Aims: Cultivation of oyster mushrooms has increased vastly in a global scale during last few
decades. Contaminants and indigenous microflora present in the substrate may led to the low
productivity of mushrooms. Keeping this in mind, the present study was under-taken with slight
modification in substrate preparation technique to eliminate dust particles from the substrate and to
assure contamination free mushroom production.
Study Design: Comparative evaluation between modified approach and control beds.
Place and Duration: The study was carried out in Shri Laxman Prasad Pyare Lal Agro Products,
Ayodhya during 2017.
Methodology: The wheat straw substrate was immersed in the drum containing tap water, mixing
properly and allowed to stand for 10-15 min to settle down the dust particle in the bottom of the
drum. After that, the floating substrate was transferred to the slant surface so that the extra water
was decanted off. This substrate was put in to the steam sterilised gunny bag and steeped in the
chemical solution consisting of Formaldehyde (500 ppm) and Bovistin (75 ppm) for 18 h. For the
Short Communication
Siddhant et al.; AJAHR, 2(2): 1-5, 2018; Article no.AJAHR.44907
2
control, fresh wheat straw was put in to the steam sterilised gunny bag and steeped directly in the
chemical solution as suggested above. After removal of excess water, the substrate was used for
spawning with inoculums of Pleurotus sajor-caju, Strain- Malaysia.
Results: Beds with modified approach showed a complete absence of contaminants during entire
crop cycle which showed the effectiveness of modified method while beds treated as control
showed little incidence of various contaminants viz., Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus fumigatus,
Curvularia sp., Penicillium sp., and Rhizopus stolonifer with 6.67-20.00 percent incidence.
Conclusion: The results revealed that the modified method should be considered to contamination
free mushroom production.
Sclerotia production a way ahead to morchella CultivationDr. siddhant
Morchella, the true morels, belonging to Helvellaceae family of class
Ascomycetes, are amongst the most highly priced fungi in the world. Their
artificial production is still a challenge, even though patents for their
cultivation do exist. The tissue of Morchella sp. was transferred aseptically
to Potato Dextrose Agar medium (peeled, sliced and boiled potato, 200 g;
dextrose, 20 g; agar, 20 g L-1) to grow hyphae. The mycelium showed
fastest growth as compared to other edible mushrooms. It covered entire area
of Petri plate (90 mm) within 4-5 days with the growth rate of 18-
22.5mm/day. A unique growth pattern i.e., vertically oriented mycelia were
observed. Brown coloured pigmentation in the culture was also observed
during the study. The basal media for spawn (wheat grains; Glucose, 1%,
CaCO3, 2%; CaSO4, 1.5% and MgSO4, 1%) was aseptically inoculated with
the mushroom culture. The spawn substrate was colonized by mushroom
mycelium in 7-8 days. The sclerotia were formed in unused (old) spawn.
Wheat straw was used as a substrate for mushroom cultivation. It was
supplemented with wheat bran, 20%, Glucose (1%) and MgSO4 (1%). It
showed prolific growth when it was seeded by mushroom spawn using jar
method. Once substrate was fully covered with mushroom mycelium, casing
was applied. Sclerotia were successfully obtained after 14 days of incubation
in our experiment both in the substrate and casing soil but failed to give rise
to fruiting primordial. Further research is going on to domesticate this
species in our country.
Eight different kinds of papers, viz., glaze paper, brown paper, news paper, magazine paper, chart paper, kite paper, rough copy paper and A-4 size printing paper and two types of cardboards viz., corrugated cardboard and card board were evaluated for different manifestations of white oyster mushroom Pleurotus florida Strain-P1. Among them news paper was later treated as a control. The mushroom utilized all the substrates for their growth and sporophore formation. Majority of substrates took almost equal time for spawn run primordial development and fruit bodies maturation. The yield parameters such as yield, biological efficiency, number of mushroom fruit bodies and average weight of sporophores varied among themselves. The crop of mushroom was harvested in three flushes where yield and biological efficiency ranged 190-495 gm, 38-99% for the substrate used. Magazine paper (450 gm; 90%) and card board (495 gm; 99%) produced significant (P=0.05) yield and biological efficiency over control. They also produced significant number of mushroom fruit bodies (56 and 64, respectively). Corrugated cardboard (10.29 gm) was found significant in terms of average weight per sporocarp. The percentage yield of different substrates was also evaluated. Among the substrates, card board contributed 14 % of total mushroom production followed by magazine paper (13%) and news paper (12%).
