This work was conducted to assess the microbial profile and quality attributes of unbranded
groundnut oil sold at Keffi. A total of 25 samples of unbranded groundnut oil were collected from different
locations and subjected to microbial and quality assessment. The total viable bacteria count ranged from 2.1–
7.2 × 105 cfu/ml, while the total faecal coliform count ranged from 2.2–6.2 × 105
cfu/ml. The
Salmonella/Shigella count ranged from 1.4–4.2 × 105
cfu/ml and the fungal count ranged from 3.6 – 8.2 × 105
cfu/ml. The microbial isolates obtained were Mucor spp., Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus spp.,
Penicillium spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus spp., Micrococcus spp., E. coli and
Salmonella spp. Anti-biogram of the bacterial isolates revealed a varying level of resistance/susceptibility to the
antibiotics tested. The result of mineral contents analysis showed that all samples had high detectable levels of
Zn, Mn, Fe, Cu, Cd and Pb. These results indicated values that exceeded the maximum limits set by regulatory
agencies, thereby making these oils unsafe for consumption. It can therefore be concluded that it is imperative
for the manufacturers of these products to adopt good manufacturing practices and ensure proper quality
assurance of their products.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Occurrence of Aflatoxin Levels in Harvest and Stored Groundnut Kernels in Kad...iosrjce
The occurrence of moulds and aflatoxins in groundnut kernels are of great concern to food
processors and consumers because of their ability to cause spoilage resulting to economic losses and public
health problem such as aflatoxicosis. This study was aimed at determining the presence of Aspergillus species
and aflatoxin levels in fresh harvested and stored groundnuts kernels from non-mechanized groundnut oil
processors in parts of Kaduna State. Enumeration and identification of Aspergillus spp of groundnut kernels;
freshly harvested and stored samples were carried out using standard methods. Aflatoxin levels were
determined using Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The result showed that both harvest and stored
products had significantly (P<0.05) higher number of samples containing Aspergillus flavus than Aspergillus
parasiticus. The four Aspergillus species isolated in descending order were: Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus
parasiticus, Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus terreus. Though only about 9.02% of the total 260 samples
screened had aflatoxin levels above the 20ppb recommended standard limit by Nigeria National Agency for
Food and Drug Administration and Control, it was obvious that the persistent detection of moulds and total
aflatoxin in this research could be a health threat to both human and animal groundnut products (cake and oil)
consumers.
The present investigation was conducted with the aim to determine effective application of natural antimicrobial compounds mungbean sprouts and to assess the microbial quality of treated sprouts in terms of total plate count (TPC). Mungbeans were treated right from the time of germination (pre-germination mode) or its sprouts were treated for 15 min (post-germination mode) with 0.1% sodium benzoate as chemical preservative (Control II) and with various bio-preservatives viz., 7.7% clove, 9.5% cinnamon, 7.9% garlic 7.9% ginger crude extracts. The un-treated mungbean served as control (Control-I). The sprouts were packed in plastic disposable cups and stored in dark at room temperature (20±3C) conditions and low temperature (7±1C) conditions. A significant decreased rate of growth in TPC of sprouts during storage was observed under various treatments, however, the effect was lesser in post-germination mode. In pre-germination mode, at both temperature regimes, the minimum total plate count was observed in clove, while all other treatments were showing equal effectiveness. In post-germination mode all the treatments were equally effective in reducing total plate count. In conclusion, 7.7% clove crude extract showed highest effectiveness in pre-germination mode while in post-germination all crude extracts of bio-preservatives showed equal effectiveness at both storage temperatures.
Biodegradation of insecticidal compounds of Clausena anisata and Plectrant...researchagriculture
Essential oils of some aromatic plants are suggested in Northern Cameroon
as alternatives to hazardous pesticides having harmful effects on the consumer and
the environment. The active compounds of these essential oils are very volatile, easily
biodegradable. To be effective, treatments should be made with short interval and
regular time. This mode of use generates the accumulation of constituents of these
essential oils on the treated food and could limit food security and safety. The present
study aimed at evaluating the variation of the constituent’s quality of
Clausena
anisata
(Rutaceae)
and
Plectranthus glandulosus
(Lamiaceae)
essential oils and their
levels on food products according to time. In this way, samples of corn grains and
flour were treated with these essential oils and stored during 150 days. During this
storage, the persistent compounds present in these samples were extracted by
hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC/FID. The obtained
results showed that, essential
oils concentration decreases on food products according to the duration of storage,
with half
-
life times (IT50) of 24.16 and 34.61 days for
C. anisata
, and 25 and 38.75
days for
P. glandulosus
, respectively on grains and flour. At 150 days after the
treatment, there is no more that six constituents of
C. anaisata
and 3 of
P.
glandulosus
on the grains, and 10 and seven constituents on the flour respectively for
these two essential oils. The rates of these persistent constituents are more than 62.5
times lower than the toxic concentration observed from the day of treatment. At
these used doses, these constituents are not toxic to consumers.
48. Farmers field school (good agriculture practices) A Series of Lectures ...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
A Series of Lectures By Mr. Allah Dad Khan Provincial Director IPM ( Master Trainer ToT) KPK Ministry of Food Agriculture and Livestock (MINFAL) Islamabad Pakistan
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Occurrence of Aflatoxin Levels in Harvest and Stored Groundnut Kernels in Kad...iosrjce
The occurrence of moulds and aflatoxins in groundnut kernels are of great concern to food
processors and consumers because of their ability to cause spoilage resulting to economic losses and public
health problem such as aflatoxicosis. This study was aimed at determining the presence of Aspergillus species
and aflatoxin levels in fresh harvested and stored groundnuts kernels from non-mechanized groundnut oil
processors in parts of Kaduna State. Enumeration and identification of Aspergillus spp of groundnut kernels;
freshly harvested and stored samples were carried out using standard methods. Aflatoxin levels were
determined using Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The result showed that both harvest and stored
products had significantly (P<0.05) higher number of samples containing Aspergillus flavus than Aspergillus
parasiticus. The four Aspergillus species isolated in descending order were: Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus
parasiticus, Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus terreus. Though only about 9.02% of the total 260 samples
screened had aflatoxin levels above the 20ppb recommended standard limit by Nigeria National Agency for
Food and Drug Administration and Control, it was obvious that the persistent detection of moulds and total
aflatoxin in this research could be a health threat to both human and animal groundnut products (cake and oil)
consumers.
The present investigation was conducted with the aim to determine effective application of natural antimicrobial compounds mungbean sprouts and to assess the microbial quality of treated sprouts in terms of total plate count (TPC). Mungbeans were treated right from the time of germination (pre-germination mode) or its sprouts were treated for 15 min (post-germination mode) with 0.1% sodium benzoate as chemical preservative (Control II) and with various bio-preservatives viz., 7.7% clove, 9.5% cinnamon, 7.9% garlic 7.9% ginger crude extracts. The un-treated mungbean served as control (Control-I). The sprouts were packed in plastic disposable cups and stored in dark at room temperature (20±3C) conditions and low temperature (7±1C) conditions. A significant decreased rate of growth in TPC of sprouts during storage was observed under various treatments, however, the effect was lesser in post-germination mode. In pre-germination mode, at both temperature regimes, the minimum total plate count was observed in clove, while all other treatments were showing equal effectiveness. In post-germination mode all the treatments were equally effective in reducing total plate count. In conclusion, 7.7% clove crude extract showed highest effectiveness in pre-germination mode while in post-germination all crude extracts of bio-preservatives showed equal effectiveness at both storage temperatures.
Biodegradation of insecticidal compounds of Clausena anisata and Plectrant...researchagriculture
Essential oils of some aromatic plants are suggested in Northern Cameroon
as alternatives to hazardous pesticides having harmful effects on the consumer and
the environment. The active compounds of these essential oils are very volatile, easily
biodegradable. To be effective, treatments should be made with short interval and
regular time. This mode of use generates the accumulation of constituents of these
essential oils on the treated food and could limit food security and safety. The present
study aimed at evaluating the variation of the constituent’s quality of
Clausena
anisata
(Rutaceae)
and
Plectranthus glandulosus
(Lamiaceae)
essential oils and their
levels on food products according to time. In this way, samples of corn grains and
flour were treated with these essential oils and stored during 150 days. During this
storage, the persistent compounds present in these samples were extracted by
hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC/FID. The obtained
results showed that, essential
oils concentration decreases on food products according to the duration of storage,
with half
-
life times (IT50) of 24.16 and 34.61 days for
C. anisata
, and 25 and 38.75
days for
P. glandulosus
, respectively on grains and flour. At 150 days after the
treatment, there is no more that six constituents of
C. anaisata
and 3 of
P.
glandulosus
on the grains, and 10 and seven constituents on the flour respectively for
these two essential oils. The rates of these persistent constituents are more than 62.5
times lower than the toxic concentration observed from the day of treatment. At
these used doses, these constituents are not toxic to consumers.
