This study was carried out to see the occurrence and level of pesticide residues in stored wheat grain samples. Wheat grains were collected from different godowns located in Faisalabad district. Weedicide residues in wheat grains were analyzed by using thin plate liquid chromatography and validated high
performance liquid chromatography. On the basis of extent of inhibition of the Hill reaction, it was found that the level of atrazine was (0-0.028 ngkg-1) and the level of isopproturon was (0-0.024 ngkg-1) in test samples. The calculated values were below the Maximum Residue Limit (MEL) i.e. 100 ngkg-1 for atrazine and 2200 ngkg-1 for isoproturon. It was found that presence of herbicide residues in stored wheat was negligible. Further, on wheat grain samples placed in jars and treated with deltamethrin and cypermethrin @0.4 and 0.8% concentration. The persistency data was calculated after 1 hour, 7, 15 and 30 days of treatment. The grain protectants were continuously degraded with the passage of time and after the 30 days
the amount of residues of the grain protectants was found to be very small. It was concluded that the use of the grain protectants in the powder form in combination with other botanicals on stored wheat samples is feasible to reduce the insect pest in stored grains.
Chemical Composition And Acridicid Properties Of The Moroccan Tanacetum Annuu...inventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Effects of Sulfonylurea Herbicides on Protein Content and Antioxidants Activi...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Herbicides have been used in the crop field to increase the crop productivity and grain yield. But unfortunately since long back all research papers and articles showed the effect of this herbicide on the non-target organisms. The purpose of this study was to test the toxicity of two herbicides (Sekator and Zoom) on the biochemistry of hard wheat: Triticum durumDesf and common wheat: Triticumaestivum L. The herbicides were applied at tillering stage in the dose full recommendeddoses. After eight days of treatment leaves were collected to determine differentparametersof proteincontent and enzyme activity involved in the antioxidant system (ascorbate peroxidase: APX).The results validated by statistical analysis revealed that there was a highly significant decrease in proteincontent in plant samples treated with the herbicide Zoom in Hidhab variety. By contrast, exposure to the herbicide Sekator causes significant variation in APX activity. Peroxidase activity were significantly decreased in Waha variety but it was significantly increased in Hidhab (HD), and APX activity increased compared with controls in HD treated with Zoom herbicide.The decrease in protein content is an indication of reduction in the growth of the plants leading to a decrease in the yield, while increased level of peroxidase activity pointed to the occurrence of a scavenging mechanism.
Phytochemical Screening and Gc-Ms Analysis of Garudan Samba Traditional Rice ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The Garudan Samba, an important Traditional variety of Tamil Nadu was investigated for its phytochemical screening and GCMS study. The brown rice was extracted using ethanol. The results obtained after GCMS studies were confirmed by spectral analysis. The analysis of the ethanol extract showed the presence of n-Hexadecanoic acid, 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)-, and Oleic acid, as major constituents of the total compounds (76.33%), which have the capacity to prevent many health related disorders. It also contained the medicinally important compounds like Caryophyllene, Ethyl Oleate, Squalene, γ-Tocopherol, Lup-20(29)-en-3-ol, acetate, (3β)-, and phyto sterols like Campesterol, Stigmasterol and β-Sitosterol. Hence, Garudan samba may be considered as one of the important Traditional variety with high level of medicinally important phytoconstituents.
Evaluation of fungicides and biological agents for the management of mango an...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Mango is an important fruit crop in area and production in Gujarat also, where it is cultivated over an area of about 130.1 thousand hectares with annual production of 911.3 thousand tones with productivity of 7.01 tones/ha. Its plantation has become quite popular in the districts of Valsad, Junagadh, Navsari, Kutch, Surat, Amreli and Bhavnagar because of favourable agro-climate condition. Mango is affected by number of diseases at all the stages of its development right from plant in nursery to the fruit in storage or transit. Mango is prone to many fungal diseases like Anthracnose, Rhizopus rot, Stem end rot, Penicillum rot, Black mould rot, Mucor rot, Phyllosticta rot, Pestalotiopsis rot, Macrophoma rot and powdery mildew, leading to heavy loss in yield. Among these diseases, anthracnose is the major disease of mango as it occurs at all the growing parts including leaves, twigs, flowers, fruits except root and trunk throughout the year. Anthracnose caused by Glomerella cingulata (Stoneman) Spauld and H Schrenk (anamorph: Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.)) appear to be more severe causing devastation of mango fruits during grading, packing, transportation, storage and marketing (Pathak, 1980).
In Vitro Assessment of Antioxidant Activity, Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Con...AI Publications
Sweet marjoram (Origanum majorana L.) is cultivated as a condiment for its aromatic leaves for culinary purposes and utilized as a medicinal plant for many diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro antioxidant activity of marjoram extract by the 2, 2–diphenyl–1–picrylhydrazyl–hydrate (DPPH) free radical scavenging method while total phenolic and flavonoid contents were quantified by spectrophotometry using Folin−Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride colorimetric methods, respectively. The extraction yield of sweet marjoram obtained by maceration in absolute ethanol at a ratio of 1/5 (w/v) for 24h at room temperature was 8.41 ± 0.76 % (w/w). The obtained results showed that the investigated extract contained a higher amount of phenolics: 164.96 ± 4.61 mg GAE/g of dry plant, lower flavonoid contents: 44.61 ± 2.08 mg QE/g of dry plant, and exhibited a strong antioxidant activity (IC50 value: 40.09 µg/ml) almost like those of the used standard products, namely ascorbic acid and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). Based on the obtained results, marjoram (Origanum majorana L.) features a potential application as natural antioxidants that could be exploited by the pharmaceutical and food industries.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE ANTIFUNGAL EFFECT OF OILS AND THEIR UNSAPONIFIABLE F...EDITOR IJCRCPS
The main objective of the study was to assess the in vitro antifungal potency of the unsaponifiable fraction extracted
from coat and bark seeds oils of Citrullus colocynthis L against pathogenic fungal strains namely Aspergillus flavus,
Aspergillus ochraceus, Penicillium expansum and Fusarium oxysporum. In terms of the physico-chemical
characterization, oils under study showed evidence of quality standards relating to vegetable oils. Unsaponifiable
matter yield recorded was approximately 0.93% and 1.03%, for the seed coat oil and bark seed oil respectively.
Antifungal activity carried out by radial growth on solid medium (Potatoes Dextrose Agar acidified) revealed that the
oils and the corresponding unsaponifiable fractions exhibited complete inhibition of fungal growth. Maximal antifungal
index inhibition (IAF=100%) were recorded at 5% and 2.5% dilutions of each fraction tested. The results provided
evidence that the unsaponifiable oils fractions might indeed be potential sources of natural antifungal agents and
deserve further studies to characterize the biological compounds included in these fractions.
Keywords: Citrullus colocynthis seeds, seed coat, bark, oils, unsaponifiable fraction, antifungal activity.
Diverse distribution-study-of-c-14-through-out-the-major-crops-of-punjab-paki...Ijcem Journal
This study measured the distribution of carbon-14 (C-14) in wheat and maize plants that were treated with C-14 labeled malathion pesticide. Greater C-14 content was found in the roots of wheat and leaves of maize. Maize showed a higher absorption of pesticides than wheat, possibly due to its larger fat content and higher transpiration rate. Some C-14 remained in the soil after planting. The study demonstrates how labeled pesticides translocate and accumulate in different plant tissues and soil over time.
Chemical Composition And Acridicid Properties Of The Moroccan Tanacetum Annuu...inventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Effects of Sulfonylurea Herbicides on Protein Content and Antioxidants Activi...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Herbicides have been used in the crop field to increase the crop productivity and grain yield. But unfortunately since long back all research papers and articles showed the effect of this herbicide on the non-target organisms. The purpose of this study was to test the toxicity of two herbicides (Sekator and Zoom) on the biochemistry of hard wheat: Triticum durumDesf and common wheat: Triticumaestivum L. The herbicides were applied at tillering stage in the dose full recommendeddoses. After eight days of treatment leaves were collected to determine differentparametersof proteincontent and enzyme activity involved in the antioxidant system (ascorbate peroxidase: APX).The results validated by statistical analysis revealed that there was a highly significant decrease in proteincontent in plant samples treated with the herbicide Zoom in Hidhab variety. By contrast, exposure to the herbicide Sekator causes significant variation in APX activity. Peroxidase activity were significantly decreased in Waha variety but it was significantly increased in Hidhab (HD), and APX activity increased compared with controls in HD treated with Zoom herbicide.The decrease in protein content is an indication of reduction in the growth of the plants leading to a decrease in the yield, while increased level of peroxidase activity pointed to the occurrence of a scavenging mechanism.
Phytochemical Screening and Gc-Ms Analysis of Garudan Samba Traditional Rice ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The Garudan Samba, an important Traditional variety of Tamil Nadu was investigated for its phytochemical screening and GCMS study. The brown rice was extracted using ethanol. The results obtained after GCMS studies were confirmed by spectral analysis. The analysis of the ethanol extract showed the presence of n-Hexadecanoic acid, 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)-, and Oleic acid, as major constituents of the total compounds (76.33%), which have the capacity to prevent many health related disorders. It also contained the medicinally important compounds like Caryophyllene, Ethyl Oleate, Squalene, γ-Tocopherol, Lup-20(29)-en-3-ol, acetate, (3β)-, and phyto sterols like Campesterol, Stigmasterol and β-Sitosterol. Hence, Garudan samba may be considered as one of the important Traditional variety with high level of medicinally important phytoconstituents.
Evaluation of fungicides and biological agents for the management of mango an...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Mango is an important fruit crop in area and production in Gujarat also, where it is cultivated over an area of about 130.1 thousand hectares with annual production of 911.3 thousand tones with productivity of 7.01 tones/ha. Its plantation has become quite popular in the districts of Valsad, Junagadh, Navsari, Kutch, Surat, Amreli and Bhavnagar because of favourable agro-climate condition. Mango is affected by number of diseases at all the stages of its development right from plant in nursery to the fruit in storage or transit. Mango is prone to many fungal diseases like Anthracnose, Rhizopus rot, Stem end rot, Penicillum rot, Black mould rot, Mucor rot, Phyllosticta rot, Pestalotiopsis rot, Macrophoma rot and powdery mildew, leading to heavy loss in yield. Among these diseases, anthracnose is the major disease of mango as it occurs at all the growing parts including leaves, twigs, flowers, fruits except root and trunk throughout the year. Anthracnose caused by Glomerella cingulata (Stoneman) Spauld and H Schrenk (anamorph: Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.)) appear to be more severe causing devastation of mango fruits during grading, packing, transportation, storage and marketing (Pathak, 1980).
In Vitro Assessment of Antioxidant Activity, Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Con...AI Publications
Sweet marjoram (Origanum majorana L.) is cultivated as a condiment for its aromatic leaves for culinary purposes and utilized as a medicinal plant for many diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro antioxidant activity of marjoram extract by the 2, 2–diphenyl–1–picrylhydrazyl–hydrate (DPPH) free radical scavenging method while total phenolic and flavonoid contents were quantified by spectrophotometry using Folin−Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride colorimetric methods, respectively. The extraction yield of sweet marjoram obtained by maceration in absolute ethanol at a ratio of 1/5 (w/v) for 24h at room temperature was 8.41 ± 0.76 % (w/w). The obtained results showed that the investigated extract contained a higher amount of phenolics: 164.96 ± 4.61 mg GAE/g of dry plant, lower flavonoid contents: 44.61 ± 2.08 mg QE/g of dry plant, and exhibited a strong antioxidant activity (IC50 value: 40.09 µg/ml) almost like those of the used standard products, namely ascorbic acid and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). Based on the obtained results, marjoram (Origanum majorana L.) features a potential application as natural antioxidants that could be exploited by the pharmaceutical and food industries.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE ANTIFUNGAL EFFECT OF OILS AND THEIR UNSAPONIFIABLE F...EDITOR IJCRCPS
The main objective of the study was to assess the in vitro antifungal potency of the unsaponifiable fraction extracted
from coat and bark seeds oils of Citrullus colocynthis L against pathogenic fungal strains namely Aspergillus flavus,
Aspergillus ochraceus, Penicillium expansum and Fusarium oxysporum. In terms of the physico-chemical
characterization, oils under study showed evidence of quality standards relating to vegetable oils. Unsaponifiable
matter yield recorded was approximately 0.93% and 1.03%, for the seed coat oil and bark seed oil respectively.
Antifungal activity carried out by radial growth on solid medium (Potatoes Dextrose Agar acidified) revealed that the
oils and the corresponding unsaponifiable fractions exhibited complete inhibition of fungal growth. Maximal antifungal
index inhibition (IAF=100%) were recorded at 5% and 2.5% dilutions of each fraction tested. The results provided
evidence that the unsaponifiable oils fractions might indeed be potential sources of natural antifungal agents and
deserve further studies to characterize the biological compounds included in these fractions.
Keywords: Citrullus colocynthis seeds, seed coat, bark, oils, unsaponifiable fraction, antifungal activity.
Diverse distribution-study-of-c-14-through-out-the-major-crops-of-punjab-paki...Ijcem Journal
This study measured the distribution of carbon-14 (C-14) in wheat and maize plants that were treated with C-14 labeled malathion pesticide. Greater C-14 content was found in the roots of wheat and leaves of maize. Maize showed a higher absorption of pesticides than wheat, possibly due to its larger fat content and higher transpiration rate. Some C-14 remained in the soil after planting. The study demonstrates how labeled pesticides translocate and accumulate in different plant tissues and soil over time.
Effect of Poultry Manure Rates on the Growth and Yield of Turmeric (Curcuma L...iosrjce
The assessment of different rates of poultry manure on the growth and yield of turmeric (Curcuma
longa L.) was conducted at Imo State Polytechnic Teaching and Research Farm. The area is in a humid tropical
agro-ecological zone. The objective was to evaluate yields under different poultry manure rates. The study was
laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) replicated four (4) times. Each replicate was made up
of six (6) plots. Treatments include poultry manure of rates of 0, 4, 8t/ha and turmeric rhizome seeds.
Evaluations of growth parameters were made at 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 weeks after planting (WAP) on plant height,
No of leaves/plant, leaf area, No of days to 50% flowering on each plots while yield values were determined at
harvest at thirty six weeks after planting. Analysis of variance result (ANOVA) indicate that application of
poultry manure at 8t/ha increased rhizome yield 2185.7kg/ha, dry matter 33.50kg/ha, plant height, No of
leaves/plant & leaf area significantly (P < 0.05) and enhance flowering to 151.50days. The post-harvest
physcio-chemical analysis of the experimental site indicates that the application of poultry manure decreased
soil bulk density (from 1.23 to 0.98), increased pH (from 5.25 to 6.27). It was concluded that poultry manure application at 8t/ha is optimum for improved performance of turmeric.
