emergence from treated grains of the three varieties with
various dosage of garlic oil. Significant (P > 0.05) difference was recorded in the mean number of adult C.
maculatus that emerged from all untreated grains of the varieties. Variety Mubi white and Iron bean had
the highest and lowest means respectively (Table 1).
30
4. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol 2, No.3, 2012
Table 1: Mean number of adult C. maculatus that emerged from 10 g grains treated with garlic oil
after oviposition
Garlic oil Cowpea Varieties
dose (ml)
Borno brown Mubi white Iron bean Means
0 16.55 19.11 14.78 16.81
0.1 0.33 0.22 0.33 0.29
0.2 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.4 0.00 0.00 0.33 0.11
0.6 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Means 3.26 3.84 3.08
SE ± 0.20, LSD (P < 0.05) = 0.41 (variety)
SE ± 0.26, LSD (P < 0.05) = 0.53 (Garlic oil)
SE ± 0.45, LSD (P < 0.05) = 0.92 (Interaction)
Effect of garlic oil on oviposition and development by C. maculatus (Grain treatment before
oviposition)
Results in Table 2 show a significant (P < 0.05) difference in the mean number of eggs laid on untreated
and treated grains of all the three varieties. There was also a significant difference in the mean number of
eggs laid on grains treated with 0.1ml garlic oil, where Iron beans had the highest number of eggs laid. The
number of eggs laid on variety Mubi white grains treated with 0.1ml garlic oil and those laid on the three
varieties treated with 0.2 ml, 0.4 ml and 0.6 ml garlic oil were not significantly (P < 0.05) different from
one another. Significant (P < 0.05) difference was observed in the mean number of eggs laid on untreated
grains of Iron beans compared to Borno brown and Mubi white, which were not significantly (P > 0.05)
different from each other.
31
5. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol 2, No.3, 2012
Table 2: Mean number of eggs laid on 10 g treated cowpea grains by C. maculatus (Grain
treatment before oviposition
Garlic oil Cowpea varieties
dose (ml)
Borno brown Mubi white Iron bean Means
0 20.33 20.19 15.33 18.62
0.1 7.55 1.11 11.44 6.70 0.89 1.37
0.2 3.11 0.11 0.33 0.26
0.4 0.11 0.33 0.00 0.00
0.6 0.00 0.00 5.56
Means 6.22 4.25
SE ± 0.64, LSD (P < 0.05) = 1.30 (variety)
SE ± 0.82, LSD (P < 0.05) = 1.68 (Garlic oil)
SE ± 1.42, LSD (P < 0.05) = 2.90 (Interaction)
The number of progeny emergence from untreated grains of the cowpea varieties were each significantly (P
< 0.05) different from all the treated grains of the varieties. Mean number of adults that emerged from
untreated cowpea grains also shows a significant (P < 0.05) difference in all the three varieties with Mubi
white having the highest number of adult emergence. Mean number of adult emergence from treated grains
were not significantly different (P > 0.05) from one another (Table 3).
32
6. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol 2, No.3, 2012
Table 3: Mean number of adult C. maculatus that emerged from 10g treated cowpea grains (Grain
treatment before oviposition)
Garlic oil Cowpea varieties
dose (ml)
Borno brown Mubi white Iron bean Means
0 16.55 19.11 14.78 16.81
0.1 0.22 0.67 0.00 0.30
0.2 0.00 0.11 0.00 0.03
0.4 0.00 0.00 0.11 0.03
0.6 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Means 3.35 3-98 2.98
SE ± 0.32, LSD (P < 0.05) = 0.65 (variety)
SE ± 0.41, LSD (P < 0.05) = 0.84 (Garlic oil)
SE ± 0.71, LSD (P < 0.05) = 1.45 (Interaction)
DISCUSSION
Effect of garlic oil on C. maculatus eggs and development (Grain treatment after oviposition)
The results showed that cowpea grain treatment with garlic oil after oviposition had adverse effect on C.
maculatus emergence. The effect appeared to be ovicidal and or inhibition of larval instar
development. This implied that cowpea grains of these varieties infested with 1 - 5 days old C.
maculatus eggs could be salvaged from damage by the cowpea bruchid. Similar report was made by
Boateng and Kusi (2008) which showed that Jatropha seed oil was hightly toxic to the eggs of C. maculatus,
resulting in significant reduction in number of adults that emerged. Earlier report also showed that cowpea
grain treated with Khaya senegalensis seed oil either prevented egg-hatch or the larvae from completing
their development (Bamaiyi et al., 2006). In insect development, the eggs tend to be more tolerant to
chemical treatment (Giga and Smith, 1987). In this study however, garlic oil significantly inhibited
egg-hatch and development of C. maculatus. This was also observed by (Boateng and Kusi, 2008;
Adebowale and Adedire, 2006) when Jatropa curcas seed oil was used. Untreated grains of the variety,
Mubi white had higher risk of incurrinig damage by the beetle, as it had the highest adult emergence.
Effect of garlic oil on oviposition and development of C. maculatus (Grain treatment before
oviposition
The result showed that garlic oil had an oviposition deterrent or inhibitory effect on C.
maculatus development, as relatively few to zero eggs were laid on treated grains of all the varieties. This
reduced the risk of infestation and damage by the cowpea bruchid. In addition, that the effect of garlic oil
33
7. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol 2, No.3, 2012
appeared to be dose dependent, as the dose increased severity of its effect also increased in all the varieties.
According to Lale and Mustapha (2000) successful infestation is determined by the number of eggs that
hatch as well as the number of first instar larvae that are able to penetrate the cotyledons, interfering with
any of those processes leads to a reduction in the population of the bruchid and degree of
damage. Don-pedro (1989) also showed that eggs laid on oil treated seeds are less firmly attached,
suggesting that the oil may inhibit successful egg-hatch and larval penetration into the seed. Similarly, grain
treatment with all garlic oil dosages had a drastic significant reduction of C. maculatus emergence in all the
varieties, as few to zero emergences were recorded. The study has shown that control of the cowpea
bruchid was achieved mainly through reduced oviposition and adult emergence in all the cowpea
varieties. Garlic oil therefore offers promising potential in the management of C. maculatus in cowpea
grains, Borno brown, Mubi white and Iron beans under the conditions they were screened. Both pre and
post oviposition grain treatment suppressed oviposition and development of the beetle, however, treatment
before oviposition appeared to be more effective in reducing infestation and damage risk. It is important to
note that while the use of plant essential oil as a biopesticide is being advocated, the use of plant oils which
are medicinal should be cautiously considered.
AKNOWLEDGEMENT
We wish to thank Yemisi M. Lawal for assisting with data collection and Dr. I.A. Sodangi for data analysis.
REFERENCES
Adebowale, K.O. and Adedire, C.O. (2006). Chemical composition and insecticidal
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35
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Arts and Design Studies ADS@iiste.org have high IC Impact Factor Values (ICV).