Comparison of Growth and Development of Pleurotus florida against Wastes from...Dr. siddhant
Two wastes from animal origin, viz., human hairs and egg shells were evaluated for different manifestations of white oyster mushroom, Pleurotus florida. The mushroom utilized both the
substrates for their growth and sporophore formation. The mycelial growth was significantly (P=0.05) faster on egg shell (18 days) as compared to human hair (23 days). The crop of mushroom was harvested in four flushes where human hairs showed higher yield and biological efficiency of mushroom (165 gm, 33%) than egg shells (155 gm, 31%), respectively. In respect of yield parameters such as yield, biological efficiency, number of mushroom fruit bodies and average weight of
sporophores, both the substrates were statistically at par to each other. Utilization of human hairs egg shells by P. florida reveals a new strategy for mycoremediation of these wastes.
In-vitro screening of indigenous botanicals of Manipur for anti fungal activi...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Eleven indigenous plant species of Manipur viz., Mariandra benghalensis, Millettia pachycarpa, Allium hookerii, Flogacanthus thyrsiflorus, Solanum incanum, Tithonia diversifolia, Goniothalamus sesquipedalis, Solanum surattense, Artemisia nilagarica, Ocimum canum and Zanthozylum acanthopodium which has been used as local medicine and spices were collected from five district of Manipur viz. Tamenglong, Senapati, Kangpokpi, Imphal east and Imphal West. In-vitro screening of above indigenous botanicals of Manipur was studied for anti-fungal activities of Helminthosporium oryzae an incitant of brown spot disease of Rice. The first five botanicals with maximum inhibition was found in Solanum incanum with 52.44% followed by Allium hookerii (47.77%), Millettia pachycarpa (36.66%), Mariandra benghalensis (24.44%) and Flogacanthus thyrsyflorus (17.77%) over control. Efficacy test at different level of concentrations i.e. 10%, 15% and 20% of standard botanical extracts was evaluated against growth of fungus both in broth and solid culture media. However, among botanicals maximum per cent inhibition on biomass production was found at 20% concentrate of S. incanum with growth inhibition of 74.03%, followed by A. hookerii (62.66%), M. Benghalensis (46.36%) and F. thyrsiflorus (42.33%) growth inhibition over the untreated control. In solid media test maximum per cent inhibition on radial growth of test fungi was found at 20% concentration in treatment of S. incanum with growth inhibition of 72.70% over control followed by A. hookerii (59.81%), M. Pachycarpa (45.03), M. benghalensis (37.59%) and F.thyrsiflorus (28.70%) over the untreated control.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Ecological environment effects on germination and seedling morphology in Park...AI Publications
Néré (Parkia biglobosa) is a wild species preferred and overexploited for its multiple uses by rural populations in Sub-Saharan Africa. The study of its germination and seedlings could constitute a prerequisite for its domestication, necessary for its conservation. This study aimed to assess the germination and morphology of seedlings taking into account distinct habitats from its natural environment.A total of 2160 seeds from different mother plants and 540 seedlings from germination were selected and evaluated. The trials were conducted on three sites (two nurseries in Côte d'Ivoire vs one greenhouse in France) with different microclimates. The results showed that the larger the mother trees are, the larger the seeds they produce, which in turn generate more vigorous seedlings. This study showed that the species grows better in a milder environment that is different from its region of origin (fertile soil with a stable or humid tropical climate: Montpellier greenhouse and Daloa nursery). Overall, parent trees did not statistically influence each germination and seedling development parameter for the three sites combined (P > 0.05). However, analysis of variance showed that germination and seedling development parameters differed between experimental sites (P < 0.05). These results are useful and could be used as decision support tools to guide conservation (domestication) and agroforestry programmes based on Parkia biglobosa. This study could be extended to other endangered species in order to preserve biodiversity.