Identification and evaluation of antifungal compounds from botanicals for the...researchagriculture
Red rot is a devastating disease in sugarcane caused by fungus, Colletotrichum falcatum. In this study, eighteen different botanicals were screened for identifying effective antifungal compound against C. falcatum. Among the plants screened, 15 per cent aqueous leaf extract of Psoralea corylifolia alone inhibited 100 per cent growth of both mycelium as well as spore germination under in vitro conditions. The extract did not exhibit any inhibitory effect to the beneficial microbes viz., Pseudomonas fluorescens, Bacillus megaterium and Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus which are normally used in sugarcane. The effective plant extracts exhibiting 100 per cent antifungal activity was subjected to TLC, HPLC and GC-MS analysis to identify the bioactive antifungal compound. It revealed the presence of 7H-furo [3,2-G] (1) benzopyran-7-one as main bioactive compound which is thought to be the intermediate of antifungal compound, 8 – methoxypsoralen formed during biosynthesis.
Article Citation:
Rajkumar D and Murugesan R.
Identification and Evaluation of Antifungal Compounds from Botanicals for the Control of Sugarcane Red Rot Pathogen, Colletotrichum falcatum.
Journal of Research in Agriculture (2013) 2(1): 164-172.
Full Text:
http://www.jagri.info/documents/AG0044.pdf
The Antibiotic and Antixenotic Resistance of Some Peanut (Arachis hypogea L.)...IJRES Journal
Resistant varieties is one of the important components in integrated pest management. Studies of the Antixenotic and antibiotic resistance of peanut (Arachis hypogea L.) varieties aims to obtain varieties resistant and suitable to be cultivated in the province of North Sulawesi. Research using factorial experiment, treatment peanut varieties: Local varieties (V1), Giraffe (V2), Bison (V3), Bima (V4), Elephant (V5) and Rabbit (V6). Organic fertilizer treatments: Without fertilization (P0) and Super Petroganik as much as 20 tonnes/ha (P1) with three replications. Application of organic fertilizer made one month before planting seeds. Antixenosis and antibiosis resistance research results at 30 days after planting (DAP), the highest stomata diameter contained in P1V1 treatment is 12.62 μm, the longest trichomes on P0V3 is 88.07 μm, the highest stem cotrtex on P1V2 is 88.30 μm, and the highest contained on P1V6 is 9.96 mg/g. The result of the 60 DAP is obtained that the highest yields diameter stomata, trichomes length and content of flavonoids in P1V6 each is 13.85 μm, 136.33 μm and 14:57 mg/g, being the highest cortex diameter on P1V5 is 158.80 μm. Based on the results of analysis of variance, flavonoid content peanut varieties 30 DAP and 60 DAP significantly different (P < 0.05), while the diameter of stomata, trichomes numbers and length number, and corticial stem not significant (P > 0.05). Resistance mechanisms developed peanut plants are antibiosis.
This study analyzed 250 food samples from Lucknow, India for residues of the pesticide imidacloprid. Imidacloprid residues were detected in 15.2% of total samples, including 22% of fruit samples, 24% of vegetable samples, and 33% of cereal samples. While some samples showed imidacloprid levels above maximum residue limits, estimated daily intakes of imidacloprid from these food sources were found to pose negligible health risks to the population according to hazard index calculations. The study thus concluded that lifetime consumption of these common foods in Lucknow is unlikely to pose health hazards from imidacloprid residues.
Study of Bioactive Components Present in Oil Extracted from Fenugreek Seed: R...AI Publications
A fenugreek seed (Trigonella foenum-graecum) is a native of India, and also found in Mediterranean region, southern Europe, Africa and western Asia. These seeds have their importance due to the medicinal properties as well as nutraceutical value present in their chemical composition. This fenugreek seeds were used for treating diabetes, menstrual cramps, cancer, heart related disease, skin and hair fall treatments, high per tension, weight loss, to increase milk supply in women who were breastfeeding. This seeds is found to be abundant in N-Dimethylaminomethyl, 1-ptoprnol, 2, 2-dimethyl-aceto, Aziridine,1,2,3-trimethyl-trans, 2-pentanone,4-hydroxy-4 meth, 2-trimethylsily-1,3-dithiane, 3-0-methyl-d-glucose, d-mannopyranoiside,uronate,Diazidine1,3,3-trimethyl,Methyl 4,8dimethylnonanoate There are numerous methods available on extraction of these compounds right from conventional (Maceration, Percolation, Reflux extraction, Soxhlet extraction, microwave assist extraction, pressurised liquid extraction, super critical fluid extraction, Pulsed electric field extraction, Enzyme assisted extraction, Ultrasound assisted extraction) apart from this some water based extraction technique may also use to extract bioactive compounds from fenugreek seeds. In present article a focus has been given to highlight importance of fenugreek seeds extract in terms of extraction of bioactive compounds and their probable application in the area of food and pharmaceuticals.
Integrated nutrient management influence on crop yields in dryland agriculturearchana reddy
The document discusses integrated nutrient management (INM) in dryland agriculture systems. INM involves optimizing the use of nutrients from various sources, including inorganic fertilizers, crop residues, organic manures, and biofertilizers, to improve soil health and crop productivity. Tables from various studies show that INM approaches, such as combining reduced inorganic fertilizers with organic amendments, resulted in higher crop yields, nutrient uptake, rainfall use efficiency, and benefit-cost ratios compared to conventional practices.
A Study on the Removal of Pesticide Residues on Potatoes Using Moringa oleife...AI Publications
Moringa oleifera (MO) is a plant whose seeds possess strong coagulation properties capable of removing turbidity and heavy metals from water. In this study, the effectiveness of MO seeds as a potential pesticide removal apparatus for agricultural produce was investigated. The parameters of interest for each pesticide washing solution were pesticide-concentration reduction, cost, and taste alteration to the potatoes. Separate doses of 0.25 mL profenofos 500 EC were individually applied to distinct 250 g pesticide-free potato piles. A submersion of each tainted potato pile was carried out in one of the chosen pesticide baths (mineral water, 2% salt solution, 10% salt solution, vegetable bath wash, and 10 g MO seed) for 10 min, followed by a 10 second mineral water bath rinse. Remaining profenofos residue concentrations on potatoes were quantified using the quick, easy, cheap, rugged, and simple QuEChERs method coincided with High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The experiments showed that the MO seed was the most effective at removing profenofos at 52.9% followed by the vegetable bath at 47.3%. Neither method caused an alteration in food taste, but the MO seed method is significantly cheaper at 2,000/L IDR ($0.14 USD) compared to the vegetable bath at IDR 10,668/L ($0.77 USD) at the time of the experiment, respectively.
STUDIES ON IMPACT OF ORGANIC AND CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF ...Journal For Research
Field study was undertaken to study on impact of organic as well as chemical fertilizers on growth and yield components of Sunflower crop on off season. Design of experiment was randomized block design method involving five treatments and three duplications. The experimental plot size was 2m x 1m was set for cultivation of sunflower crops. A common dose of organic fertilizers such as Vermicompost (T1), NADEP compost (T2) and pit compost (T3) were used at equal rate 1.25 kg/plot (@ 0.625 kg/sq. m) in plot size 2m x 1m. Chemical fertilizers (T4) was used as stated by recommended dose of fertilizers (60:30:30 - N: P2O5: K2O Kg/ha). Not any fertilizers were added in treatment (T5) that is to be named as control. NADEP compost treatment (T2) increases maximum plant height (110.8cm/plant). It was 107.9cm/plant with application of pit compost treatment (T3) and lower plant height 98.65 cm/plant was observed with application of chemical fertilizers (T4) after 90th day. The maximum (6.38 cm/plant), minimum (5.90 cm/plant) and lower (4.85 cm/plant) of head diameter of Sunflower plant were observed with application of NADEP compost treatment (T2), vermicompost treatment (T1) and control field treatment (T5) respectively after 90th day. The highest mean weight of seeds/head (5.97gm/head) was recorded in vermicompost treatment (T10) followed by NADEP compost treatment (5.42gm/heat). The lowest weight of seeds/head (1.70gm/head) was recorded in pit compost treatment T3. The maximum dry weight of 100 seeds of sunflower crop (2.64gm/plant) was recorded in vermicompost treatment T1 followed in order by treatment T2 (2.34gm/plant), treatment T4 (2.28gm/plant), treatment T3 (1.99gm/plant) and treatment T5 (1.96gm/plant). The maximum yield of Sunflower crop (0.089 Kg/plot) was achieved in vermicompost treatment (T1) which was more than remaining fertilizer treatments and lower yield is 00.026 Kg/plot was recorded in plot treated with pit compost treatment (T3). It was concluded that, application of vermicompost increases yield of Sunflower crop followed by in order NADEP compost, pit compost, chemical fertilizers and control. Therefore it can be showed that use of organic fertilizers in agricultural field give progressive response compared to chemical fertilizers.
Impact of Ethoxysulfuron on Lemna gibba L. and Recovery from Damage after Pro...theijes
1) Ethoxysulfuron caused 100% inhibition of growth of Lemna gibba (duckweed) from day 0 to day 30 when residue levels were between 1820-10 μg/L in rice field water. Growth inhibition continued until day 50 when residues fell below detection levels.
2) Pigment content analysis showed a significant decrease in chlorophyll a, b, carotene, carotenoid and xanthophyll between day 0-50, indicating damage to photosynthesis.
3) From day 70-180, L. gibba showed gradual recovery of growth and complete recovery by day 180 as residues degraded, demonstrating reversible effects of prolonged exposure to ethoxysulfuron and its metabolites retaining the
This document describes a study that analyzed 162 mango samples from Lucknow, India for residues of 17 organophosphate pesticides using a modified QuEChERS extraction method and gas chromatography. Only malathion and chlorpyriphos residues were detected in approximately 20% of samples, at levels below established maximum residue limits. Estimated daily intake and hazard indices for malathion and chlorpyriphos were also calculated from consumption of the three main mango varieties in Lucknow. The method showed good recovery rates between 70-95% for fortified samples.
The study analyzed the chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Hyptis suaveolens seed oil from Uttarakhand, India. GC-MS analysis found the oil contains high amounts of unsaturated fatty acids like linoleic acid and oleic acid. Disc diffusion and dilution broth assays found the oil had antimicrobial activity against bacteria like Salmonella typhi and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and fungi like Candida tropicalis, with minimum inhibition concentrations of 0.125 mg/ml. The oil showed potential as a natural antibiotic but further studies are needed to understand its mode of action.
Ecological environment effects on germination and seedling morphology in Park...AI Publications
Néré (Parkia biglobosa) is a wild species preferred and overexploited for its multiple uses by rural populations in Sub-Saharan Africa. The study of its germination and seedlings could constitute a prerequisite for its domestication, necessary for its conservation. This study aimed to assess the germination and morphology of seedlings taking into account distinct habitats from its natural environment.A total of 2160 seeds from different mother plants and 540 seedlings from germination were selected and evaluated. The trials were conducted on three sites (two nurseries in Côte d'Ivoire vs one greenhouse in France) with different microclimates. The results showed that the larger the mother trees are, the larger the seeds they produce, which in turn generate more vigorous seedlings. This study showed that the species grows better in a milder environment that is different from its region of origin (fertile soil with a stable or humid tropical climate: Montpellier greenhouse and Daloa nursery). Overall, parent trees did not statistically influence each germination and seedling development parameter for the three sites combined (P > 0.05). However, analysis of variance showed that germination and seedling development parameters differed between experimental sites (P < 0.05). These results are useful and could be used as decision support tools to guide conservation (domestication) and agroforestry programmes based on Parkia biglobosa. This study could be extended to other endangered species in order to preserve biodiversity.
Effect of Different Drying Methods on Chemical Composition of Unripe Plantain...YogeshIJTSRD
Food processing is often thought to bring about changes in nutrients content, thus decreasing its patronage. To investigate this in a Nigerian staple, unripe plantain Musa paradisiaca flours were prepared following sun drying and oven drying methods. These were compared against fresh plantain for their nutritional composition. Proximate composition and minerals contents were determined using standard AOAC methods. The results showed that the unripe plantains pulp contained 59.77 , 1.42 , 1.51 , 1.40 , 7.65 , 28.23 , 40.22 and 38.80 of moisture, ash, fat oils, crude fibre, crude protein, carbohydrates, dry matter and organic matter respectively. Calcium, sodium, potassium, iron, and nitrogen were determined to be 0.1534 ppm, 0.2613 ppm, 0.3034 ppm, 0.7808 ppm and 0.2240 ppm respectively. The processing methods produced flour with similar nutritional composition. However, oven drying gave the lowest moisture content in the flour, suggesting a higher capacity to prevent microbial growth and decay in the dried sample, hence prolonging storage life. Segilola, V. O | Amodu, S. O | Olatunji, C. A "Effect of Different Drying Methods on Chemical Composition of Unripe Plantain Flour" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38725.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/allied-sciences/38725/effect-of-different-drying-methods-on-chemical-composition-of-unripe-plantain-flour/segilola-v-o
Effects of different substrates on the morphological characteristicsAlexander Decker
Pleurotus pulminarius was cultivated on different substrates including cotton waste, sawdust, palm fruit waste, paper, and mixtures. The morphological characteristics and proximate contents of the mushrooms were analyzed over multiple harvests. Sawdust and cotton waste supported growth most quickly while palm fruit waste was slowest. Sawdust substrates generally produced mushrooms with greater stalk lengths and diameters during early harvests. Later harvests found greater sizes on cotton waste and mixtures. Proximate analysis found protein contents highest in paper/cotton mixtures at 40.54% and lowest in sawdust at 28.79%. Fat was highest in sawdust at 0.99% and lowest in palm fruit. Ash and fiber were generally highest in
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research...iosrphr_editor
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call for research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, call for paper 2012, journal of pharmacy, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, research and review articles, Pharmacy journal, International Journal of Pharmacy, hard copy of journal, hard copy of certificates, online Submission, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, international journal, publishing a paper
Optimization of antibiotic activity of composites of ethanolic extracts of fl...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
The generation of pathogenic microorgannisms is overwhelming the potency, safety and cost of synthetic antibiotics. The study south insight for the use of plant materials to fight microbes and optimized antibiotic activity of pure, binary and ternary blends of ethanol extracts of flower of Mangifera india, Gongronema latifolium leaves, Citrus sinensis peel on Streptococcus aureus using the Simplex Lattice {3,3} mixture experimental design of the response surface methodology (RSM). Fourteen (14) blends of the plants' parts were produced and tested on the S. aureus. Inhibition zones inhibited by the extract blends ranged between 11-19 mm. Blends C and BC exhibited the highest value of 19 mm. Other blends equally exhibited some inhibition effects on the growth of the test microorganism, however, decreasing in values as their proportions in the blends carried. ANOVA on the data revealed that the model of the experiment was significant (p<0.05; R 2 =0.8350), the pure; A, B, C, and the ternary blends, ABC, were significant in the model (p<0.05). Although other blends were n ot statistically significant (p>0.05), the graphic and the equation indicated their positive contributions to the model. The model showed overall mean inhibition zone of 14.11 mm compared to 22.5 mm observed in Levofloxacin on the test organism. The study showed that ethanolic extracts of the plants' parts could provide the basis for engineering and synthesis of potent antibiotics.