48. Farmers field school (good agriculture practices) A Series of Lectures ...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
A Series of Lectures By Mr. Allah Dad Khan Provincial Director IPM ( Master Trainer ToT) KPK Ministry of Food Agriculture and Livestock (MINFAL) Islamabad Pakistan
Establishment of suspension cultures of Salvadora persica L. for benzyl isoth...IOSRJPBS
Successful scale-upof the anticancer benzyl isothiocyanate compound production was achieved from cell suspension cultures of Salvadora persica L. Cell cultures were established from the stem internodal segments derived callus. Elicitation with two biotic elicitors; chitosan and salicylic acid, increased callus biomass and benzyl isothiocyanate accumulation, but chitosan induced the maximum accumulation, which reached about four-fold higher over the control at the concentration of 100 mg/L. Benzyl isothiocyanate production from cell suspension cultures was studied in shake-flask culture and stirred-tank bioreactor with the application of the optimum concentration of chitosan in the medium. Both methods elevate the compound production; however its yield was higherin the stirred-tank bioreactor.It achieved about eight-fold increase in the production of benzyl isothiocyanate after 24 days of incubation. This protocol can act as a roadmap for large-scale production of benzyl isothiocyanate from cell suspension cultures ofSalvadora persica by using bioreactors
Antimicrobial activities of Six Types of Wheat BranIOSRJAC
Six types of wheat bran (Emam, Pohean, Wadielneel, Argeen, Pladi and Debeira) investigated for their biological and antioxidant activities. Physiochemical properties carried for their oil. The polar and nonpolar extracts showed antioxidant activity. These results showed the importance of the wheat bran types as nutritive and medicinal plant. All plant bran types investigated for its biological activity as antifungal and antibacterial. Some types of the plant bran extracts showed antibacterial activity towards Escherichia coli, Pseudomonasaeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus aureus. In addition, some types of the extracts showed antifungal activity towards Candida albicans, and Aspergillusniger. Polar and nonpolar extracts of the plant bran types prepared. The petroleum ether extracts subjected to determination by GC/ MS. It showed different major fatty acids as Linoleic acid followed by Linolelaidic acid and then Palmatic acid. The ethanolic extract of Plaid type separated by column chromatography. The isolated constituents were structurally determined using spectrophotometric analysis as IR, UV, and GC/MS. The ethanolic extract components may be esters and ketones as suggested by GC/MS and their functional groups appeared in the IR readings.
Statistical Based Media Optimization and Production of Clavulanic Acid By Sol...bioejjournal
Statistics based optimization, Plackett–Burman design (PBD) and response surface methodology (RSM) were employed to screen and optimize the media components for the production of clavulanic acid from Streptomyces clavuligerus MTCC 1142, using solid state fermentation. jackfruit seed powder was used as both the solid support and carbon source for the growth of Streptomyces
clavuligerus MTCC 1142. Based on the positive influence of the Pareto chart obtained from PBD on clavulanic acid production, five media components – yeast extract, beef extract, sucrose, malt extract
and ferric chloride were screened. Central composite design (CCD) was employed using these five
media components- yeast extract 2.5%, beef extract 0.5%, sucrose 2.5%, malt extract 0.25% and ferric
chloride nutritional factors at three levels, for further optimization, and the second order polynomial
equation was derived, based on the experimental data. Response surface methodology showed that
the concentrations of yeast extract 2.5%, beef extract 0.5%, sucrose 2.5%, malt extract 0.25% and ferric
chloride 2.5% were the optimal levels for maximal clavulanic acid production (19.37 mg /gds) which
were validated through experiments.
STATISTICAL BASED MEDIA OPTIMIZATION AND PRODUCTION OF CLAVULANIC ACID BY SOL...bioejjournal
Statistics based optimization, Plackett–Burman design (PBD) and response surface methodology (RSM) were employed to screen and optimize the media components for the production of clavulanic acid from Streptomyces clavuligerus MTCC 1142, using solid state fermentation. jackfruit seed powder was used as both the solid support and carbon source for the growth of Streptomyces clavuligerus MTCC 1142. Based on the positive influence of the Pareto chart obtained from PBD on
clavulanic acid production, five media components – yeast extract, beef extract, sucrose, malt extract and ferric chloride were screened. Central composite design (CCD) was employed using these five media components- yeast extract 2.5%, beef extract 0.5%, sucrose 2.5%, malt extract 0.25% and ferric
chloride nutritional factors at three levels, for further optimization, and the second order polynomial
equation was derived, based on the experimental data. Response surface methodology showed that the concentrations of yeast extract 2.5%, beef extract 0.5%, sucrose 2.5%, malt extract 0.25% and ferric chloride 2.5% were the optimal levels for maximal clavulanic acid production (19.37 mg /gds) which
were validated through experiments.
Statistical based media optimization and production of clavulanic acid by sol...bioejjournal
Statistics based optimization, Plackett–Burman design (PBD) and response surface methodology
(RSM) were employed to screen and optimize the media components for the production of
clavulanic acid from Streptomyces clavuligerus MTCC 1142, using solid state fermentation. jackfruit
seed powder was used as both the solid support and carbon source for the growth of Streptomyces
clavuligerus MTCC 1142. Based on the positive influence of the Pareto chart obtained from PBD on
clavulanic acid production, five media components – yeast extract, beef extract, sucrose, malt extract
and ferric chloride were screened. Central composite design (CCD) was employed using these five
media components- yeast extract 2.5%, beef extract 0.5%, sucrose 2.5%, malt extract 0.25% and ferric
chloride nutritional factors at three levels, for further optimization, and the second order polynomial
equation was derived, based on the experimental data. Response surface methodology showed that
the concentrations of yeast extract 2.5%, beef extract 0.5%, sucrose 2.5%, malt extract 0.25% and ferric
chloride 2.5% were the optimal levels for maximal clavulanic acid production (19.37 mg /gds) which
were validated through experiments.
Pak J Pharm Sci. 2014 May;27(3):607-16.
Review: Ajwa date (Phoenix dactylifera)- an emerging plant in pharmacological research.
Mallhi TH1, Qadir MI2, Ali M2, Ahmad B3, Khan YH4, Rehman A1.
Author information
1College of Pharmacy, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
2Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan.
3Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan.
4School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University Sains Malaysia, Penang Pulau, Malaysia.
Abstract
Date Fruits are consumed in Arab areas for a long time as a part of essential diet. Phoenix dactylifera belongs to family Arecaceae and its leaves, barks, pits, fruits and pollens have anticancer, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, antidiabetic, antihypertensive, antiulcertavie, anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, antimutagenic, antidiarheal, antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral potential. Besides these, Dates also increase level of estrogen, testosterone, RBCs, Hb, PCV, reticulocytes and platelet counts. It can also cure lead induced heamotoxicity, side effects of methylprednisolon, male and female infertility. It has also cerebroprotective, neuroprotective and haemopoietic activity. Phoenix dactylifera can be used for number of complications if further evaluated and isolated. The present paper is an overview of pharmacological properties of Phoenix dactylifera reported in literature.
ABSTRACT- Live microorganisms, have beneficial effects on their host’s health, are called as probiotics. There are various possible sources to isolate
these bacteria. In this studyp harmaceutical probiotic sachet is used as isolation source. The purpose of this study is to search the potentiality of
probiotic bacteria and investigate the probiotic properties of isolates.9 different samples of 3 brands of sachet were used for isolation of bacteria.
Isolates were examined according to their probiotic properties. The probiotic characteristics like pH and Bile tolerance, Antagonistic activity and
Antibiotic susceptibility of isolated bacteria Such as Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Bifidobacterium bifidum was done. Bile
Tolerance and pH tolerance was determined with the help of the help of coefficient of growth inhibition if their coefficient of growth inhibition is less
than 0.5 the organism was considered as the pH and Bile tolerance. The Strains of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Bifidobacterium
bifidum show best result at the pH Acidic to Neutral (5 to 7) and show a bile tolerance from 1-4 % bile. All the isolated bacteria show
the maximum inhibition against Staphyloccocus aureus and minimum against Salmonella typhi by Lactobacillus Strains but Bifidobacterium show
minimum against Escheria coli. Most isolates show resistance toward antibiotics. From this study it can be concluded that pharmaceutical probiotic
products used in the study were showing satisfactory quality and potential probiotic strain.
Key words- Probiotic, Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Sachet
Establishment of suspension cultures of Salvadora persica L. for benzyl isoth...IOSRJPBS
Successful scale-upof the anticancer benzyl isothiocyanate compound production was achieved from cell suspension cultures of Salvadora persica L. Cell cultures were established from the stem internodal segments derived callus. Elicitation with two biotic elicitors; chitosan and salicylic acid, increased callus biomass and benzyl isothiocyanate accumulation, but chitosan induced the maximum accumulation, which reached about four-fold higher over the control at the concentration of 100 mg/L. Benzyl isothiocyanate production from cell suspension cultures was studied in shake-flask culture and stirred-tank bioreactor with the application of the optimum concentration of chitosan in the medium. Both methods elevate the compound production; however its yield was higherin the stirred-tank bioreactor.It achieved about eight-fold increase in the production of benzyl isothiocyanate after 24 days of incubation. This protocol can act as a roadmap for large-scale production of benzyl isothiocyanate from cell suspension cultures ofSalvadora persica by using bioreactors
Antimicrobial activities of Six Types of Wheat BranIOSRJAC
Six types of wheat bran (Emam, Pohean, Wadielneel, Argeen, Pladi and Debeira) investigated for their biological and antioxidant activities. Physiochemical properties carried for their oil. The polar and nonpolar extracts showed antioxidant activity. These results showed the importance of the wheat bran types as nutritive and medicinal plant. All plant bran types investigated for its biological activity as antifungal and antibacterial. Some types of the plant bran extracts showed antibacterial activity towards Escherichia coli, Pseudomonasaeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus aureus. In addition, some types of the extracts showed antifungal activity towards Candida albicans, and Aspergillusniger. Polar and nonpolar extracts of the plant bran types prepared. The petroleum ether extracts subjected to determination by GC/ MS. It showed different major fatty acids as Linoleic acid followed by Linolelaidic acid and then Palmatic acid. The ethanolic extract of Plaid type separated by column chromatography. The isolated constituents were structurally determined using spectrophotometric analysis as IR, UV, and GC/MS. The ethanolic extract components may be esters and ketones as suggested by GC/MS and their functional groups appeared in the IR readings.