Sclerotia production a way ahead to morchella CultivationDr. siddhant
Morchella, the true morels, belonging to Helvellaceae family of class
Ascomycetes, are amongst the most highly priced fungi in the world. Their
artificial production is still a challenge, even though patents for their
cultivation do exist. The tissue of Morchella sp. was transferred aseptically
to Potato Dextrose Agar medium (peeled, sliced and boiled potato, 200 g;
dextrose, 20 g; agar, 20 g L-1) to grow hyphae. The mycelium showed
fastest growth as compared to other edible mushrooms. It covered entire area
of Petri plate (90 mm) within 4-5 days with the growth rate of 18-
22.5mm/day. A unique growth pattern i.e., vertically oriented mycelia were
observed. Brown coloured pigmentation in the culture was also observed
during the study. The basal media for spawn (wheat grains; Glucose, 1%,
CaCO3, 2%; CaSO4, 1.5% and MgSO4, 1%) was aseptically inoculated with
the mushroom culture. The spawn substrate was colonized by mushroom
mycelium in 7-8 days. The sclerotia were formed in unused (old) spawn.
Wheat straw was used as a substrate for mushroom cultivation. It was
supplemented with wheat bran, 20%, Glucose (1%) and MgSO4 (1%). It
showed prolific growth when it was seeded by mushroom spawn using jar
method. Once substrate was fully covered with mushroom mycelium, casing
was applied. Sclerotia were successfully obtained after 14 days of incubation
in our experiment both in the substrate and casing soil but failed to give rise
to fruiting primordial. Further research is going on to domesticate this
species in our country.
Eight different kinds of papers, viz., glaze paper, brown paper, news paper, magazine paper, chart paper, kite paper, rough copy paper and A-4 size printing paper and two types of cardboards viz., corrugated cardboard and card board were evaluated for different manifestations of white oyster mushroom Pleurotus florida Strain-P1. Among them news paper was later treated as a control. The mushroom utilized all the substrates for their growth and sporophore formation. Majority of substrates took almost equal time for spawn run primordial development and fruit bodies maturation. The yield parameters such as yield, biological efficiency, number of mushroom fruit bodies and average weight of sporophores varied among themselves. The crop of mushroom was harvested in three flushes where yield and biological efficiency ranged 190-495 gm, 38-99% for the substrate used. Magazine paper (450 gm; 90%) and card board (495 gm; 99%) produced significant (P=0.05) yield and biological efficiency over control. They also produced significant number of mushroom fruit bodies (56 and 64, respectively). Corrugated cardboard (10.29 gm) was found significant in terms of average weight per sporocarp. The percentage yield of different substrates was also evaluated. Among the substrates, card board contributed 14 % of total mushroom production followed by magazine paper (13%) and news paper (12%).
Comparison of Growth and Development of Pleurotus florida against Wastes from...Dr. siddhant
Two wastes from animal origin, viz., human hairs and egg shells were evaluated for different manifestations of white oyster mushroom, Pleurotus florida. The mushroom utilized both the
substrates for their growth and sporophore formation. The mycelial growth was significantly (P=0.05) faster on egg shell (18 days) as compared to human hair (23 days). The crop of mushroom was harvested in four flushes where human hairs showed higher yield and biological efficiency of mushroom (165 gm, 33%) than egg shells (155 gm, 31%), respectively. In respect of yield parameters such as yield, biological efficiency, number of mushroom fruit bodies and average weight of
sporophores, both the substrates were statistically at par to each other. Utilization of human hairs egg shells by P. florida reveals a new strategy for mycoremediation of these wastes.