Effect of Organic Fertilizer Containing Mint and Thyme Oil Extract on Tomato ...IJERA Editor
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of an organic fertilizer made from mint and thyme oil extracts on the growth of tomato seedlings. Two tomato cultivars (Toprak F1 and Çanak) were treated with either the organic fertilizer or a commercial fertilizer. The growth and nutrient content of the seedlings was then measured. Results showed that high doses of the organic fertilizer negatively affected seedling growth. However, the organic fertilizer led to higher dry matter content and some higher nutrient levels in the seedlings compared to the commercial fertilizer. More research is needed to determine the optimal application doses of the organic fertilizer.
This document discusses sustainable agriculture in Argentina. It provides an overview of crops in Argentina and the new production environment with technologies like no-till farming and genetically modified crops. It notes that no-till has expanded significantly in Argentina. The document also discusses lessons learned from growing Roundup Ready corn, including benefits but also needs for crop rotation and integrated weed management to prevent resistance. It outlines the positive impacts of no-till farming on soil, environment, and farmers' costs and yields.
This document summarizes an agro-economic analysis of glyphosate use in UK agriculture. It finds that glyphosate provides major benefits by controlling weeds pre-planting and pre-harvest, increasing yields and reducing costs. Loss of glyphosate could cause severe losses over £150m-550m/year for wheat and over £300m/year for all crops. It would also negatively impact the environment by increasing GHG emissions up to 20% and worsening soil and water quality. The analysis concludes the key benefits of glyphosate must be communicated to ensure its continued availability for UK agriculture.
The document discusses a farming community called Klovborg that fully automates its farming and exports its products. It mentions genes, GMOs, and using Roundup weed killer, and debates the pros and cons of GMOs, organic farming, and their future applications including improving nutrients, proteins, and drought resistance. The community appears split on whether to use GMOs going forward.
This document reviews how biotechnology can be used for climate change adaptation and mitigation through improving agricultural productivity and food security. It discusses how both conventional biotechnology methods like organic farming and modern methods like genetic engineering can help address the negative impacts of climate change by making crops more tolerant to stresses and increasing yields. Specifically, it outlines how biotechnology approaches can help reduce greenhouse gas emissions, sequester carbon, decrease fertilizer usage, and develop stress-resistant crop varieties to adapt to climate change effects.
Effect of Poultry Manure Rates on the Growth and Yield of Turmeric (Curcuma L...iosrjce
The assessment of different rates of poultry manure on the growth and yield of turmeric (Curcuma
longa L.) was conducted at Imo State Polytechnic Teaching and Research Farm. The area is in a humid tropical
agro-ecological zone. The objective was to evaluate yields under different poultry manure rates. The study was
laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) replicated four (4) times. Each replicate was made up
of six (6) plots. Treatments include poultry manure of rates of 0, 4, 8t/ha and turmeric rhizome seeds.
Evaluations of growth parameters were made at 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 weeks after planting (WAP) on plant height,
No of leaves/plant, leaf area, No of days to 50% flowering on each plots while yield values were determined at
harvest at thirty six weeks after planting. Analysis of variance result (ANOVA) indicate that application of
poultry manure at 8t/ha increased rhizome yield 2185.7kg/ha, dry matter 33.50kg/ha, plant height, No of
leaves/plant & leaf area significantly (P < 0.05) and enhance flowering to 151.50days. The post-harvest
physcio-chemical analysis of the experimental site indicates that the application of poultry manure decreased
soil bulk density (from 1.23 to 0.98), increased pH (from 5.25 to 6.27). It was concluded that poultry manure application at 8t/ha is optimum for improved performance of turmeric.
Identification and evaluation of antifungal compounds from botanicals for the...researchagriculture
Red rot is a devastating disease in sugarcane caused by fungus, Colletotrichum falcatum. In this study, eighteen different botanicals were screened for identifying effective antifungal compound against C. falcatum. Among the plants screened, 15 per cent aqueous leaf extract of Psoralea corylifolia alone inhibited 100 per cent growth of both mycelium as well as spore germination under in vitro conditions. The extract did not exhibit any inhibitory effect to the beneficial microbes viz., Pseudomonas fluorescens, Bacillus megaterium and Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus which are normally used in sugarcane. The effective plant extracts exhibiting 100 per cent antifungal activity was subjected to TLC, HPLC and GC-MS analysis to identify the bioactive antifungal compound. It revealed the presence of 7H-furo [3,2-G] (1) benzopyran-7-one as main bioactive compound which is thought to be the intermediate of antifungal compound, 8 – methoxypsoralen formed during biosynthesis.
Article Citation:
Rajkumar D and Murugesan R.
Identification and Evaluation of Antifungal Compounds from Botanicals for the Control of Sugarcane Red Rot Pathogen, Colletotrichum falcatum.
Journal of Research in Agriculture (2013) 2(1): 164-172.
Full Text:
http://www.jagri.info/documents/AG0044.pdf
The Antibiotic and Antixenotic Resistance of Some Peanut (Arachis hypogea L.)...IJRES Journal
Resistant varieties is one of the important components in integrated pest management. Studies of the Antixenotic and antibiotic resistance of peanut (Arachis hypogea L.) varieties aims to obtain varieties resistant and suitable to be cultivated in the province of North Sulawesi. Research using factorial experiment, treatment peanut varieties: Local varieties (V1), Giraffe (V2), Bison (V3), Bima (V4), Elephant (V5) and Rabbit (V6). Organic fertilizer treatments: Without fertilization (P0) and Super Petroganik as much as 20 tonnes/ha (P1) with three replications. Application of organic fertilizer made one month before planting seeds. Antixenosis and antibiosis resistance research results at 30 days after planting (DAP), the highest stomata diameter contained in P1V1 treatment is 12.62 μm, the longest trichomes on P0V3 is 88.07 μm, the highest stem cotrtex on P1V2 is 88.30 μm, and the highest contained on P1V6 is 9.96 mg/g. The result of the 60 DAP is obtained that the highest yields diameter stomata, trichomes length and content of flavonoids in P1V6 each is 13.85 μm, 136.33 μm and 14:57 mg/g, being the highest cortex diameter on P1V5 is 158.80 μm. Based on the results of analysis of variance, flavonoid content peanut varieties 30 DAP and 60 DAP significantly different (P < 0.05), while the diameter of stomata, trichomes numbers and length number, and corticial stem not significant (P > 0.05). Resistance mechanisms developed peanut plants are antibiosis.
This study analyzed 250 food samples from Lucknow, India for residues of the pesticide imidacloprid. Imidacloprid residues were detected in 15.2% of total samples, including 22% of fruit samples, 24% of vegetable samples, and 33% of cereal samples. While some samples showed imidacloprid levels above maximum residue limits, estimated daily intakes of imidacloprid from these food sources were found to pose negligible health risks to the population according to hazard index calculations. The study thus concluded that lifetime consumption of these common foods in Lucknow is unlikely to pose health hazards from imidacloprid residues.
Study of Bioactive Components Present in Oil Extracted from Fenugreek Seed: R...AI Publications
A fenugreek seed (Trigonella foenum-graecum) is a native of India, and also found in Mediterranean region, southern Europe, Africa and western Asia. These seeds have their importance due to the medicinal properties as well as nutraceutical value present in their chemical composition. This fenugreek seeds were used for treating diabetes, menstrual cramps, cancer, heart related disease, skin and hair fall treatments, high per tension, weight loss, to increase milk supply in women who were breastfeeding. This seeds is found to be abundant in N-Dimethylaminomethyl, 1-ptoprnol, 2, 2-dimethyl-aceto, Aziridine,1,2,3-trimethyl-trans, 2-pentanone,4-hydroxy-4 meth, 2-trimethylsily-1,3-dithiane, 3-0-methyl-d-glucose, d-mannopyranoiside,uronate,Diazidine1,3,3-trimethyl,Methyl 4,8dimethylnonanoate There are numerous methods available on extraction of these compounds right from conventional (Maceration, Percolation, Reflux extraction, Soxhlet extraction, microwave assist extraction, pressurised liquid extraction, super critical fluid extraction, Pulsed electric field extraction, Enzyme assisted extraction, Ultrasound assisted extraction) apart from this some water based extraction technique may also use to extract bioactive compounds from fenugreek seeds. In present article a focus has been given to highlight importance of fenugreek seeds extract in terms of extraction of bioactive compounds and their probable application in the area of food and pharmaceuticals.
Integrated nutrient management influence on crop yields in dryland agriculturearchana reddy
The document discusses integrated nutrient management (INM) in dryland agriculture systems. INM involves optimizing the use of nutrients from various sources, including inorganic fertilizers, crop residues, organic manures, and biofertilizers, to improve soil health and crop productivity. Tables from various studies show that INM approaches, such as combining reduced inorganic fertilizers with organic amendments, resulted in higher crop yields, nutrient uptake, rainfall use efficiency, and benefit-cost ratios compared to conventional practices.
A Study on the Removal of Pesticide Residues on Potatoes Using Moringa oleife...AI Publications
Moringa oleifera (MO) is a plant whose seeds possess strong coagulation properties capable of removing turbidity and heavy metals from water. In this study, the effectiveness of MO seeds as a potential pesticide removal apparatus for agricultural produce was investigated. The parameters of interest for each pesticide washing solution were pesticide-concentration reduction, cost, and taste alteration to the potatoes. Separate doses of 0.25 mL profenofos 500 EC were individually applied to distinct 250 g pesticide-free potato piles. A submersion of each tainted potato pile was carried out in one of the chosen pesticide baths (mineral water, 2% salt solution, 10% salt solution, vegetable bath wash, and 10 g MO seed) for 10 min, followed by a 10 second mineral water bath rinse. Remaining profenofos residue concentrations on potatoes were quantified using the quick, easy, cheap, rugged, and simple QuEChERs method coincided with High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The experiments showed that the MO seed was the most effective at removing profenofos at 52.9% followed by the vegetable bath at 47.3%. Neither method caused an alteration in food taste, but the MO seed method is significantly cheaper at 2,000/L IDR ($0.14 USD) compared to the vegetable bath at IDR 10,668/L ($0.77 USD) at the time of the experiment, respectively.
STUDIES ON IMPACT OF ORGANIC AND CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF ...Journal For Research
Field study was undertaken to study on impact of organic as well as chemical fertilizers on growth and yield components of Sunflower crop on off season. Design of experiment was randomized block design method involving five treatments and three duplications. The experimental plot size was 2m x 1m was set for cultivation of sunflower crops. A common dose of organic fertilizers such as Vermicompost (T1), NADEP compost (T2) and pit compost (T3) were used at equal rate 1.25 kg/plot (@ 0.625 kg/sq. m) in plot size 2m x 1m. Chemical fertilizers (T4) was used as stated by recommended dose of fertilizers (60:30:30 - N: P2O5: K2O Kg/ha). Not any fertilizers were added in treatment (T5) that is to be named as control. NADEP compost treatment (T2) increases maximum plant height (110.8cm/plant). It was 107.9cm/plant with application of pit compost treatment (T3) and lower plant height 98.65 cm/plant was observed with application of chemical fertilizers (T4) after 90th day. The maximum (6.38 cm/plant), minimum (5.90 cm/plant) and lower (4.85 cm/plant) of head diameter of Sunflower plant were observed with application of NADEP compost treatment (T2), vermicompost treatment (T1) and control field treatment (T5) respectively after 90th day. The highest mean weight of seeds/head (5.97gm/head) was recorded in vermicompost treatment (T10) followed by NADEP compost treatment (5.42gm/heat). The lowest weight of seeds/head (1.70gm/head) was recorded in pit compost treatment T3. The maximum dry weight of 100 seeds of sunflower crop (2.64gm/plant) was recorded in vermicompost treatment T1 followed in order by treatment T2 (2.34gm/plant), treatment T4 (2.28gm/plant), treatment T3 (1.99gm/plant) and treatment T5 (1.96gm/plant). The maximum yield of Sunflower crop (0.089 Kg/plot) was achieved in vermicompost treatment (T1) which was more than remaining fertilizer treatments and lower yield is 00.026 Kg/plot was recorded in plot treated with pit compost treatment (T3). It was concluded that, application of vermicompost increases yield of Sunflower crop followed by in order NADEP compost, pit compost, chemical fertilizers and control. Therefore it can be showed that use of organic fertilizers in agricultural field give progressive response compared to chemical fertilizers.
Impact of Ethoxysulfuron on Lemna gibba L. and Recovery from Damage after Pro...theijes
1) Ethoxysulfuron caused 100% inhibition of growth of Lemna gibba (duckweed) from day 0 to day 30 when residue levels were between 1820-10 μg/L in rice field water. Growth inhibition continued until day 50 when residues fell below detection levels.
2) Pigment content analysis showed a significant decrease in chlorophyll a, b, carotene, carotenoid and xanthophyll between day 0-50, indicating damage to photosynthesis.
3) From day 70-180, L. gibba showed gradual recovery of growth and complete recovery by day 180 as residues degraded, demonstrating reversible effects of prolonged exposure to ethoxysulfuron and its metabolites retaining the
This document describes a study that analyzed 162 mango samples from Lucknow, India for residues of 17 organophosphate pesticides using a modified QuEChERS extraction method and gas chromatography. Only malathion and chlorpyriphos residues were detected in approximately 20% of samples, at levels below established maximum residue limits. Estimated daily intake and hazard indices for malathion and chlorpyriphos were also calculated from consumption of the three main mango varieties in Lucknow. The method showed good recovery rates between 70-95% for fortified samples.