Statistical Based Media Optimization and Production of Clavulanic Acid By Sol...bioejjournal
Statistics based optimization, Plackett–Burman design (PBD) and response surface methodology (RSM) were employed to screen and optimize the media components for the production of clavulanic acid from Streptomyces clavuligerus MTCC 1142, using solid state fermentation. jackfruit seed powder was used as both the solid support and carbon source for the growth of Streptomyces
clavuligerus MTCC 1142. Based on the positive influence of the Pareto chart obtained from PBD on clavulanic acid production, five media components – yeast extract, beef extract, sucrose, malt extract
and ferric chloride were screened. Central composite design (CCD) was employed using these five
media components- yeast extract 2.5%, beef extract 0.5%, sucrose 2.5%, malt extract 0.25% and ferric
chloride nutritional factors at three levels, for further optimization, and the second order polynomial
equation was derived, based on the experimental data. Response surface methodology showed that
the concentrations of yeast extract 2.5%, beef extract 0.5%, sucrose 2.5%, malt extract 0.25% and ferric
chloride 2.5% were the optimal levels for maximal clavulanic acid production (19.37 mg /gds) which
were validated through experiments.
STATISTICAL BASED MEDIA OPTIMIZATION AND PRODUCTION OF CLAVULANIC ACID BY SOL...bioejjournal
Statistics based optimization, Plackett–Burman design (PBD) and response surface methodology (RSM) were employed to screen and optimize the media components for the production of clavulanic acid from Streptomyces clavuligerus MTCC 1142, using solid state fermentation. jackfruit seed powder was used as both the solid support and carbon source for the growth of Streptomyces clavuligerus MTCC 1142. Based on the positive influence of the Pareto chart obtained from PBD on
clavulanic acid production, five media components – yeast extract, beef extract, sucrose, malt extract and ferric chloride were screened. Central composite design (CCD) was employed using these five media components- yeast extract 2.5%, beef extract 0.5%, sucrose 2.5%, malt extract 0.25% and ferric
chloride nutritional factors at three levels, for further optimization, and the second order polynomial
equation was derived, based on the experimental data. Response surface methodology showed that the concentrations of yeast extract 2.5%, beef extract 0.5%, sucrose 2.5%, malt extract 0.25% and ferric chloride 2.5% were the optimal levels for maximal clavulanic acid production (19.37 mg /gds) which
were validated through experiments.
Statistical based media optimization and production of clavulanic acid by sol...bioejjournal
Statistics based optimization, Plackett–Burman design (PBD) and response surface methodology
(RSM) were employed to screen and optimize the media components for the production of
clavulanic acid from Streptomyces clavuligerus MTCC 1142, using solid state fermentation. jackfruit
seed powder was used as both the solid support and carbon source for the growth of Streptomyces
clavuligerus MTCC 1142. Based on the positive influence of the Pareto chart obtained from PBD on
clavulanic acid production, five media components – yeast extract, beef extract, sucrose, malt extract
and ferric chloride were screened. Central composite design (CCD) was employed using these five
media components- yeast extract 2.5%, beef extract 0.5%, sucrose 2.5%, malt extract 0.25% and ferric
chloride nutritional factors at three levels, for further optimization, and the second order polynomial
equation was derived, based on the experimental data. Response surface methodology showed that
the concentrations of yeast extract 2.5%, beef extract 0.5%, sucrose 2.5%, malt extract 0.25% and ferric
chloride 2.5% were the optimal levels for maximal clavulanic acid production (19.37 mg /gds) which
were validated through experiments.
Pak J Pharm Sci. 2014 May;27(3):607-16.
Review: Ajwa date (Phoenix dactylifera)- an emerging plant in pharmacological research.
Mallhi TH1, Qadir MI2, Ali M2, Ahmad B3, Khan YH4, Rehman A1.
Author information
1College of Pharmacy, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
2Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan.
3Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan.
4School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University Sains Malaysia, Penang Pulau, Malaysia.
Abstract
Date Fruits are consumed in Arab areas for a long time as a part of essential diet. Phoenix dactylifera belongs to family Arecaceae and its leaves, barks, pits, fruits and pollens have anticancer, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, antidiabetic, antihypertensive, antiulcertavie, anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, antimutagenic, antidiarheal, antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral potential. Besides these, Dates also increase level of estrogen, testosterone, RBCs, Hb, PCV, reticulocytes and platelet counts. It can also cure lead induced heamotoxicity, side effects of methylprednisolon, male and female infertility. It has also cerebroprotective, neuroprotective and haemopoietic activity. Phoenix dactylifera can be used for number of complications if further evaluated and isolated. The present paper is an overview of pharmacological properties of Phoenix dactylifera reported in literature.
ABSTRACT- Live microorganisms, have beneficial effects on their host’s health, are called as probiotics. There are various possible sources to isolate
these bacteria. In this studyp harmaceutical probiotic sachet is used as isolation source. The purpose of this study is to search the potentiality of
probiotic bacteria and investigate the probiotic properties of isolates.9 different samples of 3 brands of sachet were used for isolation of bacteria.
Isolates were examined according to their probiotic properties. The probiotic characteristics like pH and Bile tolerance, Antagonistic activity and
Antibiotic susceptibility of isolated bacteria Such as Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Bifidobacterium bifidum was done. Bile
Tolerance and pH tolerance was determined with the help of the help of coefficient of growth inhibition if their coefficient of growth inhibition is less
than 0.5 the organism was considered as the pH and Bile tolerance. The Strains of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Bifidobacterium
bifidum show best result at the pH Acidic to Neutral (5 to 7) and show a bile tolerance from 1-4 % bile. All the isolated bacteria show
the maximum inhibition against Staphyloccocus aureus and minimum against Salmonella typhi by Lactobacillus Strains but Bifidobacterium show
minimum against Escheria coli. Most isolates show resistance toward antibiotics. From this study it can be concluded that pharmaceutical probiotic
products used in the study were showing satisfactory quality and potential probiotic strain.
Key words- Probiotic, Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Sachet
Optimization of Media and Feeding Strategy for Improved Capsular Polysacchari...theijes
Meningococcal serogroup W-135 (MenW-135) has turned out to be the reason for recent outbreak of meningitis in the sub-Saharan regions of Africa including Cameroon, Chad, Gambia, Burkina Faso, and other countries. The capsular polysaccharide (PS) of Neisseria meningitidis serogroups A, C, X, Y, and W-135 are excellent vaccine targets against meningitis caused by this bacterium. This study promotes a novel feed solution including amino acids, vitamins, and glucose along with an optimal fermentation medium; and feeding strategy to cultivate high yield polysaccharide at harvest level. The study is based on the hypothesis that glucose is one of the major growth determining factors with the combinations of nitrogen sources. In this study, fed-batch cultivation was performed in a 2L fermenter, maintaining the following conditions: (i) Temperature = 37ºC (ii) pH = 7.0 (iii) Agitation frequency in the range 150 rotations per minute (rpm) to 500 rpm, and (iv) Dissolved oxygen (DO) 20%-25%. The bacterial growth and polysaccharide production were found to be enhanced when the feed flow was increased periodically from late lag phase to early decline phase. The polysaccharide production was found to be maximum in the early decline phase of the bacterial growth. The said method produced polysaccharide of about 1000mg/L, which is twice the reported method. There is limited research information available on fed-batch cultivation and feeding strategy for growing Neisseria meningitidis W-135. The major findings of this study can provide significant contribution in the field of capsular polysaccharide production from which MenW polysaccharide vaccines are manufactured.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Nutritive and Anti-nutritive composition of Wild grown Canavalia gladiata seedsJing Zang
The wild Canavalia gladiata seeds were widely distributed in Nupeland, North Central Nigeria. It was obtained and processed by decoating, sun drying and grinding into powder. Using petroleum ether (40-60oC), the fats was extracted, the protein content, ash content, crude fibre, moisture, carbohydrate with respective values of 3.60±0.14, 11.1±0.83, 4.25±0.11, 3.39±0.27, 5.85±0.47 and 72.3±0.08 % as well as the mineral contents were determined using standard methods. The mineral composition determined from the C. gladiata seeds shows higher values of potassium, zinc, iron and calcium 25.15±0.03, 25.89±0.27, 18.3±0.14 and 17.25±0.49 mg/100 g respectively. This seed analyzed contains low yield of anti-nutritional contents which suggested that, it could be safe for human consumption since it fell below the lethal dose limit. The sample contains reasonable amount of essential and non-essential amino acids with yield varying between 48 and 52%. The presence of unsaturated and saturated fatty acids in the C. gladiata was 96 and 4% respectively. The higher percentage of unsaturated fatty acid present makes this seed desirable for consumption by the person with heart diseases. In addition, from the data obtained this oil becomes attractive options for commercial purposes since it is suitable for the manufacture of soaps, lubricating oil, candles as well as pharmaceutical industries.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE ANTIFUNGAL EFFECT OF OILS AND THEIR UNSAPONIFIABLE F...EDITOR IJCRCPS
The main objective of the study was to assess the in vitro antifungal potency of the unsaponifiable fraction extracted
from coat and bark seeds oils of Citrullus colocynthis L against pathogenic fungal strains namely Aspergillus flavus,
Aspergillus ochraceus, Penicillium expansum and Fusarium oxysporum. In terms of the physico-chemical
characterization, oils under study showed evidence of quality standards relating to vegetable oils. Unsaponifiable
matter yield recorded was approximately 0.93% and 1.03%, for the seed coat oil and bark seed oil respectively.
Antifungal activity carried out by radial growth on solid medium (Potatoes Dextrose Agar acidified) revealed that the
oils and the corresponding unsaponifiable fractions exhibited complete inhibition of fungal growth. Maximal antifungal
index inhibition (IAF=100%) were recorded at 5% and 2.5% dilutions of each fraction tested. The results provided
evidence that the unsaponifiable oils fractions might indeed be potential sources of natural antifungal agents and
deserve further studies to characterize the biological compounds included in these fractions.