In-vitro screening of indigenous botanicals of Manipur for anti fungal activi...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Eleven indigenous plant species of Manipur viz., Mariandra benghalensis, Millettia pachycarpa, Allium hookerii, Flogacanthus thyrsiflorus, Solanum incanum, Tithonia diversifolia, Goniothalamus sesquipedalis, Solanum surattense, Artemisia nilagarica, Ocimum canum and Zanthozylum acanthopodium which has been used as local medicine and spices were collected from five district of Manipur viz. Tamenglong, Senapati, Kangpokpi, Imphal east and Imphal West. In-vitro screening of above indigenous botanicals of Manipur was studied for anti-fungal activities of Helminthosporium oryzae an incitant of brown spot disease of Rice. The first five botanicals with maximum inhibition was found in Solanum incanum with 52.44% followed by Allium hookerii (47.77%), Millettia pachycarpa (36.66%), Mariandra benghalensis (24.44%) and Flogacanthus thyrsyflorus (17.77%) over control. Efficacy test at different level of concentrations i.e. 10%, 15% and 20% of standard botanical extracts was evaluated against growth of fungus both in broth and solid culture media. However, among botanicals maximum per cent inhibition on biomass production was found at 20% concentrate of S. incanum with growth inhibition of 74.03%, followed by A. hookerii (62.66%), M. Benghalensis (46.36%) and F. thyrsiflorus (42.33%) growth inhibition over the untreated control. In solid media test maximum per cent inhibition on radial growth of test fungi was found at 20% concentration in treatment of S. incanum with growth inhibition of 72.70% over control followed by A. hookerii (59.81%), M. Pachycarpa (45.03), M. benghalensis (37.59%) and F.thyrsiflorus (28.70%) over the untreated control.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Ecological environment effects on germination and seedling morphology in Park...AI Publications
Néré (Parkia biglobosa) is a wild species preferred and overexploited for its multiple uses by rural populations in Sub-Saharan Africa. The study of its germination and seedlings could constitute a prerequisite for its domestication, necessary for its conservation. This study aimed to assess the germination and morphology of seedlings taking into account distinct habitats from its natural environment.A total of 2160 seeds from different mother plants and 540 seedlings from germination were selected and evaluated. The trials were conducted on three sites (two nurseries in Côte d'Ivoire vs one greenhouse in France) with different microclimates. The results showed that the larger the mother trees are, the larger the seeds they produce, which in turn generate more vigorous seedlings. This study showed that the species grows better in a milder environment that is different from its region of origin (fertile soil with a stable or humid tropical climate: Montpellier greenhouse and Daloa nursery). Overall, parent trees did not statistically influence each germination and seedling development parameter for the three sites combined (P > 0.05). However, analysis of variance showed that germination and seedling development parameters differed between experimental sites (P < 0.05). These results are useful and could be used as decision support tools to guide conservation (domestication) and agroforestry programmes based on Parkia biglobosa. This study could be extended to other endangered species in order to preserve biodiversity.
Identification and evaluation of antifungal compounds from botanicals for the...researchagriculture
Red rot is a devastating disease in sugarcane caused by fungus, Colletotrichum falcatum. In this study, eighteen different botanicals were screened for identifying effective antifungal compound against C. falcatum. Among the plants screened, 15 per cent aqueous leaf extract of Psoralea corylifolia alone inhibited 100 per cent growth of both mycelium as well as spore germination under in vitro conditions. The extract did not exhibit any inhibitory effect to the beneficial microbes viz., Pseudomonas fluorescens, Bacillus megaterium and Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus which are normally used in sugarcane. The effective plant extracts exhibiting 100 per cent antifungal activity was subjected to TLC, HPLC and GC-MS analysis to identify the bioactive antifungal compound. It revealed the presence of 7H-furo [3,2-G] (1) benzopyran-7-one as main bioactive compound which is thought to be the intermediate of antifungal compound, 8 – methoxypsoralen formed during biosynthesis.
Article Citation:
Rajkumar D and Murugesan R.
Identification and Evaluation of Antifungal Compounds from Botanicals for the Control of Sugarcane Red Rot Pathogen, Colletotrichum falcatum.
Journal of Research in Agriculture (2013) 2(1): 164-172.