The study analyzed the chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Hyptis suaveolens seed oil from Uttarakhand, India. GC-MS analysis found the oil contains high amounts of unsaturated fatty acids like linoleic acid and oleic acid. Disc diffusion and dilution broth assays found the oil had antimicrobial activity against bacteria like Salmonella typhi and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and fungi like Candida tropicalis, with minimum inhibition concentrations of 0.125 mg/ml. The oil showed potential as a natural antibiotic but further studies are needed to understand its mode of action.
Ecological environment effects on germination and seedling morphology in Park...AI Publications
Néré (Parkia biglobosa) is a wild species preferred and overexploited for its multiple uses by rural populations in Sub-Saharan Africa. The study of its germination and seedlings could constitute a prerequisite for its domestication, necessary for its conservation. This study aimed to assess the germination and morphology of seedlings taking into account distinct habitats from its natural environment.A total of 2160 seeds from different mother plants and 540 seedlings from germination were selected and evaluated. The trials were conducted on three sites (two nurseries in Côte d'Ivoire vs one greenhouse in France) with different microclimates. The results showed that the larger the mother trees are, the larger the seeds they produce, which in turn generate more vigorous seedlings. This study showed that the species grows better in a milder environment that is different from its region of origin (fertile soil with a stable or humid tropical climate: Montpellier greenhouse and Daloa nursery). Overall, parent trees did not statistically influence each germination and seedling development parameter for the three sites combined (P > 0.05). However, analysis of variance showed that germination and seedling development parameters differed between experimental sites (P < 0.05). These results are useful and could be used as decision support tools to guide conservation (domestication) and agroforestry programmes based on Parkia biglobosa. This study could be extended to other endangered species in order to preserve biodiversity.
Effect of Different Drying Methods on Chemical Composition of Unripe Plantain...YogeshIJTSRD
Food processing is often thought to bring about changes in nutrients content, thus decreasing its patronage. To investigate this in a Nigerian staple, unripe plantain Musa paradisiaca flours were prepared following sun drying and oven drying methods. These were compared against fresh plantain for their nutritional composition. Proximate composition and minerals contents were determined using standard AOAC methods. The results showed that the unripe plantains pulp contained 59.77 , 1.42 , 1.51 , 1.40 , 7.65 , 28.23 , 40.22 and 38.80 of moisture, ash, fat oils, crude fibre, crude protein, carbohydrates, dry matter and organic matter respectively. Calcium, sodium, potassium, iron, and nitrogen were determined to be 0.1534 ppm, 0.2613 ppm, 0.3034 ppm, 0.7808 ppm and 0.2240 ppm respectively. The processing methods produced flour with similar nutritional composition. However, oven drying gave the lowest moisture content in the flour, suggesting a higher capacity to prevent microbial growth and decay in the dried sample, hence prolonging storage life. Segilola, V. O | Amodu, S. O | Olatunji, C. A "Effect of Different Drying Methods on Chemical Composition of Unripe Plantain Flour" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38725.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/allied-sciences/38725/effect-of-different-drying-methods-on-chemical-composition-of-unripe-plantain-flour/segilola-v-o
Effects of different substrates on the morphological characteristicsAlexander Decker
Pleurotus pulminarius was cultivated on different substrates including cotton waste, sawdust, palm fruit waste, paper, and mixtures. The morphological characteristics and proximate contents of the mushrooms were analyzed over multiple harvests. Sawdust and cotton waste supported growth most quickly while palm fruit waste was slowest. Sawdust substrates generally produced mushrooms with greater stalk lengths and diameters during early harvests. Later harvests found greater sizes on cotton waste and mixtures. Proximate analysis found protein contents highest in paper/cotton mixtures at 40.54% and lowest in sawdust at 28.79%. Fat was highest in sawdust at 0.99% and lowest in palm fruit. Ash and fiber were generally highest in
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research...iosrphr_editor
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call for research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, call for paper 2012, journal of pharmacy, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, research and review articles, Pharmacy journal, International Journal of Pharmacy, hard copy of journal, hard copy of certificates, online Submission, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, international journal, publishing a paper
Optimization of antibiotic activity of composites of ethanolic extracts of fl...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
The generation of pathogenic microorgannisms is overwhelming the potency, safety and cost of synthetic antibiotics. The study south insight for the use of plant materials to fight microbes and optimized antibiotic activity of pure, binary and ternary blends of ethanol extracts of flower of Mangifera india, Gongronema latifolium leaves, Citrus sinensis peel on Streptococcus aureus using the Simplex Lattice {3,3} mixture experimental design of the response surface methodology (RSM). Fourteen (14) blends of the plants' parts were produced and tested on the S. aureus. Inhibition zones inhibited by the extract blends ranged between 11-19 mm. Blends C and BC exhibited the highest value of 19 mm. Other blends equally exhibited some inhibition effects on the growth of the test microorganism, however, decreasing in values as their proportions in the blends carried. ANOVA on the data revealed that the model of the experiment was significant (p<0.05; R 2 =0.8350), the pure; A, B, C, and the ternary blends, ABC, were significant in the model (p<0.05). Although other blends were n ot statistically significant (p>0.05), the graphic and the equation indicated their positive contributions to the model. The model showed overall mean inhibition zone of 14.11 mm compared to 22.5 mm observed in Levofloxacin on the test organism. The study showed that ethanolic extracts of the plants' parts could provide the basis for engineering and synthesis of potent antibiotics.
Effect of Organic Fertilizer Containing Mint and Thyme Oil Extract on Tomato ...IJERA Editor
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of an organic fertilizer made from mint and thyme oil extracts on the growth of tomato seedlings. Two tomato cultivars (Toprak F1 and Çanak) were treated with either the organic fertilizer or a commercial fertilizer. The growth and nutrient content of the seedlings was then measured. Results showed that high doses of the organic fertilizer negatively affected seedling growth. However, the organic fertilizer led to higher dry matter content and some higher nutrient levels in the seedlings compared to the commercial fertilizer. More research is needed to determine the optimal application doses of the organic fertilizer.
This document discusses sustainable agriculture in Argentina. It provides an overview of crops in Argentina and the new production environment with technologies like no-till farming and genetically modified crops. It notes that no-till has expanded significantly in Argentina. The document also discusses lessons learned from growing Roundup Ready corn, including benefits but also needs for crop rotation and integrated weed management to prevent resistance. It outlines the positive impacts of no-till farming on soil, environment, and farmers' costs and yields.
This document summarizes an agro-economic analysis of glyphosate use in UK agriculture. It finds that glyphosate provides major benefits by controlling weeds pre-planting and pre-harvest, increasing yields and reducing costs. Loss of glyphosate could cause severe losses over £150m-550m/year for wheat and over £300m/year for all crops. It would also negatively impact the environment by increasing GHG emissions up to 20% and worsening soil and water quality. The analysis concludes the key benefits of glyphosate must be communicated to ensure its continued availability for UK agriculture.
The document discusses a farming community called Klovborg that fully automates its farming and exports its products. It mentions genes, GMOs, and using Roundup weed killer, and debates the pros and cons of GMOs, organic farming, and their future applications including improving nutrients, proteins, and drought resistance. The community appears split on whether to use GMOs going forward.
This document reviews how biotechnology can be used for climate change adaptation and mitigation through improving agricultural productivity and food security. It discusses how both conventional biotechnology methods like organic farming and modern methods like genetic engineering can help address the negative impacts of climate change by making crops more tolerant to stresses and increasing yields. Specifically, it outlines how biotechnology approaches can help reduce greenhouse gas emissions, sequester carbon, decrease fertilizer usage, and develop stress-resistant crop varieties to adapt to climate change effects.
Brian Abracen discusses why email marketing is still an effective strategy. Some key points include:
- Email yields high returns, with an estimated ROI of 4,300% and $44 in revenue for every $1 spent.
- Emails are effective at nurturing leads and converting prospects into customers through a series of targeted messages.
- Personalized and segmented emails that are relevant to the recipient increase engagement and conversions.
- Building and maintaining an opt-in email list requires capturing permission, sending valuable welcome messages, and regularly cleansing inactive addresses.
- Achieving a positive sender reputation with internet service providers is important for delivery and response rates.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help boost feelings of calmness, happiness and focus.
This document discusses the use of glyphosate in Europe, specifically the UK. It provides background on glyphosate, noting its introduction in 1974 for perennial weed control and pre-harvest use in 1980. Data is presented on glyphosate's effectiveness in reducing common couch shoots. The document also discusses glyphosate residues in UK bread and impacts on wheat yield and moisture content from pre-harvest glyphosate applications.
#20AWC PPT presented on 14sep2016 at 1120amPaweł Waryszak
The preliminary findings from the CO2 x Herbicide project that I presented at the 20th Australasian Weeds Conference, in Perth WA. You can learn more about the project here: https://sites.google.com/site/herbicideandelevatedco2/
Injections of Herbicide into Rhizomes of Knotweeds and Other Invasive Plant S...John Lampe
We ran trials on this method for a few years as did other organizations and individuals. Ultimately, we did not find its efficacy to outweigh the labor involved. Therefore, Green Shoots decided not to launch the product. We have however had real success with foliar applications using our Green Shoots Foam Herbicide Dispenser. John Lampe gave a presentation on that system at the Upper Midwest Invasive Species Conference: http://www.slideshare.net/johnlampe/how-to-kill-i.
Synergetic effects of various plant extracts as bio-pesticide against wheat a...Muhammad Qasim
Human health and environment are greatly affected by extensive used of synthetic insecticide, which is why the alternative way of pesticides, such as botanical pesticide consumption increase with the passage of time to control of insect pests. The insecticidal impact of Moringa (Moringa oleifera), Neem (Azadirachta indica) and Euclyptus (Eucalyptus globules) leaves extracts were investigated on Diurophous noxia (Hemiptera: Aphididae). This study was aimed to evaluate the efficiency of bio-pesticide instead of synthetic chemicals against D. noxia. Experimental results showed that the percentage of mortality fluctuate with the fluctuation of concentration with time intervals and have great impact on the population of D. noxia. Single, doubled and tripled combinations of leaves extract were tested at two different concentrations (25 and 50%). The results suggested and concluded that from all the application of single botanicals A. indica give better result as compared to other single application while application of double combination M. olerifera with A. indica give significance result instead of other double mixture, meanwhile the triple combination (M. olerifera, A. indica and E. globules) performed excellent result as the others triple mixtures. The study revealed that combine used of M. olerifera, A. indica and E. globules leaves extract were very effective against D. noxia and surge as an alternative way of pesticides instead of synthetic chemicals.
Bioactivity of Locally Available Plants on Cotton Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci an...IJEAB
Aqueous, diethyl ether, chloroform, petroleum ether, N-hexane and benzene extracts of locally available plant species were tested for phytochemical and insecticidal bioactivity against cotton whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, under controlled conditions. This study is within bioprospection context, for utilizing local plant species as alternative in sustainable agriculture development. The leaf and stem extract was used. The whole plant extract of T.procumbens followed by N.oleander and V.rosea showed repellent and toxic effect against adult and second nymphal instars. Leaf extract of all three plants showed high inhibition activity against nymphal instars. In case of flower extract less inhibition activity was shown respectively. Fungi which grow on the cotton plant was screened, characterized and checked for antifungal activity against the extracts of the plant material. Phytochemical analysis was also carried out by standard protocols.
Efficiency of some essential oils and insecticides in the control of some sit...Mohamed Alassal
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of essential oils from anise and clove, diatomaceous earth, spinetoram, and malathion on physiological and biochemical parameters of three grain weevil species: granary weevil, rice weevil, and maize weevil. The study found that malathion and spinetoram were the most effective at controlling the weevil species based on their median lethal concentration values. Exposure to the test compounds resulted in various effects on total protein content and enzyme activity levels in the weevils.
This study evaluated the insecticidal potential of two monoterpenes, citronellol and geraniol, against two major stored grain pests, Sitophilus oryzae and Tribolium castaneum. Geraniol showed higher toxicity than citronellol against both pests. Geraniol achieved 52.76% mortality of S. oryzae at 0.02 μl/ml after 72 hours of exposure, while citronellol achieved only 26.3% mortality at the same dose and time. Against T. castaneum, geraniol achieved 68.75% mortality at 0.2 μl/ml after 72 hours compared to 30.77% for citronell
Insecticidal Potential of Two Monoterpenes against Tribolium Castaneum (Herbs...BRNSS Publication Hub
In the present study, two pure monoterpenes: Citronellol and geraniol were tested for their fumigant toxicity, repellent activity, and antifeedant activity against two stored product insect pests, Sitophilus oryzae (L.), and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst.) Monoterpenes tested showed varying degrees of toxicity against different species of stored product pests but were highly dependent on dosage and exposure duration. Geraniol was found to be highly effective against both S. oryzae and T. castaneum than citronellol. 0.02 μl/ml geraniol produced a mortality of 26.30 ± 0.11 after a short duration of 6 h that reached 52.76 ± 0.28% after an increased exposure of 72 h against S. oryzae while citronellol showed least activity producing a mortality of 52.76 ± 0.28 at 0.02 after 72 h of exposure. Similarly for T. castaneum geraniol produced 68.75 ± 0.55% mortality at 0.2 μl/ml after 72 h and citronellol even at a highest dose of 0.2 μl/ml caused 30.77 ± 0.49% mortality after 12 h. Geraniol produced 42.56 ± 1.9% repellent activity at 1 μl/cm2 after 1 h whereas repellency of 48.60 ± 1.4% was obtained by citronellol against T. castaneum after same concentration and time period citronellol and geraniol at a highest concentration of 1 μl/cm2 gave 56.61 ± 3.4 and 50.56 ± 1.1% repellency, respectively, after 5 h against S. oryzae. Feeding deterrence index (FDI) of 78.95 ± 0.09 and 67.59 ± 0.17% was obtained for citronellol and geraniol at a high concentration of 30 μl/g against T. castaneum. Citronellol showed 52.80 ± 0.32% FDI, followed by geraniol with 49.28 ± 0.17 FDI % against S. oryzae.