Keywords: Citrullus colocynthis seeds, seed coat, bark, oils, unsaponifiable fraction, antifungal activity.
Effect of Some Disinfectants on Antibiotic Resistance Staphylococcus Isolated...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
Phytochemical Screening and In-vitro Antibacterial Activity of Mangifera indi...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Identification of causative agent for fungal infection and effect of disinfec...AbdullaAlAsif1
Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) is one of the commercially important and commonly cultured fish. In the hatchery intensive incubation leads to microbial overgrowth in C. carpio eggs that hamper egg development, hatchability and larval survivability. The aim of this study is to find out causes of mass mortality in C. carpio eggs during peak- breeding season between March to May 2015 at Mafatema fish hatchery, Chanchra, Jessore sadar upazilla. In the present study three disinfectants with three different concentrations in each such as methylene blue 1, 3 and 5mg/L., malachite green 1, 3 and 5mg/L., sodium chloride 1, 2 and 3g/L were used to observe the hatching rate of fertilized eggs and survival rate of larvae. Bacterial load of culture water was examined during the induced breeding of C. carpio with mycological examination of egg samples with different disinfectants. The total bacterial count fluctuated from 3.4 x 108 CFU/ml to 32.7 x 108 CFU/ml during the period of fertilization to 4days of hatching. The fertilized eggs infected by Saprolegnia spp. were appeared as tuft hairy like balls with a white cottony envelop. Among all the treatment 1mg/L methylene blue, 3mg/L malachite green and 1g/L sodium chloride showed significantly better (P<0.05) hatching rate 95·33±2·08, 88.00±2.64 and 92.33±4.04% respectively. The same concentration of methylene blue, malachite green and sodium chloride showed significantly better (P<0.05) better survival rate 95·00±4.35, 75.00±3.00 and 87.00±6.24% respectively. Finally among all the treatment 1mg/L of methylene blue showed significantly better (P<0.05) hatching and survival rate 95·33±2·08% and 95·00±4.35 % respectively. So 1mg/L of methylene blue is the best disinfectant for C. carpio fertilized egg treatment.
Antibacterial and Antifungal Activities of Essential Oils of Crude Extracts o...lukeman Joseph Ade shittu
Concern about the rising prevalence of antibiotics-resistant strains of pathogenic microorganisms has been expressed in the last three decades. However, intensive studies on extracts and biologically-active compounds isolated from medicinal plants have also doubled in the last decade. As a result of paucity of knowledge and folkloric claim on the leaves effectiveness in infectious disease treatments, we aimed to determine the antimicrobial activity of essential oils and lignans present in the crude Sesame radiatum leaves extracts. Ethanolic, Methanolic and Aqueous extracts of Sesame radiatum leaves were studied for their in-vitro antimicrobial activity against both Gram positive and Gram negative micro-organisms and Yeast using Agar diffusion method. The GC-MS phytochemical screening of methanolic extract showed the presence of carboxylic acids and phenolic groups in essential oils especially some of the most potent antioxidants like Sesamol, Sesamolin and Sesamin. Both the methanolic and ethanolic extracts have broad spectrum antimicrobial effect against all the tested micro-organisms except Streptococcus pneumoniae, Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus respectively, while the aqueous extract exhibited no inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae except on Candida albicans. The result confirmed the folkloric claims of the antimicrobial effectiveness of locally consumed Sesame leaves extracts especially against bacterial and common skin infection in many areas of the Country (Nigeria).
Biological Activity of Essential Oil of Eucalyptus Camendulensis on Some Fung...IJERA Editor
Eucalyptus camaldulensis is a tree of the genus Eucalyptus widely distributed in Algeria and in the world. The value of its aromatic secondary metabolites offers new perspectives in the pharmaceutical industry. This strategy can contribute to the sustainable development of our country. These Eucalyptus camendulensis: has been selected for screening antibacterial. Preliminary tests performed on the essential oil of Eucalyptus camendulensis showed that this oil has antibacterial activity vis-à-vis the bacterial strains (Enterococcus feacalis, Enterobacter cloaceai, Proteus microsilis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and antifungic (Fusarium sporotrichioide and Fusarium graminearum). The culture medium used was nutrient broth Muller Hinton. The interaction between the bacteria and the essential oil is expressed by a zone of inhibition with diameters of MIC indirectly expression of. And we used the PDA medium to determin the fungic activity. The extraction of the aromatic fraction (essentially oil- hydrolat) of the fresh aerian part of the Eucalyptus camendulensis was performed by hydrodistillation. The average essential oil yield is 0.99%. The antimicrobial and fungal study of the essential oil and hydrosol showed a high inhibitory effect on the growth of pathogens.
The effect of functionalized carbon nanotubes on thermalmechanical performanc...IJRTEMJOURNAL
The new approaches for preparing nanocomposite coating by modificated carbon nanonotubes
(CNTs) and epoxy resin was done in the study. thermal-mechanical performance of nanocomposite coating was
investigated and the results were reported in this paper. The physic-chemical techniques such as Differential
scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) were used to characterize the thermal
performance of Epoxy nanocomposite coating. The test techniques for mechanical properties of paint coating as
adhesion, hardness, impact resistance and bending strength were employed in the work. The results indicated
that CNTs were dispersed in epoxy coating with only ratio of 0.1 wt% enhanced the Glass Transition
Temperature (Tg), decomposition temperature of epoxy coating and improved mechanical properties
significantly. Also functionalized CNTs can be reinforced thermal-mechanical of the epoxy coating better than
neat CNTs.
Study of desalination processes of seawater from the desalination plant of La...IJRTEMJOURNAL
The use of water for food purposes requires excellent physicochemical quality. To contribute to
the control of water quality. Water treated by reverse osmosis is aggressive and demineralize can not be used
directly as a source of drinking water. The objective of this work is to study, physics-chemical analyzes of raw
water, pretreated osmosis and treated (permeate) and produced water (reservoir) at the desalination plant of
seawater Laayoune (SDL), located in southern Morocco. For this, we have followed several qualitative
parameters such as pH, conductivity, turbidity
Multi products storage using randomnessIJRTEMJOURNAL
The following Project shows the benefits of a research established into a multi-products
warehouse belongs to an automotive industry supplier. The main goal was applied a tool recognizing the rules
for distribution and material storage. Once the research was completed, the benefits were, the idle times
reduction per hours/week by the two initial processes. The politics for storage assignment and location, propose
a system to improve the space into this areain order to avoid material management and flow issues. It is
important to mention, the system proposed could be applied into warehouses with storage size and space
restricted by sorting area, also different material types, production settings and physical specifications for
which set warehouses with traditional management of distribution without slack, involves lack of materials,
pieces without records, incorrect location assigned, stock error.
Existence results for fractional q-differential equations with integral and m...IJRTEMJOURNAL
This paper concerns a new kind of fractional q-differential equation of arbitrary order by
combining a multi-point boundary condition with an integral boundary condition. By solving the equation which
is equivalent to the problem we are going to investigate, the Green’s functions are obtained. By defining a
continuous operator on a Banach space and taking advantage of the cone theory and some fixed-point theorems,
the existence of multiple positive solutions for the BVPs is proved based on some properties of Green’s functions
and under the circumstance that the continuous functions f satisfy certain hypothesis. Finally, examples are
provided to illustrate the results.
A study on financial aspect of supply chain managementIJRTEMJOURNAL
The more common approaches used in the SCM consider only the physical logistic operations
and ignore the financial aspects of the supply chain. The main objective to incorporate financial aspects in
supply chain management is to strengthen managerial decisions concerning financial flows in supply chains,
while empirical knowledge about financial supply chain management (FSCM) is in its early stages. This paper
presents a model for FSCM which financial planning in addition to operation planning is decided in it. The
main contribution of this paper is to define two approaches for Financial Supply Chain Management and to
compare them. This financial approaches are: Traditional financial approach and new financial approach.
Traditional financial approach integrates physical goods flows and financial flows. New financial approach
considers in making decisions other financial indicators such as market to book value, liquidity ratios, capital
structure ratios, and return on equity, sales margin, turnover ratios and stock security ratios, among others.
Moreover, the new approach applies the change in equity instead of the traditional approach measures of profit
as the objective function to be maximized in the presented model. To show the attributes of the presented
approaches, the results of the new approach and the traditional approach is compared. The findings indicate
that the traditional approach leads to lower change in equity compared to the financial approach. Also, the
results clearly reveal the better improvement of using the new approach over the traditional approach, and
convince the decision makers to take advantage of the new approach.
Rural Livelihood and Food Security: Insights from Srilanka Tapu of Sunsari Di...IJRTEMJOURNAL
Food security is the foremost need of every human society. It is a fundamental right and
government responsibility but still food insecurity is prevalent in rural areas of least developed nations. To cope
with food insecurity, undertaking diverse income generating activities is common as well as key strategy adopted
by rural people. The objective of this study is to assess rural livelihood and food security status of a remote island
named Srilanka Tapu of Sunsari district. A random sampling technique was used to collect primary data from 40
rural household heads using semi-structured questionnaire. Descriptive methods were used for analyzing. The
findings revealed that the food security situation of the Tapu is insecure. Most basic infrastructures and social
services needed for people livelihood such as road, electricity sufficient food availability, education, healthcare,
sanitation, etc. were found to be extremely poor. Most of the households are small scale farmers involving
themselves in diverse livelihood activities which are mostly temporary, low-skilled and low paying. However,
people are fulfilling their food needs at every cost but are highly vulnerable to food insecurity. Also, their lives
security is equally vulnerable because of disastrous Koshi River flooding which occurs every year in the Tapu.