Full Text:
http://www.jagri.info/documents/AG0044.pdf
The Medicinal Plant of Mimusops Elengi (Sapodaceae) in Antimicrobial ActivitiesIJERA Editor
The selected study area for this study is Pachaimalai Hills, situated in Eastern ghats of Tamil Nadu. This study
was focussed on the antimicrobial activity of Mimosopselengi, one of the medicinal plant belongs to the family
sapotaceae. It is a tropically distributed the highly medicinal plant. Antimicrobial activities and extracts of
petroleum ether, Ethyl acetate and methanol were also found to be better with respect to inhibitory function
against the two fungal species, Fusarium oxysporum and Aspergillus flavus. The study scientifically validates
the use of plant in traditional and ethno medicine. Three solvents such as Petroleum ether, Ethyl acetate and
Ethanol were used to take plant extract. These extracts were studied for antimicrobial activity against two gram
positive bacterial strains such as Bacillus substilis andBacillus thuriengensis and two gram negative bacterial
strains such as Klebsiella pneumonia and Escherichia coli. This study also extended to find antifungal activity
against four fungal strains
PHYTO-NUTRITIONAL PROFILES OF BROOM WEED (SIDA ACUTA) LEAF EXTRACTSubmissionResearchpa
Medicinal plants are abundant in phytochemicals that has significant therapeutic effects. They are relatively cheap, effective and safe in prolong use. This experiment was carried out to investigate the phyto-nutritional profile of broom weed (Sida acuta) leaf extract. Proximate analysis Sida acuta leaf indicated the presence of dry matter (91.88 %), crude protein (18.01 %), ash (9.73 %), crude fibre (6.24 %), ether extract (1.77 %) and energy (2760 Kcal/kg). Phytochemical screening of the extract revealed the presence of condensed tannins, hydrolysable tannins, flavonoids, saponins, phenols, oxalate, phytate, alkaloids, terpenoids and glycosides at 0.82 %, 2.02 %, 4.25 %, 0.20 %, 0.17 %, 0.05 %, 0.23 %, 0.22 %, 0.95 % and 0.02 % respectively and the vitamin constituents are thiamine (0.33 mg/100g), ascorbic acid (30.17 mg/100g), riboflavin (0.05 mg/100g), β-carotene (0.79 mg/100g) and niacin (0.41 mg/100g). Mineral analysis showed that it contained calcium (127.6 mg/100g), phosphorus (78.6 mg/100g), potassium (31.6 mg/100g), magnesium (102.1 mg/100g), iron (2.14 mg/100g), manganese (0.60 mg/100g), copper (0.04 mg/100g) and zinc (1.75 mg/100g). Result on amino acid composition showed that they contained lysine (2.11 mg/100g), arginine (1.77 mg/100g), aspartic acid (2.13 mg/100g), threonine (1.85 mg/100g), histidine (4.71 mg/100g), serine (2.03 mg/100g), glycine (1.05 mg/100g), alanine (3.31 mg/100g), cystine (5.06 mg/100g), valine (0.88 mg/100g), leucine (2.04 mg/100g), phenyalanine (4.72 mg/100g), tyrosine (3.51 mg/100g), isoleucine (2.84 mg/100g), methionine (0.85 mg/100g) and proline (1.05 mg/100g). It was concluded that Sida acuta leaf extract is rich in various nutrients and phytochemicals conferring it the ability to perform multiple biological activities and as a natural alternative to antibiotics. by Shittu, M. D and Alagbe, J.O 2020. PHYTO-NUTRITIONAL PROFILES OF BROOM WEED (SIDA ACUTA) LEAF EXTRACT. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 11 (Nov. 2020), 119-124. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i11.845. https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/845/806 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/845
ABSTRACT- Background: Declining trend in semen quality is receiving attention worldwide. The aim of the study to investigate the role of lifestyle factors with respect to semen quality.
Methods: Semen samples were collected from 351 male partners attending OPD of Obstetrics and Gynecology at civil hospital and IKD hospital, Ahmedabad, India. They were subjected to assess the quality of semen according to WHO criteria and semen quality were analyzed with respect to self reported history of tobacco smoking and/or chewing and alcohol consumption as lifestyle factors.
Results: The result revealed that sperm count was lower in subjects with habit of tobacco smoking, chewing and alcohol consumption as compared to subjects without such habits and decline was found statistically significant among smokers. Total progressive motility and normal morphology percentage was significantly decreased in tobacco chewers compared to non-chewers. Further analysis of data with respect to alcohol consumption indicated non-significantly lower total progressive motility and normal sperm morphology percentage as compared to subjects with no such habit.
Conclusion: The data obtained suggested, the role of lifestyle factors especially tobacco smoking and chewing in declining semen quality.
Key-words- Semen quality, Tobacco, Alcohol, Lifestyle, Sperm motility, Smoking
A B S T R A C T
The main objective of the present study is to formulate and evaluate a poly herbal ointment with antiseptic activity.