The document describes a study that tested the insecticidal potential of two monoterpenes, citronellol and geraniol, against two major stored product insect pests, Sitophilus oryzae and Tribolium castaneum. Geraniol was found to be more effective than citronellol, showing higher mortality rates against both pests in fumigation toxicity tests. Geraniol and citronellol also demonstrated repellent effects and antifeedant activity in a dose-dependent manner. The study provides evidence that these natural monoterpenes have potential for use as alternatives to synthetic pesticides for stored product pest control.
This study evaluated the insecticidal potential of two monoterpenes, citronellol and geraniol, against two major stored grain pests, Sitophilus oryzae and Tribolium castaneum. Geraniol showed higher toxicity than citronellol against both pests. Geraniol achieved 52.76% mortality of S. oryzae at 0.02 μl/ml after 72 hours of exposure, while citronellol achieved only 26.30% mortality at the same dose and time. Against T. castaneum, geraniol achieved 68.75% mortality at 0.2 μl/ml after 72 hours, compared to only 30.77% for cit
Phenolic compounds from artichoke (cynara scolymus l.) by Alexander Decker
The document discusses phenolic compounds extracted from artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) byproducts and their antimicrobial activities. It finds that methanolic extracts of bound phenols from artichoke bracts and hearts showed the highest antimicrobial activity against gram-negative bacteria. The minimum inhibitory concentration values for bound phenols from hearts were 63μg/ml. Free phenols from hearts also demonstrated antimicrobial properties, with minimum inhibitory concentration values ranging from 204 to 206 μg/mL against both gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. The study suggests artichoke byproducts could be used to develop nutritional supplements with antimicrobial properties.
Phenolic compounds from artichoke (cynara scolymus l.) by Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the antimicrobial activity of phenolic compounds extracted from different parts of artichoke plants. The researchers found that methanolic extracts of bound phenols from artichoke bracts and hearts showed the highest antimicrobial activity against gram-negative bacteria. Specifically, bound phenols from hearts had MIC values of 63μg/ml, while bound phenols from bracts ranged from 312-486μg/ml against gram-negative bacteria and 486μg/ml against gram-positive bacteria. Free phenols from hearts also demonstrated strong antimicrobial activity with MIC values of 204-206μg/ml against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Therefore, the
Scope of organic and natural farming of vegetable crops under protected condi...MANISH CHAUHAN
Organic farming is a production system that sustains the health of soils, ecosystems, and people.
It relies on ecological processes, biodiversity and cycles adapted to local conditions, rather than the use of inputs with adverse effects.
Antifungal activity of psoralea corylifolia hairy root extract against sugarc...researchagriculture
Red rot disease is the major constraint for sugarcane production in India and the pathogen has gained virulence in recent years. About 33 % reduction in yield was observed and loss in sucrose and commercial cane sugar was estimated upto 32 to 50 % in average infections. The present investigation was carried out in sugarcane breeding institute, Coimbatore to study the effect of Psoralea corylifolia hairy root extract against high intensity Colletotrichum falcatum spore suspension (106 spores ml-1) causing red rot disease reaction in canes under Controlled Condition Treatment (CCT) Chamber. Nodal infection, green top, internodal discoloration and internal discoloration of the canes in CCT chamber were taken as the parameters for fixing the disease evaluation after 10 days of incubation. The results of CCT method authenticated the results obtained under laboratory conditions. The study revealed 100 per cent effectiveness of two per cent P. corylifolia hairy root extract over red rot pathogen infection when compared to canes treated only with spore suspension of C. falcatum.
Article Citation:
Rajkumar D and Murugesan R.
Antifungal Activity of Psoralea corylifolia Hairy Root Extract against Sugarcane Red Rot Pathogen under Controlled Condition Treatment Chamber.
Journal of Research in Agriculture (2013) 2(2): 173-179.
Full Text:
http://www.jagri.info/documents/AG0047.pdf
The document summarizes research conducted on using composted crop residues and animal manure as organic fertilizer in Occidental Mindoro, Philippines. Several efficacy trials showed that mixtures of composted rice hulls, straws, and animal manure increased yields of crops like eggplant, rice, bush sitao, tomato, corn, and others as much as or more than chemical fertilizers. Extension activities effectively introduced the technology to many farmers in the region. Adoption of composting was high, as evidenced by large participation in workshops and many individuals and organizations producing compost. The sustainable practice provides environmental and economic benefits to the community.
Applications Of Radioisotopes In AgricultureDaniel Wachtel
This document discusses the various applications of radioisotopes in agriculture. It describes how radioisotopes are used to study plant nutrition and fertilizer uptake, manage insect pests through techniques like sterile insect technique, and improve crops through induced mutation. Radioisotopes are also used to process and preserve foods, extending shelf life and reducing post-harvest losses. International organizations like IAEA and FAO support research on using nuclear techniques to boost agricultural productivity in a sustainable manner.
Impact of Ethoxysulfuron on Lemna gibba L. and Recovery from Damage after Pro...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
This document describes a field experiment conducted in Bangladesh during the 2009 kharif (monsoon) season to evaluate the effects of various insecticides on yield performance of heat tolerant country bean. The insecticides reduced pod damage from bean pod borers compared to the untreated control. Fresh neem oil provided the highest reduction in infested pods (59.46%) and yielded the lowest number of infested pods. Deltamethrin, fenitrothion, and curtap produced the highest marketable pod yields, increasing 46.70%, 38.58%, and 36.80% respectively over the untreated control. These three insecticides also performed best for gross pod yield, with deltamethrin increasing yield by 41.76% over
Antifeedant test extracts of Hutun seeds against caterpillar pests Plutella x...AI Publications
Application of the bioactive extract of the hutun seed (Barringtonia asiatica L.kurz) as an antifeedant in the Plutella xylostella Lcaterpillar pest on sawi plants ( Brassica juncea L.) was carried out. This study aims to determine the antifeedant activity of the hutun seed extract in controlling the caterpillar sawi Plutella xylostella. The method used in this research is a completely randomized design (CRD) method with 4 treatments and 3 repetitions. The concentrations used are 50 ppm, 100 ppm, 500 ppm and 1000 ppm as well as positive control and negative control. The results of the study were tested with one-way ANOVA and continued with the Least Significant Difference test (LSD). Results of the study show that there are differences antifeedant activity caterpillar pests Plutella xylostella on sawi plants that significant at different levels of concentration. The study was conducted in several stages starting from the stage of extraction of the hutun seed, phytochemical test, preparation of caterpillar test, antifeedant activity testing. As the treatment is the level of methanol concentration of 50 ppm, 100 ppm, 500 ppm and 1000 ppm. The parameter observed was the percentage of Feeding Reduction (FR). The test results showed antifeedant activity against caterpillars of Plutella xylostella supreme contained at a concentration of 500 ppm and 1000 ppm because it can hinder eating caterpillars test amounted to 27.80 % and 40.93 %.
Two field experiment were run at the farms of Omar AL-Mokhtar university, in order to knew the effect of some methods used to control tomato pests on soil arthropod systemic groups in organic cultivated tomato field such as (BT, algifol, methyl salicylate, neem oil), Results indicated that application of B. thuringensis and Algifol achieved the highest performance showing 100% reduction in mites and other soil arthropods systemic groups, and gave reduction 55.5 and 54.96% in both insect and total population of soil arthropods collected with pitfall traps. As far as Neemazone and Methyl salicylate increased the insect population with percentages 132.5 and 310% and total soil arthropods with 133.2% and 308.6% respectively and reduced the mites and the other arthropods population with 100%. Also results showed that the pesticides (avermectin, indoxacarb, & neemazone) increased the average number of the total soil arthropod population groups, and these pesticides showed selective effect, so that, it will be recommended that in order to preserve the beneficial predators, carnivorous and parasitoids these biological and selective pesticides in conventional tomato field should be applied.
According to the results obtained from this work, the changes in diversity and equitability and decrease or increase of percent population of soil arthropods groups were differed according to the soil arthropod groups, sampling period, applied plant protection products and system of agricultural.
Role Of Diatomaceous Earth (DE) And Essential Oils in the management Of Store...Aaliya Afroz
Diatomaceous earth and essential oils show potential for managing stored grain insect pests. Diatomaceous earth works through abrasion and absorption of the insect's cuticle and waxes. Its efficacy depends on factors like temperature, humidity, and insect life stage. Essential oils can have contact, fumigant, and ingestion toxicity. They impact insect physiology through effects on metabolism, development, and acetylcholinesterase inhibition. Both methods have lower mammalian toxicity than traditional pesticides and could provide more sustainable alternatives.
Diatomaceous earth and essential oils show potential for managing stored grain insect pests. Diatomaceous earth works through abrasion and absorption of the insect's cuticle and waxes. Essential oils affect insects through contact and fumigant toxicity as well as sublethal effects like reduced fecundity. Factors like temperature, humidity, and insect life stage influence their efficacy. Combining diatomaceous earth with other treatments like Beauveria bassiana or essential oils could provide control at lower doses and make them a viable alternative to synthetic insecticides.
PHYTOCHEMICAL INVESTIGATION OF THE EUCALYPTUS GLOBULUS LEAF EXTRACT AND PIPER...Dr Dama
PHYTOCHEMICAL INVESTIGATION OF THE EUCALYPTUS GLOBULUS LEAF EXTRACT AND PIPER NIGRUM SEED EXTRACT AND SCREENING THE NEMATICIDAL ACTIVITY OF THEIR COMBINATION AGAINST NEMATODE PARASITES OF GALLUS GALLUS DOMESTICUS
*Dama L.B., *Masuldar A. A. and **Bangale P.P.
Similar to RESIDUAL ESTIMATION OF ISOPROTURON, ATRAZINE AND GRAIN PROTECTANTS IN STORED WHEAT GRAINS (20)
International Journal of Advances in Biology (IJAB)ijabjournal
International Journal of Advances in Biology (IJAB) is a peer-reviewed, open access journal, addresses the impacts and challenges of Biology. The journal documents practical and theoretical results which make a fundamental contribution for the development of Biological sciences and applications.
International Journal of Advances in Biology (IJAB)ijabjournal
International Journal of Advances in Biology (IJAB) is a peer-reviewed, open access journal, addresses the impacts and challenges of Biology. The journal documents practical and theoretical results which make a fundamental contribution for the development of Biological sciences and applications.
International Journal of Advances in Biology (IJAB) ijabjournal
International Journal of Advances in Biology (IJAB) is a peer-reviewed, open access journal, addresses the impacts and challenges of Biology. The journal documents practical and theoretical results which make a fundamental contribution for the development of Biological sciences and applications.
EXUDATES DETECTION FROM DIGITAL FUNDUS IMAGE OF DIABETIC RETINOPATHYijabjournal
The aim of this paper is to detect exudates from the digital fundus images and provide information about Non Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy. Diabetic retinopathy is very complicated disease that occurs when the retinal blood vessels changes. Exudates are the first sign of the diabetic retinopathy which cause blindness. So it is very important to find out these exudates in fundus image. In this paper we have proposed a method which is used for segmentation of optic disc and exudates. Morphological operations are used for detection of exudates. Before this operation we are applying Contrast Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization technique. The results are compared with the standard database.
CHARACTERIZATION OF STREPTOMYCES SCABIES ISOLATESijabjournal
Potato, (Solanum tuberosum L,) have various biotic constraints in its production due to pest attack. Among these, common scab caused by streptomyces scabies in an important disease in potato which causes economic loss with respect to plant yield and quality of tubers. The present study was conducted to determine the pathogenicity, pathogenic variation, characterization of morphological, physiological and
biochemical aspects of Streptomyces specie associated with potato tubers grown in Rawalpindi district.Severity data and pathogenic variation of disease was studied by using different isolation and characterization techniques. Isolation and characterization of Streptomyces spp. From potato tubers will
guide the researchers about the causative strains of common scab of potato present in the particular area.
COMPARISON FREE ENERGY BINDING SITES NEURAMINIDASEijabjournal
Neuraminidase (NA) is the essential surface glycoprotein of the influenza virus. High- affinity neuraminidase inhibitors have been designed that interact only with the conserved active site and binding site residues. The neuraminidase (NA) of influenza virus is the target of anti – flu drug.for treatment of this
disease a thorough knowledge of neuraminidase protein is essential in order to produce potent drugs to suppress this enzyme..Drug design is by QSAR and docking methods, so we need a complete knowledge of receptor ligand, target site and binding site. This paper, using bioinformatics, Molecular Dynamics, Monte carlo and studied binding site NA enzyme in 310K temperature and different dielectrics (1, 78.39 and
32.63) for the best drug designing. We measured the potential energy of amino acids binding to the drug.Molecular Mechanics, Molecular Dynamic and Nanobiological have done a great assistance in drug designing.
This study was carried out on the mycoflora associated with seeds of different citrus species. Citrus seed material was collected from districts of Punjab, i.e. Multan, Sargodha and Khanpur. Standard methods were applied for the isolation and identification of fungi. A total of 11 fungi including Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus, Dreschslera tetramera, Alternaria alternata, Curvularia lunata, Macrophomina phaseolina, Aspergillus niger, Fusarium solani, Fusarium moniliforme, Rhizopus and Penicillium spp were isolated from the seeds of citrus. For control of isolated seed-born fungi, 3 recommended fungicides such as Ridomil Gold, Bavistin, Score and two chemical Salicylic acid and Boric acid, were used at 20, 30, 40 mg/10 mL and 5, 6, 7 μL/10 mL, respectively and chemical with 20, 30, 40 mg/10 mL. All these fungicide and chemicals significantly reuced with population of all fungi present in naturally infected seed samples. Ridomil Gold and Salicylic acid were found to be the best for the control of se d-born fungi of citrus seed at 40 mg/10 mL. The isolation and identification of different mycotoxins is essential to study health status of the citrus consumers and to safeguard the standards of WTO.
Optimization of key process variables for enhanced refamycin b production in ...ijabjournal
In the present study of solid media conditions for the refamycin B yield by solid state fermentation was studied and optimized using both classical method and statistical design of experiments). Statistical analysis of the results of Plackett–Burman showed that the lower level of initial moisture , initial pH, barbital, glucose and to solid media, or increase in the concentration of xylose in the range tested, results in significant effect in refamycin B yield of AmycolatopsisrifamycinicaMTCC 14 by solid state
fermentation. The effect of change in the levels of initial moisture, initial pH, barbital, glucose and xylose
on the rfefamycin B yield was studied using central composite design methodology. Statistical analysis of
the data showed that all the independent process had significant effect on refamycin B yield. The interaction between initial moisture and initial pH, between initial moisture and barbital, between initial moisture and glucose, between initial moisture and xylose, between initial pH and xylose, between barbital and glucose, between barbital and xylose, and between glucose and xylose were significant when the response was refamycin B.