The findings therefore critically suggest that food security of remote and vulnerable human settlements should be
at top priority in policy formulation and implementation level. The study also recommends a need for an in-depth
research for making evidence based policy interventions for improvement of diversify rural livelihood along with
sustainable environment
With mounting concerns over the state of our planet, there is continuing demand that chemists
and chemical engineers should develop greener chemical processes and products. In the 1990s, with the
growing awareness of the hazardous impacts of the chemical industry, the green chemistry revolution was
launched by American chemists Paul T. Anastas and John Warner. Green chemistry is the kind of chemistry that
seeks to minimize pollution, conserve energy, and promote environmentally friendly production. This paper
provides a brief introduction to green chemistry.
Assessment of Building Failure: The Case of Saint Thomas’s Anglican Church, A...IJRTEMJOURNAL
There have been incessant reports of the collapse of buildings resulting in the loss of lives and
properties globally. However, there has been a dearth of information regarding any findings about the collapse
of building structures. An extensive study of causes of selected building collapse in Nigeria and abroad is carried
out in this work by visiting some locations of building collapse, reading journals and newspaper articles on
structural defects and testing rubbles collected from collapsed areas. This study therefore examined the general
causes of the collapse of some buildings particularly the reasons for the collapse of Saint Thomas’s 2-storey
Church Hall, Akure. Laboratory testing was carried out in this study to investigate the causes of collapse using
samples from the site of the collapsed building. An appraisal of the structural drawings of the collapsed building
was also investigated. Findings revealed that the building collapsed due to poor design, bad construction
materials and inadequate supervision. The paper concludes that buildings collapse can be reduced in Nigeria by
avoiding all. It recommended use of only duly registered professionals in the building industry for construction.
Data warehousing is a technique for collecting and managing data from multiple internal and
external sources to provide meaningful business insights. Data warehouses are designed to give a long-range
view of data over time and provide a decision support system environment. They are a vital component of
business intelligence, which is designed for data analysis and reporting. They are used to provide greater
insight into the performance of a business. This paper provides a brief introduction on data warehousing
Resource recycling and waste-to-energy: The cornerstones of circular economyIJRTEMJOURNAL
"Circular Economy" is the pursued goal of sustainable development of mankind for the 21st
century. In short, the fundamental spirit of circular economy is the concept of "Zero Waste". The example used
in our daily lives means 100% of waste treatment, leaving no trace. At this time, it would be an ideal goal that
the waste could be fully recovered into available raw materials or energies. In particular, "waste-to-energy" is
a key factor, because all the wastes are almost related to energy. Resource recycling of waste metal from the
household garbage is the best example. When smelting metals, the refining industry needs to reduce the metal
oxides (mineral materials) to metals, such as steel, aluminium, copper, etc. The reduction processes consume
considerable portion of energy for the entire smelting process, for example, 70.6% for steel and 77.4% for
aluminium. However, if the waste metallic products can be fully recovered, as long as by melting and reshaping,
the original oxide metal reduction processes that consume a lot of energy can be avoided. On the other hand,
when the general garbage cannot be recovered as a resource, they can be converted into fuel or electricity by
biological or thermal treatment. Another more important human waste utilization is the waste paper recycling.
The production of one tonne of raw pulp emits about 6 tonnes of carbon, consuming about 100 cubic meters of
water, using about 200 kilograms of chemical raw materials, and draining 300 tonnes of toxic waste water. The
entire papermaking process is how terrible environmental pollution! The recycled pulp of one tonne can save
energy 10-13GJ.The proportion of paper waste in Taiwan 2015 is 34.69% and the estimated amount is 2.5
million tonnes. If the paper waste could be fully recycled, it could save energy about 0.725 million kloe (kilolitre oil equivalent). In other words, it virtually reduces Taiwan's oil imports of 4.56 million barrels and CO2
emissions of 2.5 million tonnes annually.
Survivin Immunoreactivity in the Gastric Mucosa of Rats Feedind with Carpet S...IJRTEMJOURNAL
Survivin has been studied many times because of its overexpression in several types of cancer
including lung, kidney, skin, endometrium, stomach, colon, breast, prostate, over, hematologic, head and neck
cancers, histopathology features and polymorphisms in the promoter region which belongs to the inhibitör of
apoptosis gene family by researchers. There is no study of survivin immunoreactivity in the gastric mucosa of the
rats fed with carpet shell clam grown in the Dardanelles. In this study, it was aimed to investigate the effects of
carpet shell clam fed rats on survivin production in the gastric mucosa. The carpet shell clam given as food to the
rats were removed from the Dardanelles Çardak region. Four groups of rats are included in the study, group 1
(n=6), control group fed with standard rat food, group 2 (n=6), 75% carpet shell clam and 25% standard rat
food daily, group 3 (n=6), 75% carpet shell clam and 25% standard rat food every two days, group 4 (n=6), 75%
carpet shell clam and 25% standard rat food every three days. To detect survivin localization in the tissues, the
LAB-SA Detection System was used. Survivin immunoreactivity was detected of epithelial cells in the gastric
mucosa of rats fed with carpet shell clam. After the immunohistochemical staining processing all gastric tissue
samples are evaluated in terms of survivin immunoreactivity with light microscopy and image analysis software.
Survivin immunoreactivity was detected 0% in the first group, 83.33% in the second group, 61.83% in the third
group and 32.67% in the fourth group. There was statistically significant difference between the survivin
immunoreactivity in the gastric gland cells of the rats in the experimental and control groups (p> 0.05). Survivin
production in the gastric mucosa of rats suggests that consumption of carpet shell clam may cause tissue damage.
Security and Crime Management in University Libraries in NigeriaIJRTEMJOURNAL
Security and prevention of crime in university library is very paramount duties of librarian. The
survival of a library depends to a large extend on how secured its collections are, security of library resources
constitutes serious challenge facing university libraries in Nigeria. The paper, therefore, investigates security and
crime management in university libraries in Nigeria using university of Jos and university of Ilorin libraries. The
study adopted a descriptive survey method. The population of the study comprised 108 library personnel and
16,012 registered library users in two university libraries. While the sample size consisted of all the 108 library
personnel, and 2% of the registered users to make a total of 428 respondents. Questionnaire and interview with
the university librarians of the selected university libraries were the instruments used for data collection. Data
were analysed using frequency distribution and percentages. Results revealed that security breaches included
stealing/theft of library materials, mutilation of library materials, and non-return of borrowed items. It also
showed inadequate funding, selfish interest of the culprits and lack of institutional security policy in the library.
Base on the findings, that staff security training, electronic security system should be introduced and improve
funding of university libraries among others. Recommendation orientation of users and staff should be done from
time to time in university libraries to mention but few.
Influence of heat treatment on Vitamin C Levels in Oyster MushroomIJRTEMJOURNAL
The study was conducted to investigate the influence of heat treatment during drying process of
Oyster mushroom in the tropics. Mushroom growing is carried out under carefully controlled conditions mostly
in bulk in specific designed tunnels with aerated floors. There are two main purposes, firstly pasteurization; to
free the compost from undesirable microbes and pests and secondly conditioning; to become mushroom specific
by getting clear of ammonia and free of readily available carbohydrates. Through proper manipulation of
temperature and ventilation these two primary objectives are accomplished. Mushrooms have been identified as
an underutilized crop in Africa, with many nutritive and health benefits. It does not require much land and
investment. However, it is highly perishable and there is need to process it to lengthen its shelf life by drying.
However, there is need to ensure that the nutrients are not lost in the process. It is for this reason that this
project investigated the effect of drying on nutrient levels in mushroom. Vitamin C levels were monitored in the
course of drying at 80⁰C, 60⁰C, 50⁰C, 40⁰C and in direct sunlight. It was concluded that the temperature that
gave the best drying rate with minimal nutrient loss was 60⁰C. In general, more than half the Vitamin C is lost
during the range of drying temperatures investigated.
Optimization of Design Parameters for Crane Hook Using Finite Element AnalysisIJRTEMJOURNAL
The Crane hooks are very at risk segments that are regularly utilized for mechanical purposes.
In this way such segments in an industry must be produced and composed in an approach to convey most extreme
execution without failure. Failure of a crane hook essentially relies upon three central point i.e. measurement,
material, overload. The undertaking is worried towards expanding the safe load by fluctuating the cross-sectional
measurements of the four distinct segments and diverse materials. The chose areas are square, circle, and
trapezoidal. The territory stays consistent while changing the measurements of the four unique segments. The
crane hook is demonstrated utilizing catia programming. The pressure and life investigation is finished utilizing
ANSYS 18.1 workbench. The ordinary worry along add up to misshaping, stress and life’s according to the
materials considered. It is discovered that trapezoidal cross segment yields most extreme load of 4000 KG to 5000
KG for steady cross segment zone among four cross segment.
Macroeconomic stability in the DRC: highlighting the role of exchange rate an...IJRTEMJOURNAL
This study is part of a macroeconomic approach and seeks to identify the role of the rate of
economic growth and the exchange rate in controlling the macroeconomic framework. The approaches adopted
in this paper are part of Keynesian thinking on macroeconomic stability using the macroeconomic stability
index proposed by Burnside and Dollars (2004) and A. Amine (2005). Our results argue that economic growth
is causing macroeconomic stability and that the exchange rate is negatively and significantly accounting for
macroeconomic stability in the Democratic Republic of Congo.
Reserves Estimating Carbon in Forest City District Village Bongohulawa GorontaloIJRTEMJOURNAL
The estimation of Carbon stock and carbon sink in the City Forest of Bongohulawa village,
Regency of Gorontalo (Guided by. The research was aimed to know volume growth of trees planted in the
Village District Bongohulawa Gorontalo, to calculate the volume and content of carbon biomass in the city
forest and green line (left-right path) and average carbon sequestration/tree/species. Research was conducted
in village of Bongohulawa during 4 (fourth) month; started from March until June 2011. The execution of data
collecting [of] was performed within this research area-location through observation and measurement of trees
and forest stand. For green line research area 100% inventory was upllied and for City Forest line plot
sampling was implemented. For city forest sample plots measurement was conducted in 10 sample units (each
unit sampling of 0.25 ha). Tree diameter, tree hight (total and commercial hight) and crown diameter of all tree
species within research line (green line) and research plots (city forest) was measured. Based on the research
data and its calculation, the results show that: Casuarina junghuhiana can store more carbon than other tree
species. From the inventory conducted in 3 km of green line along the road (6 meters width observations) of the
village Bongohulawa, 366 trees (consist of 7 tree species) were measured. Those tree species namely Casuarina
junghuiana 102 trees, sandalwood 46 trees, mango 7 trees, jackfruit 6 trees, Albizia 1 tree, mahogany 202 trees,
headland 2 trees. Crown cover of those tree species is 3032.54 m2
. The result of calculation also indicated that
Casuarina has higher carbon stock than other tree species that is 33.56 tons (equal with 52% of total crbon
stock). Further calculation indicated that during the period of 19 years (since 1992) Casuarina can strocked
carbon average of 1.77 tons/year. The average diameter increment of individual Casuarina tree species is about
1.72 cm/year. Furthermore, for Swietenia magrophilla King, with an average diameter increment of 1.40
cm/year, the leaves of this tree species can absorbed carbon of 18.1233 tons within green line of both sides of
the road. For research plots within City Forest which located in the valey the results of the research show that
the crown cover of 124 trees is about 1,359.67 m2, then carbon absorbtion is about 0.15 ton/tree or about 7.8
kg/tree/year. Within the research area of City Forest (located both in the valey and hill) totally there are 1,353
trees (consist of 13 tree species) and carbon absorption of the canopy is about 25.521 tons. Further calculation
results also indicated that carbon absorption of small trees ( poles) is about 25.521 tons and for sapling is
about 78.163 tons or 39,0815 tons/ha then fionally for mature trees is about 39.813 tons or 15,925 tons/ha.
An Analysis of Tourism Competitiveness Index of Europe and Caucasus: A Study ...IJRTEMJOURNAL
This study aims to find the association-ship between the Regional Rank of the Travel and
Tourism Competitiveness Index and its Indicators in 37 European countries. The cross-sectional data of the 37
European countries are collected from the World Economic Forum report- 2015. The statistical software
package, SPSS v. 20.0 is used to analyze the data. ANOVA (Analysis of Variance), Multi-co-linearity, Multiple
Regression, and Residual Analysis are the tools used to analyze to achieve out the objective of the study. RR:
Regional Rank of the Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index is used as the dependent variable and TI:
Tourism Services Infrastructure, GP: Ground & Port Infrastructure, BE: Business Environment, PT:
Prioritization of Travel and Tourism, and CR: Cultural resources & business travel are used as the independent
variables. It is found that there is an inverse relationship between the dependent variable and all the
independent variables along with the statistical significance. It is recommended that the governments of the
European countries and the respective agents of these countries should be made aware of learning the findings
of this study to promote their countries which can be victorious in lowering their Regional Rank of the Travel
and Tourism Competitiveness Index.
Translation Errors of Public Signs in English Subtitle: Residents’ Poor Forei...IJRTEMJOURNAL
China is in an Age of Economy Thriving and Technology Advancing. This strike
increasing international visitors. In the foreigners, very few of them are able to communicate in
Chinese, which means that it is significant to provide accurate information to the foreign friends by
their understandable codes. For instance, in a hotel, a foreigner needs to know which way to go for
their daily activities without enquiring at the reception desk. These requirements are served by public
signs, e.g. the location of a canteen. Actually, this service is a challenge of Chinese people’s English
level. In recent years, as a lack of contextually linguistic and cultural knowledge, there are some
errors of translation on public English signs, resulting in some inconvenience to the oversea
travelers. This paper will analyses these problems in root and then advance prospective resolutions.
What are the determinants of the non-reimbursement for SMEs in Central Africa...IJRTEMJOURNAL
This article aims to determine the factors that are the cause of the non-repayment of credits
received from financial institutions by Cameroonian SMEs. This choice is sometimes. This non-repayment is
often caused by factors related to the environment and the functioning of SMEs. It aims to analyze and highlight
the factors that put Cameroonian SMEs in a situation of inability to repay the receivables received from
financial institutions. To achieve this goal, we opted for a mixed approach: Inductive (exploration on the
ground) and hypothetico deductive. To do this, we first analyzed the content of the interviews conducted with 15
SME managers and owners and tested data collected from a questionnaire administered face-to-face with 185
Cameroonian SMEs. . We used descriptive analysis and explanatory analysis. Our results show that the tax rate,
the mismanagement of managers, poor accounting and unforeseen situations have a significant positive
influence on the non-repayment of loans, while the age and size of SMEs exert significant negative influence on
the non-repayment of loans by Cameroonian SMEs.
Multivariate regression methods with infrared spectroscopy to detect the fals...IJRTEMJOURNAL
Recently, food safety and guaranteed of food marks have become more important subjects of
foodstuff production and the marketing of processed foods. This paper demonstrates the ability of Mid Infrared
spectroscopy coupled with multivariate regression tools to detect vegetable butter (as adulterant) in a binary
mixture with traditional cow’s butter. Blends of traditional cow’s butter with different percentages of vegetable
butter were measured using Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier Transform Mid Infrared Spectroscopy (ATRFTMIR). Spectral and reference data were firstly analyzed by principal component analysis (PCA) to check
outliers samples; and improve the robustness of the prediction models to be established. Multivariate regression
methods as Principal component regression (PCR) and Partial least square regression (PLSR) were used to
establish calibration model. Excellent correlation between ATR-FTMIR analysis and studied butter blends was
obtained R2 = 0.99; with Root Mean Square Errors of Prediction < 3.04, Limit of Detection 9.12% (By PCR)
and 6.06% (by PLSR), and Relative Prediction Errors as low as 3.13.
Water billing management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project entitled “Water Billing Management System” aims is to generate Water bill with all the charges and penalty. Manual system that is employed is extremely laborious and quite inadequate. It only makes the process more difficult and hard.
The aim of our project is to develop a system that is meant to partially computerize the work performed in the Water Board like generating monthly Water bill, record of consuming unit of water, store record of the customer and previous unpaid record.
We used HTML/PHP as front end and MYSQL as back end for developing our project. HTML is primarily a visual design environment. We can create a android application by designing the form and that make up the user interface. Adding android application code to the form and the objects such as buttons and text boxes on them and adding any required support code in additional modular.
MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software. It is a stable ,reliable and the powerful solution with the advanced features and advantages which are as follows: Data Security.MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
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Microbiological Profile and Quality Assessment of Unbranded Groundnut Oil Marketed at a Major City in Nigeria, Sub-Sahara Africa.
1. Invention Journal of Research Technology in Engineering & Management (IJRTEM)
ISSN: 2455-3689
www.ijrtem.com Volume 2 Issue 3 ǁ March. 2018 ǁ PP 36-43
|Volume 2| Issue 3 | www.ijrtem.com | 36 |
Microbiological Profile and Quality Assessment of Unbranded
Groundnut Oil Marketed at a Major City in Nigeria, Sub-Sahara
Africa.
*Abdullahi S Onawo1
, Muktar O Adamu2
1
(Department of Microbiology, Food and Industrial unit, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, Nigeria)
2
(Department of Microbiology, Medical unit, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, Nigeria)
ABSTRACT: This work was conducted to assess the microbial profile and quality attributes of unbranded
groundnut oil sold at Keffi. A total of 25 samples of unbranded groundnut oil were collected from different
locations and subjected to microbial and quality assessment. The total viable bacteria count ranged from 2.1–
7.2 × 105
cfu/ml, while the total faecal coliform count ranged from 2.2–6.2 × 105
cfu/ml. The
Salmonella/Shigella count ranged from 1.4–4.2 × 105
cfu/ml and the fungal count ranged from 3.6 – 8.2 × 105
cfu/ml. The microbial isolates obtained were Mucor spp., Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus spp.,
Penicillium spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus spp., Micrococcus spp., E. coli and
Salmonella spp. Anti-biogram of the bacterial isolates revealed a varying level of resistance/susceptibility to the
antibiotics tested. The result of mineral contents analysis showed that all samples had high detectable levels of
Zn, Mn, Fe, Cu, Cd and Pb. These results indicated values that exceeded the maximum limits set by regulatory
agencies, thereby making these oils unsafe for consumption. It can therefore be concluded that it is imperative
for the manufacturers of these products to adopt good manufacturing practices and ensure proper quality
assurance of their products.
KEYWORDS: Antibiotics, Groundnut oil, Microbiological profile, Keffi, Unbranded.
I. INTRODUCTION
Groundnut (Arachis hypogea) or peanut belongs to the family of Fabaceae native from South and Central
America [1]. Groundnuts often are enriched with health benefitting nutrients that are beneficial to human health.