Effect of some organic acids on some fungal growth and their toxins productionijabjournal
The effect of eight organic acids (propionic, acetic, formic, lactic, tartaric, citric, oxalic and malic acids) as antifungal agents on the growth of four fungi (Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium purpurogenum, Rhizopus nigricans and Fusarium oxysporum) were studied. The high acidity appeared for oxalic acid being 0.14 at the high concentration (10%), while the lowest acidity recorded for propionic acid and acetic acid being 2.71 and 2.56 at the low concentration (5%). It was observed that, there was no relationship between the efficacy of organic acid and its final pH. Acetic acid (10%) has the highest inhibitory effect on A. flavus being 45.21%, but tartaric acid (5%) and citric acid (5%) gave the same lowest inhibition effect (0.42%).
The lowest value of mycelium dry weight (MDW) of P. purpurogenum was 5.92 g/l when acetic acid was
used (10%), but the highest value was 9.38 g/l when tartaric acid (5%) was used. Formic acid (10%) had a
strong effect on the inhibition growth of R. nigricans being 28.65%, similar to propionic acid (10%), acetic
acid (10%), lactic acid (10%), tartaric acid (10%) and citric acid (10%) being 26.57%, 26.38%, 26.19%,
23.53% and 24.48%, respectively. But malic acid (5%) and oxalic acid (5%) were having a week effect on
R. nigricans being 5.31% and 6.45%, respectively. Lactic acid (10%) has the highest inhibitory effect on F.
oxysporum being 34.45% and the lowest value was in the case of tartaric acid (5%) being 1.68%. Four
treatments were used to determine aflatoxin B1 production. The highest inhibition (50%) was observed by
R. nigricans in the presence of formic acid (10%). Acetic acid in 10% level inhibited the toxic secretion of
A. flavus and P. purpurogenum to become 25% and 40%, respectively. Lactic acid (10%) gave 35% inhibition of toxin production in the presence of F. oxysporum.
Building RAG with self-deployed Milvus vector database and Snowpark Container...Zilliz
This talk will give hands-on advice on building RAG applications with an open-source Milvus database deployed as a docker container. We will also introduce the integration of Milvus with Snowpark Container Services.
Pushing the limits of ePRTC: 100ns holdover for 100 daysAdtran
At WSTS 2024, Alon Stern explored the topic of parametric holdover and explained how recent research findings can be implemented in real-world PNT networks to achieve 100 nanoseconds of accuracy for up to 100 days.
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 5DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 5. In this session, we will cover CI/CD with devops.
Topics covered:
CI/CD with in UiPath
End-to-end overview of CI/CD pipeline with Azure devops
Speaker:
Lyndsey Byblow, Test Suite Sales Engineer @ UiPath, Inc.
Enchancing adoption of Open Source Libraries. A case study on Albumentations.AIVladimir Iglovikov, Ph.D.
Presented by Vladimir Iglovikov:
- https://www.linkedin.com/in/iglovikov/
- https://x.com/viglovikov
- https://www.instagram.com/ternaus/
This presentation delves into the journey of Albumentations.ai, a highly successful open-source library for data augmentation.
Created out of a necessity for superior performance in Kaggle competitions, Albumentations has grown to become a widely used tool among data scientists and machine learning practitioners.
This case study covers various aspects, including:
People: The contributors and community that have supported Albumentations.
Metrics: The success indicators such as downloads, daily active users, GitHub stars, and financial contributions.
Challenges: The hurdles in monetizing open-source projects and measuring user engagement.
Development Practices: Best practices for creating, maintaining, and scaling open-source libraries, including code hygiene, CI/CD, and fast iteration.
Community Building: Strategies for making adoption easy, iterating quickly, and fostering a vibrant, engaged community.
Marketing: Both online and offline marketing tactics, focusing on real, impactful interactions and collaborations.
Mental Health: Maintaining balance and not feeling pressured by user demands.
Key insights include the importance of automation, making the adoption process seamless, and leveraging offline interactions for marketing. The presentation also emphasizes the need for continuous small improvements and building a friendly, inclusive community that contributes to the project's growth.
Vladimir Iglovikov brings his extensive experience as a Kaggle Grandmaster, ex-Staff ML Engineer at Lyft, sharing valuable lessons and practical advice for anyone looking to enhance the adoption of their open-source projects.
Explore more about Albumentations and join the community at:
GitHub: https://github.com/albumentations-team/albumentations
Website: https://albumentations.ai/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/100504475
Twitter: https://x.com/albumentations
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 6. In this session, we will cover Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI webinar offers an in-depth exploration of leveraging cutting-edge technologies for test automation within the UiPath platform. Attendees will delve into the integration of generative AI, a test automation solution, with Open AI advanced natural language processing capabilities.
Throughout the session, participants will discover how this synergy empowers testers to automate repetitive tasks, enhance testing accuracy, and expedite the software testing life cycle. Topics covered include the seamless integration process, practical use cases, and the benefits of harnessing AI-driven automation for UiPath testing initiatives. By attending this webinar, testers, and automation professionals can gain valuable insights into harnessing the power of AI to optimize their test automation workflows within the UiPath ecosystem, ultimately driving efficiency and quality in software development processes.
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
Topics covered:
What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
In his public lecture, Christian Timmerer provides insights into the fascinating history of video streaming, starting from its humble beginnings before YouTube to the groundbreaking technologies that now dominate platforms like Netflix and ORF ON. Timmerer also presents provocative contributions of his own that have significantly influenced the industry. He concludes by looking at future challenges and invites the audience to join in a discussion.
Removing Uninteresting Bytes in Software FuzzingAftab Hussain
Imagine a world where software fuzzing, the process of mutating bytes in test seeds to uncover hidden and erroneous program behaviors, becomes faster and more effective. A lot depends on the initial seeds, which can significantly dictate the trajectory of a fuzzing campaign, particularly in terms of how long it takes to uncover interesting behaviour in your code. We introduce DIAR, a technique designed to speedup fuzzing campaigns by pinpointing and eliminating those uninteresting bytes in the seeds. Picture this: instead of wasting valuable resources on meaningless mutations in large, bloated seeds, DIAR removes the unnecessary bytes, streamlining the entire process.
In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
“An Outlook of the Ongoing and Future Relationship between Blockchain Technologies and Process-aware Information Systems.” Invited talk at the joint workshop on Blockchain for Information Systems (BC4IS) and Blockchain for Trusted Data Sharing (B4TDS), co-located with with the 36th International Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering (CAiSE), 3 June 2024, Limassol, Cyprus.
Unlock the Future of Search with MongoDB Atlas_ Vector Search Unleashed.pdfMalak Abu Hammad
Discover how MongoDB Atlas and vector search technology can revolutionize your application's search capabilities. This comprehensive presentation covers:
* What is Vector Search?
* Importance and benefits of vector search
* Practical use cases across various industries
* Step-by-step implementation guide
* Live demos with code snippets
* Enhancing LLM capabilities with vector search
* Best practices and optimization strategies
Perfect for developers, AI enthusiasts, and tech leaders. Learn how to leverage MongoDB Atlas to deliver highly relevant, context-aware search results, transforming your data retrieval process. Stay ahead in tech innovation and maximize the potential of your applications.
#MongoDB #VectorSearch #AI #SemanticSearch #TechInnovation #DataScience #LLM #MachineLearning #SearchTechnology
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing DaysKari Kakkonen
My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
Climate impact / sustainability of software testing discussed on the talk. ICT and testing must carry their part of global responsibility to help with the climat warming. We can minimize the carbon footprint but we can also have a carbon handprint, a positive impact on the climate. Quality characteristics can be added with sustainability, and then measured continuously. Test environments can be used less, and in smaller scale and on demand. Test techniques can be used in optimizing or minimizing number of tests. Test automation can be used to speed up testing.
Generative AI Deep Dive: Advancing from Proof of Concept to ProductionAggregage
Join Maher Hanafi, VP of Engineering at Betterworks, in this new session where he'll share a practical framework to transform Gen AI prototypes into impactful products! He'll delve into the complexities of data collection and management, model selection and optimization, and ensuring security, scalability, and responsible use.
Threats to mobile devices are more prevalent and increasing in scope and complexity. Users of mobile devices desire to take full advantage of the features
available on those devices, but many of the features provide convenience and capability but sacrifice security. This best practices guide outlines steps the users can take to better protect personal devices and information.
Cosa hanno in comune un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ?Speck&Tech
ABSTRACT: A prima vista, un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ potrebbero avere in comune il fatto di essere entrambi blocchi di costruzione, o dipendenze di progetti creativi e software. La realtà è che un mattoncino Lego e il caso della backdoor XZ hanno molto di più di tutto ciò in comune.
Partecipate alla presentazione per immergervi in una storia di interoperabilità, standard e formati aperti, per poi discutere del ruolo importante che i contributori hanno in una comunità open source sostenibile.
BIO: Sostenitrice del software libero e dei formati standard e aperti. È stata un membro attivo dei progetti Fedora e openSUSE e ha co-fondato l'Associazione LibreItalia dove è stata coinvolta in diversi eventi, migrazioni e formazione relativi a LibreOffice. In precedenza ha lavorato a migrazioni e corsi di formazione su LibreOffice per diverse amministrazioni pubbliche e privati. Da gennaio 2020 lavora in SUSE come Software Release Engineer per Uyuni e SUSE Manager e quando non segue la sua passione per i computer e per Geeko coltiva la sua curiosità per l'astronomia (da cui deriva il suo nickname deneb_alpha).
Maruthi Prithivirajan, Head of ASEAN & IN Solution Architecture, Neo4j
Get an inside look at the latest Neo4j innovations that enable relationship-driven intelligence at scale. Learn more about the newest cloud integrations and product enhancements that make Neo4j an essential choice for developers building apps with interconnected data and generative AI.
RESIDUAL ESTIMATION OF ISOPROTURON, ATRAZINE AND GRAIN PROTECTANTS IN STORED WHEAT GRAINS
1. International Journal of Advances in Biology (IJAB) Vol 2. No .3, August 2015
9
DOI : 10.5121/ijab.2015.2302
RESIDUAL ESTIMATION OF ISOPROTURON,
ATRAZINE AND GRAIN PROTECTANTS IN
STORED WHEAT GRAINS
M. Tariq*, S. Bushra1
, Mansoor-ul-Hassan2
, U. Maqbool3
, M. R. Asi4
, A.
Gulzar5
and M. F. Iqbal6
.
*Assistant Professor, Department of Entomology, Pir Mehr Ali Shah, Arid Agriculture
University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan.
1
Ph.D Scholar, Department of Entomology, Pir Mehr Ali Shah, Arid Agriculture
University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan.
2
Associate Professor, Department of Agri. Entomology, University of Agriculture,
Faisalabad, Pakistan.
3
Principal Scientist, Aflatoxin Laboratory, NIAB, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
4
Senior Scientist, Pesticide Residue Laboratory, NIAB.
5
Assistant Professor, Department of Entomology, Pir Mehr Ali Shah, Arid Agriculture
University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan.
6
Assistant Research Officer, Adaptive Research Farm, Gujranwala, Pakistan.
ABSTRACT
This study was carried out to see the occurrence and level of pesticide residues in stored wheat grain
samples. Wheat grains were collected from different godowns located in Faisalabad district. Weedicide
residues in wheat grains were analyzed by using thin plate liquid chromatography and validated high
performance liquid chromatography. On the basis of extent of inhibition of the Hill reaction, it was found
that the level of atrazine was (0-0.028 ngkg-1
) and the level of isopproturon was (0-0.024 ngkg-1
) in test
samples. The calculated values were below the Maximum Residue Limit (MEL) i.e. 100 ngkg-1
for atrazine
and 2200 ngkg-1
for isoproturon. It was found that presence of herbicide residues in stored wheat was
negligible. Further, on wheat grain samples placed in jars and treated with deltamethrin and cypermethrin
@0.4 and 0.8% concentration. The persistency data was calculated after 1 hour, 7, 15 and 30 days of
treatment. The grain protectants were continuously degraded with the passage of time and after the 30 days
the amount of residues of the grain protectants was found to be very small. It was concluded that the use of
the grain protectants in the powder form in combination with other botanicals on stored wheat samples is
feasible to reduce the insect pest in stored grains.
1.INTRODUCTION
Wheat, Triticum aestivum L. is most important cereal crop worldwide. It is known as the ‘King of
cereals’. About 681 MT of wheat is produced annually on 225 mha of total cultivated world
production area (Rehman et al. 2013). Pakistan is 8th
largest country in wheat grain production. In
Pakistan, it contributes 2.6% to GDP. Wheat grain production in current year is 24000 MT in
Pakistan (Indexmundi, 2013). Various pesticides are widely being used during cropping period
and grain storage to protect food commodity from pest attack. The production loss is about 40%
without the use of pesticides (Riazuddin et al. 2011a). About 9% of grain losses are due to stored
product insects in developed countries and more than 20% in the under developed countries
2. International Journal of Advances in Biology (IJAB) Vol 2. No .3, August 2015
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(Phillips and Throne 2010).
Insecticides, herbicides and fungicide application play a vital role in modern crop production
technology (Riazuddin et al. 2011b). Several grain protectants are used alone and in a
combination to control stored grain pests. The grain protectants include fenitrothion, malathion,
pirimifos methyl, cypermethrin, deltamethrin and diatomaceous earth (Daglish, 1998). No doubt,
pesticide application can control every kind of pest but these chemicals leave certain residues in
commodities (Cesnik et al., 2007; Anwar et al., 2011). The overuse of insecticides left residues in
cereals grains. Presence of pesticide residues in food products has hazards to non-target mammals
and our environment (Chitanat et al., 2008). When these residues enter in the food chain, they are
results public health risks (Khan et al., 2007). To avoid potential hazards due to insecticide
application, developed countries have established Maximum residue Levels (MRL‘s) of
insecticides (Pang et al. 2009). However, pesticides should be selected on the basis of minimum
mammalian toxicity to minimize the residual toxicity level in agricultural commodities
(Riazuddin et al. 2011b).
Weeds reduce the grain yield (Najafi and Tollenaar 2005). Weeds should be managed via
integrated weed management systems to avoid grain yield loss (Mohler 2001). Use of fertilizer
can reduce weed growth (O’Donovan et al. 2001). Herbicides have been used for weed control
for more than 30 years (Zand et al., 2007). Nowadays, herbicides play an integral part in weed
management (Rao 2000; Baghestani et al. 2005). But most of herbicides used cannot significantly
control the weeds (Najafi and Ghadiri 2012).