They are actually legumes but are the most frequently eaten “nut” in the world. Studies show that groundnut,
groundnut butter and groundnut oil significantly reduce the risk of heart disease when consumed daily, similar
to other nuts [2]. Groundnut oil is a vegetable oil which contains only a small proportion of non-glyceride
constituents. Its fatty acid composition is complex including saturated fatty acids covering a wide range of
molecular weights. Groundnut oil is excellent food oil, with good flavour and high quality with its low free fatty
acid value [3]. Groundnut oil is one of the most important oil group in the world. Groundnut oil is use to lower
cholesterol and prevents heart disease. It is also use to decrease appetite as an aid to weight loss. Some people
use it to help prevent cancer. Recently, groundnut oil is used in ointments and medicinal oils for treating
constipation. Pharmaceutical company use groundnut oil in various products they prepare for internal and
external use [4-5]. Further, some studies have shown that groundnut oil contains much potassium than sodium
and is a good source of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium. It also contains thiamine, vitamin E, selenium,
zinc and arginine [4]. The chemical properties of oils are amongst the most important properties that determine
the quality and help to describe the present condition of oils. It constitutes one of the essential components of
balanced diet as good source of energy [5].
Regardless of the origin (animal, vegetable or marine), edible oils represent the highest source of energy per unit
weight consumption [6]. Palm oil, soybean oil, groundnut oil, sunflower oil, olive oil, corn oil and canola oil,
are some common edible oils consumed globally. Their trend of consumption is expected to show significant
growth between 2016 and 2024, especially in Pacific Asia, Europe, and North America for various reasons
(Persistent Market Research (https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/global-edible-oils-market-value-to-
increase-from-us-834-bn-in-2015-to-us-1303-bn-by-2024---pmr-592605631.html).
2. Microbiological Profile and Quality Assessment…
|Volume 2| Issue 3 | www.ijrtem.com | 37 |
Despite the fact that a lot of researches have been done in the past and many are still ongoing, the importance of
analysing edible oils cannot be overemphasized; as major characteristics that influence their physical and
chemical properties, together with their applications and uses are obtained [3]. One of such features is
microbiological profile of the food. The bio-load of foods is an important criterion that determines the safety
status of consuming such food, especially, as unhygienic market practices render the food products susceptible
to cross-contamination. Also, the improper processing and storage conditions that groundnuts and its products
are usually subjected to often result in varying degree of microbial contamination. The number and type of
microbes present on the products are important indicators of their deterioration. Most commonly isolated genera
of mould and bacteria include Aspergillus, Penicillin and Fusarium; and Bacillus, Salmonella, Pseudomonas
and Escherichia coli [7]. The Enterobacteria are known to be a large group of related bacteria that are capable of
food and water contamination through faecal sources. Many of their strains and species are known to be
enterotoxigenic and contribute a major quota to the many diarrheal illnesses. There fore in the bid to enhance
human health and secure food safety as well as public health enlightenment to food-borne illnesses, there is a
need to evaluate the microbial load of all suspected contaminated products [8]. Consequently, this work was
designed to assess the microbiological quality of unbranded groundnut oil, as well as their degree of
susceptibility to common antibiotics.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
The study was conducted in the Microbiology Laboratory of Nasarawa State University, Keffi. Keffi is
geographically situated on latitude 8o
50ˈ
N and longitude 7o
52ˈ
E. Keffi town is about 850m above sea level and
it is the North-West of Lafia, the state capital. It is 53km away from Abuja (Capital of Nigeria) in the Guinea
Savannah region of Nigeria [9-10].
Sample Collection: Five (5) samples each of different unbranded groundnut oil were aseptically purchased
from five (5) different spots among local sellers within Keffi Metropolis. The samples were collected in a well
labelled sterile sample bottles and were aseptically transported to the laboratory for microbiological analysis,
which was done within 2 hours of sample collection.
Microbiological Analysis: Microbiological analyses were conducted according to standard methods [6]. A
serial dilution was performed for each of the five (5) samples by adding 1ml of the oil sample using a syringe
into 9ml of water already emulsify with 10% v/v of poly surfactant 80 (Tween 80) for solubilisation of lipids to
serve as the stock solution. The dilution was made up to 10-5
, after which 1ml of the stock of each sample was
added to the 1st
test tubes containing 9ml of sterile distilled water, 1ml was transferred to the 2nd
test tube and
the process was repeated with the 3rd
, 4th
and 5th
test tubes. 1ml from the 4th
test tubes of the diluted samples
were then analysed for the microbial contents of mould and bacteria. Pour plate technique was employed that is
the 1ml of each sample were poured into sterile Petri dish and the prepared and autoclaved media was poured
and swirled slowly to allow for proper mixing of the sample and the media was then allowed to cool and gel.
The plates were transferred to an incubator with temperature set at 37o
C for 24 hours. Nutrient agar was used for
the total heterotrophic bacteria count, Salmonella/Shigella agar was used for Salmonella and Shigella while
MacConkey agar was employed for the enumeration of total coliform. Similarly, pour plate technique was
employ for the isolation and counts for fungi in Sabouraud Dextrose Agar incubated for 5 days at room
temperature of 27±2o
C.The isolates were then determined and characterized on the bases of their cultural,
morphological and biochemical characteristics as earlier described [11].
Antibiotic Susceptibility Test: The antibiotic susceptibility test was carried out as earlier described by Clinical
and Laboratory Standards Institute [12]. Briefly, discrete colonies of the organism were inoculated at 37o
C for
24hrsand the overnight culture was adjusted to the turbidity equivalent to 0.5 McFarland’s standard by adding
0.85% sterile normal saline to the over-night culture. The adjusted inoculums to the turbidity of 0.5 McFarland’s
standard were then sub-cultured on the surface of Nutrient agar and the antibiotic disc was ascetically placed at
the centre of the nutrient agar plate and incubated at 370
C for 24hrs. The diameter zones of inhibition in
millimetre of the bacterial isolates recorded were then compared with the reference standard for susceptibility
breakpoint of antibiotics described by Clinical and laboratory Standard Institute.
Chemical Analysis: Heavy metals such as Zn, K, Fe, Cd, Ca, Mg and Pb in the unbranded groundnut oil were
also ascertained from ashing solution as described by Association of Official Analytical Chemists [13] with
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS).
3. Microbiological Profile and Quality Assessment…
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The result was then compared with standard concentrations reported for most of the metals analysed in the
samples by the World Health Organisation [14] permissible limit for Zn (0.10 ppm), Cu (1.50 ppm), Cd (0.003
ppm) and Pb (0.01 ppm) in drinking water. The toxicity of these metals even at low concentrations was well
documented with the view of determining whether the unbranded groundnut oils are safe or unsafe for
consumption.
III. RESULTS
A total of 25 samples of unbranded groundnut oil were collected from different sellers within different locations
of Keffi metropolis. The total viable bacteria count ranged between 2.1–7.2 × 105
cfu/ml, while the total faecal
coliform count ranged from 2.2–6.2 × 105
cfu/ml. The Salmonella/Shigella count on the other hand ranged
between 1.4–4.2 × 105
cfu/ml and the fungal count ranged between 3.6 – 8.2 × 105
cfu/ml (Table 1).
Macroscopic identification of the fungal isolates revealed the presence of Mucor spp., Aspergillus flavus,
Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus spp. and Penicillium spp. (Table 2). The cultural, morphological and biochemical
characterization of the bacteria isolates identify the presence of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas
aeruginosa, Bacillus spp., Micrococcus spp., E. coli and Salmonella spp. (Table 3). The percentage occurrence
of the bacterial isolates indicates that Escherichia coli (88.0%), Salmonella spp. (84.0%), Pseudomonas
aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus (56.0%) were the most isolated bacteria; followed by Micrococcus spp.
(40.0%) and Bacillus spp. (36.0%) (Table 4). However, the rate of occurrence of the fungal isolates indicates
that Rhizopus spp. (88.0%) and Mucor spp. (84.0%) are the commonest fungal contaminants followed by
Aspergillus flavus (56.0%), Aspergillus niger and Penicillium spp. (48.0%) (Table 5).
Anti-biogram of the bacterial isolates revealed a varying level of resistance and susceptibility to the antibiotics
tested. The diameter of zone of inhibition used for this study were those defined by Johnson and Case [15],
where <10mm was considered as resistant, 11–15 was considered intermediate and >16mm was considered as
susceptible. All the bacterial isolates were susceptible to Septrin that was found to be resistant at 8mm.
Similarly, all the isolates were very susceptible to Chloramphenicol. Also, E. coli and Bacillus spp. were slightly
susceptible to Spar floxacin, but all the other bacterial isolates were found to be very susceptible to the
antibiotics tested. Ciprofloxacin had 100% effect on virtually all the bacterial isolates, except Salmonella spp.,
which is highly resistant at 2mm. Nevertheless, all the bacterial isolates were resistant to Amoxicillin, except E.
coli and Bacillus spp. that were only slightly susceptible with zones of 12mm each. On the other hand
Staphylococcus aureus (20mm), E. coli (16mm), P. aeruginosa (18mm), Bacillus spp. (22mm) were highly
susceptible to Augmentin; while Salmonella spp. showed some degree of susceptibility (14mm). Gentamicin has
effect on all the isolates, except S. aureus that had slight effect at 12mm each. Perfloxacin on the other hand,
was only slightly susceptible against the isolates, except Micrococcus spp. (18mm) and Bacillus spp. (20mm)
that were readily susceptible. Also, Erythromycin has efficacy against all the bacteria; only S. aureus (14mm)
has slightly susceptibility. Similarly, Streptomycin was effective against most of the isolates and only slightly
susceptible to P. aeruginosa (14mm), Bacillus spp. (14mm); but E. coli was completely resistant to
Streptomycin (Table 6).
The mineral composition of the unbranded oil samples that revealed zinc was detected from oil samples of High
Court (2.55ppm) and Keffi Market (11.02ppm), but absent in the other samples. Manganese was found to be
highest in CRDP (1.94ppm), followed by High Court (1.44ppm), Angwan Lambu (1.13ppm), Keffi Market
(0.88ppm) and GRA (0.64ppm). The Iron contents (ppm) on the other hand were highest in oil samples from
Keffi Market (13.42), High Court (9.50), CRDP (7.88), GRA (4.64) and lastly Angwan Lambu (3.47). More so,
Cadmium (ppm) was found to be more predominant in oil samples from Keffi Market (0.78), compared to GRA
(0.66), CRDP Area (0.60), High Court (0.42) and Angwan Lambu (0.36); while copper (ppm) was highest in
Keffi Market (13.64), High Court (10.51) and Angwan Lambu (8.80), but less in CRDP Area (3.21) and GRA
(3.60). Nevertheless, Lead (ppm) was detected only in oils from Angwan Lambu (2.30) and CRDP (1.02) but
was absent from the other samples (Table 7).
4. Microbiological Profile and Quality Assessment…
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Table 1: Microbial Counts of Unbranded Vegetable oil at different Locations (×105
cfu/ml)
Locations TVBC TFCC SSC Fungal count
High Court 3.8 2.8 1.4 8.2
Keffi Market 4.7 6.2 4.2 7.2
Angwan Lambu 3.6 3.8 2.6 6.2
CRDP Area 7.2 3.6 2.0 5.4
GRA 2.1 2.2 2.8 3.6
Table 2: Macroscopic Identification of Fungal isolates from Unbranded Groundnut Oil
Macroscopic characterization & texture Inference Fungi
Powdery whitish surface but later turned grey with Mucor spp.
whitish reverse side and edges
Green fungal colony that later turned greenish-yellow Aspergillus flavus
or pale green
Wooly velvet, whitish in colour but later turned fungal colony Aspergillus niger
with yellowish reverse side that later turned black
Creamy powdery growth that later turned black Rhizopus spp.
Powdery whitish surface but later turned Penicillium spp.
bluish-green with whitish reverse side and edges
Table 3: Cultural, Morphological and Biochemical Characteristic of Bacterial Isolates from Unbranded
Groundnut oil
Where: MP= Morphology, GS= Grams staining, CAT= Catalase, IN= Indole, MR= Methylene red, OX=
Oxidase, VP= Voges Proskauer, CT= Citrate test, + = positive, - = negative, MSA = Mannitol salt agar, EMB
= Eosin methylene blue agar, NA= Nutrient agar, MAC = MacConkey agar, SSA= Salmonella/Shigella Agar,
PIG= Pigmentation,
5. Microbiological Profile and Quality Assessment…
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Table 4: Percentage Occurrence of the Bacterial Isolates at the different Locations
Rate of Occurrence (%)
Location (n) P. aeruginosa Staph. aureus Micrococcus spp. E. coli Bacillus spp. Salmonella spp.
High Court (5) 2(40.0) 1(20.0) 2(40.0) 5(100) 2(40.0) 4(80.0)
Keffi Market (5) 4(80.0) 4(80.0) 4(80.0) 5(100) 1(20.0) 4(80.0)
Angwan Lambu (5) 2(40.0) 3(60.0) 3(60.0) 4(80.0) 3(60.0) 5(100)
CRDP Area (5) 3(60.0) 4(80.0) 0(0.0) 5(100) 1(20.0) 3(60.0)
GRA (5) 3(60.0) 2(40.0) 1(20.0) 3(60.0) 2(40.0) 3(60.0)
Total (25) 14(56.0) 14(56.0) 10(40.0) 22(88.0) 9(36.0) 19(76.0)
Table 5: Rate of Occurrence of the Fungal Isolates (%)
Location (n) Aspergillus flavus Aspergillus niger Rhizopus spp. Mucor spp. Penicillium spp.
High Court (5) 4(80.0) 4(80.0) 4(80.0) 5(100) 3(60.0)
Main Market (5) 5(100) 2(40.0) 5(100) 4(80.0) 3(60.0)
Angwan Lambu (5) 3(60.0) 3(60.0) 4(80.0) 5(100) 2(40.0)
CRDP Area (5) 2(40.0) 1(20.0) 5(100) 3(60.0) 2(40.0)
GRA (5) 2(40.0) 2(40.0) 4(80.0) 4(80.0) 2(40.0)
Total (25) 14(56.0) 12(48.0) 22(88.0) 21(84.0) 12(48.0)
Table 6: Anti-biogram of the Bacterial Isolates from Unbranded Groundnut Oil in Keffi Metropolis
Key: 1-10mm= Resistance, 11-15mm= Intermediate, >16mm= Susceptible, – = No inhibition
Table 7: Mineral Composition of Unbranded Groundnut oil in Part per Million (ppm)
Unbranded oil Minerals (ppm)
Samples location Zn Mn Fe Cd Cu Pb
High Court 2.55 1.44 9.50 0.42 10.51 ND
Keffi Market 11.02 0.88 13.42 0.78 13.64 ND
Angwan Lambu ND 1.13 3.47 0.36 8.80 2.30
CRDP Area ND 1.94 7.88 0.60 3.21 1.02
GRA ND 0.64 4.64 0.66 3.60 ND
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Key: ND= Not detected
IV. DISCUSSION
From the above results, it is evident that the bio-loads are higher than the accepted recommended load described
by the International Commission for Microbiological Specification for Food [16]. It states that ready-to-eat food
with plate counts between 0–133
is acceptable, between 104
– ≤ 105
is tolerable and 106
and above is
unacceptable. Preliminary isolation and identification of the microorganisms present revealed the presence of
Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus spp., Salmonella spp., Micrococcus spp., E. coli,
Mucor spp., Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium spp. and Rhizopus spp. These bacteria and fungi
are comparable to those isolated by some researchers [7-8], [17-18]. Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp.,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus were the most isolated bacteria, while Rhizopus spp.,
Mucor spp. and Aspergillus flavus are the commonest fungal contaminants. Comparatively, a study conducted
in North-West Ethiopia [19] indicated the above stated isolated microorganisms amongst those obtained in their
Ethiopian samples, and that the sources of such contamination include un-sanitized measuring jug for locally
produced oil, un-sanitized storage containers, exposure of oil and placement of oil with non-food substances.
Similarly, [20] noted that most edible oil produced in Ghana for human consumption is processed at the small-
scale level and thus observation of the raw materials used to process such oil often show various levels of
microbial contaminations that eventually get to the consumers. Also, [21] observed that these microbes are
usually introduced into the vegetable oils if there is faulty handling from the manufacturers to the final
consumer.
Subsequently, the isolation of harmful pathogenic microbes from the samples suggests possible potential health
risks of the products that were sampled. A research by [22] had earlier stated that in microbial analysis of food,
the number and type of microbes present in the food material under examination reflect quality of the food and
extent of risk posed to the consumers. Anti-biogram of the bacterial isolates revealed varying levels of
susceptibility/resistance to the antibiotics tested. Most of the bacterial isolates are highly resistant to
Amoxicillin; however, E. coli was slightly susceptible (12mm). Gentamicin, Erythromycin and
Chloramphenicol had the highest efficacy against all the bacteria tested. Similarly, E. coli was resistant to
Streptomycin. Ciprofloxacin on the other hand had activity against all the isolates, except Salmonella spp. which
is very resistant (2mm). More so, only Micrococcus spp. was entirely resistant to Augmentin, otherwise all the
isolates were susceptible. The sensitivity pattern of the bacterial isolates to the antibiotics tested is comparable
with reports of earlier researchers [23-27]. For most bacteria, there is evidence that increased usage of a
particular anti-microbial correlates with increased levels of bacterial resistance [28]; perhaps this explains the
high resistance to Amoxicillin by the isolates because of its common and prevalent use. Resistance to
Amoxicillin is not new, as [29] had observed such effect earlier. The high susceptibility of the isolates to
Gentamicin and Chloramphenicol observed in this study might be due to their requirement for parenteral
administration which hinder their misuse and abuse considered to be the major source of microbial resistance to
conventional antibiotics as observed by [30]. From the result obtained for the mineral contents analysis, all the
samples showed detectable levels of Zn (2.55–11.02ppm), Mn (0.64–1.44ppm), Fe (4.64–13.42ppm), Cu (3.21–
13.64ppm), Cd (0.36–0.78ppm) and Pb (1.02–2.30ppm). The mineral contents obtained in this study are
comparable to that reported by [3] and [31]. The concentrations reported for most of the metals analysed in the
samples exceeded the WHO (2008) permissible limit for Zn (0.10ppm), Cu (1.50ppm), Cd (0.003ppm) and Pb
(0.01ppm) in drinking water. Determination of heavy metals in edible seed oil is of importance, as heavy metals
are useful micronutrients for plants, humans and animals but become toxic for them when their concentration
exceeds a limit [32]. The toxicity of these metals even at low concentrations is well documented, thereby
making these edible seed oils unsafe for consumption.
V. CONCLUSION
The microbiological quality assessment of unbranded groundnut oils sold in Keffi revealed high bio-load that
exceed the maximum limits set by the International Commission for Microbiological Specification of Foods
(ICMSF), Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the National Agency for Food
Drug Administration and Control of Nigeria (NAFDAC). The presence of enteric bacteria is evidence of faecal-
contamination which may result from contaminated handling equipments, and general processing. Also, the
presence of Aspergillus species such as A. flavus and A. niger, Mucor spp., Rhizopus spp. and Penicillium spp.
in the groundnut oil samples pose a toxicological threat to the consumers since majority of the strains of these
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fungal species are toxigenic. It is therefore, recommended that the appropriate quality standards should be
adopted in the production of these unbranded vegetable oils. Also, indiscriminate prescription and use of
antibiotics should be avoided so as to checkmate the rising resistant of microbes to antibiotics.
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