Atrazine is a triazine herbicide with chemical formula (6-chloro-N-ethyl-N´-(1-methylethyl)-
1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine). It was introduced in 1950 (Steinberg et al. 1995). It is topmost used
weedicide which is applied in 70000-90000 tons per year (Steinberg et al. 1995). The European
Union has banned atrazine in 2004 (European Commission 2004). About 1% of atrazine is mixed
in underground water per year (Freeman et al. 2011) and it can move upto 1,000 km from the
source in our ecosystem (Mast et al. 2007; Thurman and Cromwell 2000). It is endocrine disrup-
tor in mammals (Hayes et al. 2010) birds and rodents (Matsushita 2006; Friedman 2002).
Isoproturon is a selective herbicide with chemical formula (3-(4-isopropylphenyl)-1,1-
dimethylurea). It is used to control broad-leaved weeds (Mamy et al. 2011; Sørensen et al. 2003).
The degradation of isoproturon in soil is biological (Sørensen et al. 2003). Its laboratory half-life
is (6-223) days (Alletto et al. 2006).
Cypermethrin is a synthetic type II pyrethroid with chemical formula [(R,S)-alpha-cyano-3-
phenoxybenzyl (IRS)-cis, trans-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethyl cyclopropane carboxylate]. It
is a derivative of Chrysanthemum indicum (Solati et al. 2010). Cypermethrin is a fourth-
generation insecticide (Elbetieha et al. 2001). It can cause severe adverse effects in invertebrates
and vertebrates as well (Gowlan et al. 2002; Das and Mukherjee 2003). It is a neurotoxicant
(Wolansky and Harril 2008).
In order to determine the degree of pesticide residues in food commodity, a number of monitoring
programs are implemented nowadays. To determine pesticide residues in stored cereal grains, use
of gas chromatography technique (GC/MS) along with (ECD, FID) is becoming popular (Uddin
et al. 2011). Guo-Fang et al. (2006) reported that about 405 of pesticides residues can be
3. International Journal of Advances in Biology (IJAB) Vol 2. No .3, August 2015
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measured by using GC/MS and LC–MSMS technique in agricultural commodities. Aldana-
madrid et al. (2008) analyzed 135 grain samples from different storage sites. It was found that
residues of Malathion, chlorpyrifos, deltamethrin, cypermethrin, 4,4-DDE, 4,4-DDD and 4,4-
DDT were present in significant amounts in tested grains.
In this study, we have investigated the presence and magnitude of pesticide residues in stored
wheat grain samples collected from different godowns. The weedicides and grain protectants
residues present in stored wheat will be determined by thin plate liquid chromatography and
validated high performance liquid chromatography.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1 Wheat Sampling
Wheat grain samples of 1.00Kg were collected from various godowns of food department located
in Faisalabad district. All collected samples were stored at 4o
C for residual analysis of atrazine
and isoproturon.
2.2. Weedicide Residual Analysis
Methods for the determination of weedicide residues are continually being revised and improved
with new and conventional techniques. Following steps are involved in determination of
weedicide residues.
2.2.1 Extraction of Herbicide Residues from wheat Samples
Many solvents like n-hexane, petroleum ether, methylene chloride and acetone or ethyl acetate
have been used as extraction solvents in the past (Cairns et al., 1993). In the present study, 100g
sub-sample was taken from each sample. These samples were put in the deep freezer to avoid
herbicide degradation. Half of the sub-sample (50g) was taken to blend for 2-3 minutes in 20ml
of distilled water. The mixture was left to stay for 15 min so that wheat grains become well
soaked. Thereafter, 20g anhydrous Sodium sulphate was added to it so that it can absorb the
remaining water, and 50ml of ethyl acetate was added to it and blended for 3 min. The solvent
layer was filtered with whatman filter paper (42). Then this extract was transferred in to round
bottom flask. Further, the sample volume was reduced up to 1ml using rotary evaporator. The
final volume was evaporated in water bath (40oC) with nitrogen stream to dryness and the
residues were re-dissolved in 0.5 ml (cyclohexane: ethyl acetate; 1:1 ratio) and Gel Permeation
Chromatography technique was performed for cleaning up. Then the sample was analyzed with
TLC technique by using photosynthetic inhibition method (Hill reaction).
2.2.2Gel Permeation Chromatography
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Gel permeation chromatography has been widely used for the cleanup of various sample matrices,
with several gel solvent systems. One of the most applicable gel is Bio Bead SX-3, its
applicability has been tested for a large number of pesticide residues (Anderson and Ohlin, 1986).
Gel permeation chromatography (9GPC) technique is used to separate the liqueid fraction when
preparing fat, oils and plant extract for multi-residue pesticide analysis (Patterson, 1991).
Samples containing high amount of fat or oil as well as coloring materials are often analyzed for
pesticide residues, environmental contaminants or in toxicological studies. The cleanup of such
samples can be carried out more efficiently, faster, simpler with gel permeation chromatography
then applying the solvent partition.
2.2.2.1 Filling of column
A GPC column was washed and it was placed in the oven at 80o
C for more than six hrs. About 6g
of Bio Beads SX-3 was taken in a long neck cylinder and added 50ml mobile phase (ethyl acetate
and cyclohexane in 1:1 ratio). The Bio Beads was left over in the cylinder for 4-5 hours. After
5hrs, the Biod Beads swelled up from 7ml up to 24ml in the cylinder. Then a fFilling Bottle was
washed and placed in the oven at 100o
C for 2hrs to avoid moisture. Bio Beads along with ethyl
acetate and cyclohexane was placed in the Filling Bottle and the Bottle got attached
with nitrogen cylinder. Eventually, GPC column become filled with Bio Beads. The nitrogen gas
was passed at a pressure of 2 bars from the Bottle. As the gas filled inside the bottle, it was
started to move from Bottle into the column along with mobile phase. During the filling of
column, the mobile phase was kept in continuous agitation so that all the Bio Beads moved from
the Bottle into the GPC column. Care was taken during the transforming of Bio Beads along with
mobile phase from Bottle into GPR column and there was no bubble formation in the column.
The mobile phase passed from the column and was collected in the conical flask.
2.2.2.2 Procedure for cleaning the oil from wheat samples
Two small centrifuge tubes were taken. Pesticide was taken in on one tube and oil in the other.
The flow rate of the mobile phase was maintained at 1.5 per minute. The reservoir of the GPC
instrument was filled with mobile phase (ethyl acetate and cyclohexane in 1:1 ratio) up to 800ml.
About 0.5ml of the mobile phase was collected with Hamilton micro syringe. The syringe was
emptied in those glass vials, which contained the evaporated sample. The vials were allowed to
shock in a mini-shaker. Then the entire sample was collected in Hamilton micro syringe. The
syringe was injected in GPC column at the inject sport. The sample, which came first from the
column into the oil tube tend to change its color from yellow to transparent. This transparent
sample was collected in the pesticide tube up to 11ml. Then it was transferred into another vial.
This oil free sample containing pesticide was poured under the nitrogen gas so that all the mobile
phase got evaporated from the sample. The micro syringe was washed twice or thrice with
acetone. Further 0.5ml of the mobile phase was collected in Hamilton micro syringe and added
into another vial containing evaporated sample. The vial containing sample was allowed to shock
in a small agitator or minishaker. Then the entire sample was collected in Hamilton micro syringe
and injected into GPC column at the injector sport. The whole procedure was repeated using
nitrogen gas in spite of pesticide. Same procedure was repeated for all samples.
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2.2.3 Thin Layer chromatography (TLC)
The technique (HPTLC) is capable of producing fast, high-resolution separation and quantitative
results with accuracy and precision with those obtained by gas chromatography (GC) and high
performance liquid chromatography (HPTLC). The commission on pesticide chemistry has
concluded that TLC is useful in multiresidue determination and qualification of the most
important classes of pesticides (Batora et al., 1981).
2.2.3.1 Hill reaction Method
2.2.3.1.1 Extraction of Chlorophyll Suspension
Fresh wheat leaves (30 gram) were taken as test samples. These leaves were grounded in mortar
and pestle until the mixture become completely homogenized. About 3ml glycerin and 15 ml
distilled water was added into the mixture. This chlorophyll suspension was transferred in four-
layer gauze Knapsack over a conical flask. The suspension was pressed with hand through thin
cloth to get chlorophyll from leaves, flask was wrapped with aluminum foil and the extract was
stored in refrigerator.
2.2.3.1.2 Preparation of reagent solutions
Borax buffer solution
Sodium borate solution was prepared by dissolving 9.5g of sodium borate in 500ml distilled
water. The 350ml solution was mixed with 150ml 0.1 N HCL for making borax buffer solution
and stored in refrigerator.
DCPIP Solution
200mg of 2.6-dichlorophenol-indophenol Na-salt was dissolved in 500ml borax buffer solution
and stored in refrigerator.
Detecting reagent
Wheat (10ml) extract was mixed with 10ml of DCPIP solution and then added DCPIP solution
drop-wise until the color of mixture became bluish green. This solution was enough for four
plates of size 20x20cm.
Methodology
Ready-made Silica gel 60 glass plates 20x20cm with 0.25mm layer thickness was activated at
105oC for 30 minutes. The plates taken out from the oven were fixed in spotting rack and spotted
the plates with samples extract with authentic standards according to pre-written scheme. These
plates were developed in a saturated tank with ethyl acetate. After developing the plate, the extra
solvent was evaporated in fume hood; the plate was sprayed with reagent solution (DCPIP-
chlorophyll) and put under light (60W bulb) for 5 minutes for the maximum visibility of sports.
Measurements of sport area were performed immediately as spots disappear within 10 minutes.
The color of the spot was bluish against the greenish background. Quantitative analysis was made
6. International Journal of Advances in Biology (IJAB) Vol 2. No .3, August 2015
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comparing the average sport diameter of standard. Rf values of each compound was calculated
and compared with the standard. The concentration of each compound was calculated by
comparing the average spot are (horizontal and vertical area).
2.2.4 High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
Today many sophisticated techniques are used to the determination of pesticide residue in
vegetables, fruits, grains and water (Ritcher et al., 2001). Sample of wheat grains were analyzed
by HPLC to compare the results f gas chromatography and thin layer chromatography following
the methods of (Ohlin, 1986; Dekok and Hiemstra, 1992).
One kg of wheat was collected in 8 jars having capacity of 1 ½ Kg. Deltamethrin and
cypermethrin were sprayed in the concentration of 0.4 and 0.8% on wheat grains present in these
jars. Pesticide solution @ 25ml/Kg was used for spraying the wheat grains in each jar.
2.2.4.1 Preparation of mobile phase for HPLC
Acetonotirile and water (80:20) mobile phase was used for detection of pyrethroid insecticides
present in stored wheat grains. Mobile phase was filtered through 0.45µm filter paper with
filtration assembly. After filtration, the mobile phase was sonicated for 15 minutes for complete
eradication of air bubbles/dissolved oxygen from it.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Part A
3.1 Validation of Thin Layer Chromatographic (TLC) methods
Validation is a pre-requisite of any reliable chromatographic analysis (Levison et al., 1997).
Many chromatographic parameters have been proposed for inclusion in the validation process,
such as linearity of the calibration curve, sensitivity and selectivity of solute detection, instrument
precision, detection limit, quantification limit, recovery and ruggedness (Lee et al., 1995). Before
analysis of the actual samples of wheat, TLS detection methods were validated and results are
presented in (Table 1) and graphically represented in Figure 1. On the basis of validation of the
TLC method, the Rf and MDQ values of this method were used to assess the presence of
weedicide residues in stored wheat.
Table 1: Rf and MDQ values of standard of weedicides by Hill raction through TLC method.
Weedicides Rf value MDQ(ng)
Atrazine 0.63 0.5
Chlorbromuron 0.62 2.2
Chlortoluron 0.53 2
Isoprotron 0.42 2.2
Linuron 0.61 2
Rf values are mean of 5 replicates
MDQ=maximum Detectable Quantity
3.2 Behavior and Residual Analysis with TLC method
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Linear response was observed between quantity of pesticide and average spot diameter
(horizontal and vertical diameter) in TLC detection method. Wheat samples were extracted by
ethyl acetate and analyzed by TLC-Hill reaction method, which was very sensitive for the
detection of herbicide residues. The extract was spotted on silica gel plate, which was developed
in mobile phase (efhylacetate) and spot visibility was determined after spraying chlorophyll-
dichlorophenol indophenols sodium reagent solution (10:5ml). Rf value and average spot
diameter were measured and atrazine and isoproturon residues concentration in ppb were
calculated comparing the standard regent spot diameter.
Table 2: Weedicide residues (ppb) in stored wheat in relation to different godowns
Weedicide Weedicide residues in stored wheat(ppb)*
Sampling Sites (godowns)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Rf
Atrazine 28.4 28.4 N.D 28.4 28.4 N.D 25.1 26.8 19 N.D 19 24 0.63
Isoprotron N.D 18.0 N.D N.D N.D 15.5 18 N.D N.D 19.5 22 20.5 0.42
*Values are the mean of 3 samples from different stored godowns
The quantity of atrazine and isoproturon in wheat samples were calculated comparing the average
spot diameter of standard spot of the atrazine and isoproturon on the same plate under same
condition. The results have been shown in Table 2.
3.3 Weedicide residues (ppb) in stored wheat in relation to different godowns
The data presented in (Table 2) revealed that the residues of atrazine in wheat grains at 3,6 and 10
sample sites (godowns) were not detected. The 3 sites (Godowns) 1, 2 and 4 contained the
maximum amount of residues, which was 28.4 ng/g, where as the remaining sites contained the
atrazine, residues ranging between 19.5 to 26.8 ng/g. It means that the range of atrazine residues
was between 0 and 28.4 ng/g from all these sites in Faisalabad district. Thus, the values were
below the maximum residue limit (MRL) which was 100 ngKg-1
for atrazine. The data (Table 3)
further revealed that highest residues of isoproturon (24 ng/g) were detected from sample site 12.
The residues of isoproturon in wheat grains collected from 1, 3, 4, 5, 8 and 9 sample sites
(Godowns) were not detected, whereas the remaining sites contained the isoproturon residues
(15.5-22 ng/g). It means that the range of isoproturon residues was between 0 and 24 ng/g. The
results revealed that isoproturon residues w (0-24 ng/g) from all these sites in Faisalabad district.
Thus, the values were far below the maximum residue limit (MRL) which was 2200 ngkg-1
for
isoproturon.
3.4 Statistical Analysis
3.4.1. Weedicide residues in relation of different godowns
The analysis of variance of data regarding variation between samples and between weedicides
within wheat grains showed highly significant difference, i.e. F (11,23) = 250.42, p<0.00.
8. International Journal of Advances in Biology (IJAB) Vol 2. No .3, August 2015
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(DMRT at 5%) indicated the highest quantity of weedicide residues (23.19 and 22.26 ppb)
insample site 2 and 12 which were statistically similar to each other. These sample sites were also
statistically similar to sample site 7 (21.54) but were significantly different from sample site 11
(20.48 ppb). The latter two were being statistically non-significant from each other. The sample
sites 1 (14.19), 4 (14.21), 5 (13.42) and 8 (13.42) did not differ significantly from one another but
were statistically different from the remaining sites. Sample sites 9 (9.47 ppb) and 10 (9.75) also
did not differ statistically from each other. Sample site 6 showed statistically the lowest mean
value of 7.75 ppb. No residues could however be dedicated in the sample site 3.
Table 3: Mean values of weedicide residues in relation to different sample sites (godowns)
Sample Site (godowns) Weedicide residues
1 14.19 c
2 23.19 a
3 0.0000 f
4 14.21 c
5 13.42 c
6 7.750 e
7 21.54 ab
8 13.42 c
9 9.475 d
10 9.750 d
11 20.48 b
12 22.26 a
Means sharing same letters are not significantly different by DMR test at p<0.05.
3.4.2 Weedicide residues in relation to interaction between Godowns x Weedicides
The results given in (Table 5) revealed that nine sample sites (godowns) viz., 1, 5, 6, 7, 9, 12, 15,
17 and 20 did not show presence of weedicide residues. Sample site (godowns) 2, 4, 8, 10 and 16
showed the highest quantity of weedicide residues ranging between 28.39 and 26.48 ppb which
did not differ significantly from one another but were statistically different from the remaining
sample sites excepting sample site 14 (25.09 ppb) which was statistically similar to sample site 10
(26.84) and 16 (26.84) on the higher side and sample site 23 (24.00 ppb) on the lower side.
9. International Journal of Advances in Biology (IJAB) Vol 2. No .3, August 2015
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Sample sites 23 (24.00) and 21 (22.00) were statistically at par with each other, the latter also
being statistically similar to sample site 19 (19.5-0). Sample site 22 (18.95), 18 (18.95), 13
(18.00), 3 (18.00) and 11 (15.50 ppb) were statistically at par with one another.Uddin et al.
(2011) used capillary gas chromatography technique to test the residues of organochlorine,
organophosphorus, pyrethroids and herbicides in fortified rice samples. Recovery was checked at
0.1 and 0.5µ g/g. It was found that average recovery was 74%-111% and %RSD in the range of
2.41–12.42.
Table 4: Mean Value of Weedicide residues in relation to interaction between weedicide applied
and sample sites (godowns)
Weedicide x godowns Weedicide residues
1 0.0000 h
2 28.39 a
3 18.00 fg
4 28.39 a
5 0.0000 h
6 0.0000 h
7 0.0000 h
8 28.42 a
9 0.0000 h
10 26.84 ab
11 15.50 g
12 0.0000 h
13 18.00 fg
14 25.09 bc
15 0.0000 h
16 26.84 ab
17 0.0000 h
18 18.95 f
19 19.50 ef
20 0.0000 h
21 22.00 de
22 18.95 f
23 24.00 cd
24 20.53 ef
Means sharing same letters are not significantly different by DMR test at p<0.05.
Part B
3.5 Cypermethrin and deltamethrin residues determination in stored grains
This is a usual practice to apply parathyroid insecticides for the control of insect pests infesting
wheat grain during storage. Residues of cypermethrin and deltamethrin were determined by
applying these insecticides at 0.4 and 0.8% concentrations at different intervals i.e. 1, 7, 15 and
30 day after spraying. For this purpose HPLC method was used. In the 1st
step the method applied
was validated and used for the determination of residues present in wheat grains using reverse
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phase system with UV detector.
3.5.1 HPLC Standardization
HPLC system was standardized to check the performance of column and detector, suitability of
mobile phase on resolution and linearity and ruggedness of the instrument. To evaluate the above
parameters, pesticide standard solutions were run. Data showed that the instrument, column,
detector and conditions were suitable for the analysis of parathyroid residues in the wheat grains.
Methanol/water and acetonotiril/water were used as mobile phase for validation of the instrument
11. International Journal of Advances in Biology (IJAB) Vol 2. No .3, August 2015
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as well as for the analysis of pesticide residues in the wheat grains. Chromatograms of standards
are given in Figure 1
Figure 1 Standard of Cypermethrin and Deltamethrin
3.6 HPLC Analysis
The cypermethrin and deltamethrin residues in wheat grains were determined by reverse-high
performance liquid chromatography at fixed wavelength.
3.6.1 Residues of cypermethrin (10 EC) and deltamethrin (50 EC) applied @ 0.4 and 0.8 %
in stored wheat at different intervals after spraying
The cypermethrin residues (Table 5) were observed at 1 hour after spraying were 157.27 ppb
which continuously degraded to 102.27, 37.83 and 34.6 ppb on 7, 15 and 30 days, respectively,
after the spraying of cypermethrin. Similarly, the maximum amount od deltamethrin residues
were 101.04 ppb at thereafter 1 hour after spraying which degraded to 69.23, 31.95 and 25.33
PPb by 7, 15 and 30 day of spray.
The cypermethrin residues (Table 5) were observed 1 hour after spraying were 266.66 ppb, which
continuously degraded to 133.45, 104.16 and 89.3 ppb by 7, 15 and 30 day, respectively, afer the
spraying of cypermethrin on the stored wheat. Similarly, the maximum amount of deltamethrin
residues were 162.47 ppb at 1 hour after spraying, which degraded to 111.64, 80.01 and 66.13
ppb at 7, 15 and 30 day of spray.
Riazuddin et al. (2011a) tested domestic stored wheat and imported wheat grains for residual
analysis of organochlorine, organophosphorus and pyrethroids. It was found that about 22.5% of
test samples in imported wheat were contaminated with organophosphorus (chlorpyrifos 0.073–
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0.230µg/g, malathion 0.0419 –0.1003µ g/g) and pyrethroids (cypermethrin 0.1404–0.2005µ g/g,
permethrin 0.0140–0.0480µ g/g). In domestic wheat about 6.7% of test samples were found
contaminated by pyrethroids (deltamethrin 0.0650–1.2903µ g/g). The average recovery range of
fortified wheat samples was about (73.77%–100.17%) with RSD (2.21–9.27).
Table 5: Residues of cypermethrin (10 EC) and deltamethrin (50 EC) applied @ 0.4 and 0.8% in
stored wheat at different intervals after spraying
Grain protectants Sampling Interval (days)
Residues @ 0.4% (ppb)*
1(hr) 7 15 30
Cypermethrin 157.27 102.27 37.83 34.60
Deltamethrin 101.04 69.23 31.95 25.33
Residues @ 0.8% (ppb)*
Cypermethrin 266.66 133.45 104.16 89.30
Deltamethrin 162.47 111.64 80.01 66.13
*Values are mean of three samples
3.7 Statistical Analysis
The analysis of data (Table 6) revealed that the results with regard to interval after spraying,
residues of grain protectants and the two concentration applied were statistically significant. The
interactions viz., interval after spraying x the two concentrations applied, residues of grain
protectants x the two concentration applied were also statistically significant with mean values of
0.4049, 0.2863, 0.5727, 0.2863, 0.5727, 0.4049 and 8090, respectively.
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Table 6: Analysis of Variance with CRD
K Value S.O.V. df SS MS F Value Probability
2 Interval after 3 103606.3 34535.45 17550.645 0.000**
spraying (A)
4 Residues of 1 14463.65 14463.65 7350.3164 0.000**
grain
protectants
(B)
6 (AB) 3 8559.283 2853.094 1449.9200 0.000**
8 Factor C 1 38697.84 38697.84 19665.936 0.000**
(two conc.
applied)
10 (AC) 3 3902.371 1300.790 661.0513 0.000**
12 (BC) 1 890.102 890.102 452.3428 0.000**
14 (ABC) 3 1324.856 441.619 224.4271 0.000**
-15 Error 32 62.968 1.968
Total 47 171507.4
**Highly significant
3.7.1 Residues of grain protectants at different interval after spraying
By using DMRT, overall mean values of cypermethrin and deltamethrin residues were found
171.9, 104.1, 63.49 and 53.84 ng/g after 1 hour of spraying 7, 15 and 30 day of treatment which
differed statistically from each another (Table 7).
Table 7: Residues of grain protectants at different interval after spraying
Number of observations utilized to calculate a mean = 12
Interval after spraying Residues of grain protectants
1 171.9 a
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2 104.1 b
3 63.49 c
4 53.84 d
Means followed by same letters do not differ significantly
3.7.2 Residues of grain protectants in relation to interaction (Interval after spraying
x Residues of grain Protectants)
The residues of grain protectants and their interaction with intervals after spraying (Table 8)
predicted that these were statistically different from one another. The maximum residues of
cypermethrin and deltamethrin insecticides were observed in the first interaction after the
treatment with the mean value of 212 ppb for cypermethrin and deltamethrin followed by 2, 3, 4,
5, 7, 6 and 8 with mean values of 212, 131.8, 117.9, 90.43, 71, 61.95, 55.98 and 47.73 ppb,
respectively which were statistically different from one another.
Table 8:Residues of grain protectants in relation to interaction (Interval after spraying x Residues of grain
protectants)
Number of observations utilized to calculate a mean = 6
Interval after spraying x Residues Residues of grain
of grain protectants protectants
1 212 a
2 131.8 b
3 117.9 c
4 90.43 d
5 71.00 e
6 55.98 g
7 61.95 f
8 45.73 h
Means followed by same letters do not differ significantly
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3.7.3 Residues of grain protectants in relation to interaction (Interval after spraying
x Two concentrations applied)
The interaction between the intervals x two concentrations applied (Table 9) were statistically
different from one another. The maximum residues of cypermethrin and deltamethrin were
observed in the Table 2 interaction after the treatment with the mean value of 214.6 Ppb followed
by 1st
, 4th
, 6th
, 3rd
, 8th
, 5th
and 7th
with mean values of 129.2, 122.5, 92.08, 85.75, 77.72, 34.89 and
29.97 ppb , respectively which were statistically different from one another.
Table 9: Residues of grain protectants in relation to interaction (Interval after spraying x Two concentration
applied)
Number of observations utilized to calculate a mean = 6
Interval after spraying x Two Residuesofgrain
concentrations applied protectants
1 129.2 b
2 214.6 a
3 85.75 e
4 122.5 c
5 34.89 g
6 92.08 d
7 29.97 h
8 77.72 f
Means followed by same letters do not differ significantly
3.7.4 Residues of grain protectants in relation to interaction (Residues of grain
protectants x Two concentrations applied)
The overall mean values for interaction (Residues of grain protectants x Two concentrations
applied) showed in (Table 10) that the results were statistically significant. The overall mean
values indicated that the cypermethrin and deltamethrin insecticides and their residues with mean
values of 148.4, 105.1, 82.99 and 56.89 were statistically different from one another.
Table 10: Residues of grain protectants in relation to interaction (Interval after spraying x Residues of grain
protectant x Two concentration applied)
Number of observations utilized to calculate a mean = 12
Residues of grain protectants x Residues of grain protectants
Two concentrations applied
1 82.99 c
2 148.4 a
3 56.89 d
4 105.1 b
16. International Journal of Advances in Biology (IJAB) Vol 2. No .3, August 2015
24
Means followed by same letters do not differ significantly
3.7.5 Residues of grain protectants in relation to interaction (Interval after spraying
x Residues of grain protectants x Two concentrations applied)
The overall mean values for interaction (Interval after spraying x Residues of grain protectant x
Two concentrations applied) shown in (Table 11) that the results were statistically significant.
The overall mean values indicated that the residues of grain protectants were 266.7, 162.5, 157.3,
133.4, 111.6, 104.2, 89.30, 80.01, 69.23, 66.13, 37.83, 34.60, 31.95 and 25.33 ppb statistically
different from one another.
Kolberg et al. (2011) reported that validation of gas chromatography coupled to mass
spectrometry (GC–MS (NCI–SIM)) for determination of 24 pesticides in wheat, white flour and
bran can exactly calculate the linearity, limit of detention, limit of quantification, matrix effect
and recovery percentage. It was found that the linear range in calibration curve was (1.0 to 100 µg
L-1
) for wheat and (2.0 to 200 µg L -1
) for flour and bran. The determination coefficient was (r2
) ≥
0.99 for all pesticides. The recovery values were 70-120% with RSD <20% for majority of tested
pesticides.
Table 11: Residues of grain protectants and relation to interaction (Interval after spraying x Residues of
grain protectants x Two concentration applied)
Number of observations utilized to calculated a mean = 3
Interval after spraying x Residues of grain protectants
Residues of grain protectants x
Two concentrations applied
1 157.3 c
2 266.7 a
3 101.0 g
4 162.5 b
5 102.3 fg
6 133.4 d
7 69.23 j
8 111.6 e
9 37.83 l
10 104.2 f
11 31.95 n
12 80.01 i
13 34.60 n
14 89.30 h
15 25.33 o
16 66.13 k
Means followed by same letters do not differ significantly
17. International Journal of Advances in Biology (IJAB) Vol 2. No .3, August 2015
25
CONCLUSION
Since 1960s, grain protectants are being used for pest control in storage (Arthur, 1996). Grain
protectants used must be safer to mammals. It must have low mammalian toxicity, easier in
application. It must be broad spectrum towards stored grain insect pests. It must have low price
that the economic viability should not be affected (Korunic et al. 2010). Pyrethroids are non-
persistent because their biomagnification in the food chain is negligiable. They act as negative
temperature coefficient of toxicity (Polat et al. 2002). The grain protectants used in this
experiment were continuously degraded with the passage of time. It was found that after the 30
days the amount of residues of the grain protectants was found to be very small. It was concluded
that the use of the grain protectants in the powder form in combination with other botanicals on
stored wheat grains is feasible to reduce the use of phosphine against the insect pest in stored
grains.
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