Ointments were formulated using methanolic extracts of Eclipta alba, Ocimum sanctum, Azadiracta indica and Achyranthes
aspera which were evaluated for its physicochemical property, antibacterial and antioxidant activity. Ointments were
prepared using different concentrations of the extracts such as 2%, 4%, 6% w/w by fusion method using emulsifying
ointment as base. Formulations were then tested for its physicochemical properties which gave satisfactory results. The
prepared formulations were also stable at 4ºC, 25ºC and 37ºC. Further, Polyherbal formulations were evaluated for its antibacterial
activity against Betadine (5%w/w) as the standard. All the formulations showed Predominant activity against
selected species. Formulations were also evaluated for anti-oxidant activity through reducing power assay, nitric oxide and
hydrogen peroxide scavenging method. The results showed that the scavenging activity of the formulations increased with
increase in concentration and this is due to the presence of flavanoids and tannins. The presence of both antibacterial and
antioxidant activity reveals that the prepared ointment can also be used for wound healing. Hence an attempt was made to
formulate a Polyherbal ointment, and to evaluate for its physical parameter, in-vitro anti-oxidant activity and to compare its
antibacterial activity with a marketed formulation (5% w/w Betadine).Overall result of this study reveals that this is an
effective Polyherbal antiseptic ointment.
Keywords: Eclipta alba, Ocimum sanctum, Azadiracta indica, Achyranthes aspera Formulations, Spread ability,
Extrudability
Phytochemical Analysis and Antibacterial Activity of Psidium Guajava against ...ijtsrd
The some plants have been good source of drugs for microbial resistance. The research for newer source of antibiotics is a global challenges in pharmaceutical companies. Present time plants are being extensively explored for harboring medicinal properties. Phytochemical are naturally occurring compounds present in the medicinal plants such as flavonoids, steroids, alkaloids and phenolic compounds. Psidium guajava is a phototherapeutic plant used in folk medicine and is believed to have active components that helps in treatment and management of various disease such as wounds, ulcers, etc. Guava extract has exhibited remarkable antimicrobial activity against microorganisms. This study investigates the phytochemical and antibacterial properties of Psidium guajava leaf extracts. Antibacterial activity at the plant extract were determined against K. pneumoniae, S. aureus, E. coli. Psidium guajava leaf extracts provided scientific evidence for the rational use of P. juajava leaves in prevention of disorders due to Presence of some useful phytochemicals and in the treatment of disease caused by some bacterial pathogens such as S. aureus, B. cereus, K. pneumonae, E. coli. The present work demonstrates the antimicrobial potential of Psidium guajava leaves extracts by using various solvents. Pooja Soudawat | Anand Verma "Phytochemical Analysis and Antibacterial Activity of Psidium Guajava against Some Clinical Pathogens" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29134.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/29134/phytochemical-analysis-and-antibacterial-activity-of-psidium-guajava-against-some-clinical-pathogens/pooja-soudawat
ABSTRACT- Mosquito-borne diseases have intruded the globe since immemorial time. The present scenario for
commanding the mosquitoes is aimed at application of target and stage-specific, cost-effective and biodegradable
phytoproducts. Plant extracts are safer for non-target organisms including man. Plant based formulations would be more
feasible environmental products with proven potential as insecticide. Therefore, in the present study of larvicidal
activity of biologically active compound Apigenin extracted from leaf of Jatropha gossypifolia against the filarial
vector, Culex quinquefasciatus was studied. Standard WHO protocols with minor modifications was adopted for the
larvicidal bioassay. The active compound Apigenin extracted through ethyl alcohol solvent from the leaf of Jatropha
gossypifolia plant of family Euphorbiaceae was administered for 24h or 96h to the larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus.
Exposure of larvae over 24h to sub-lethal doses (40% and 80% of LC50) of apigenin, significantly (P<0.05) altered the
level of total protein, total free amino acid, glycogen and activity of enzymes acetyl cholinesterase, acid and alkaline
phosphatase activity in whole body tissue of Culex quinquefasciatus larvae. The alterations in all these biochemical
parameters were significantly (P<0.05) time and dose dependent.
Key-words- Jatropha gossypifolia, Euphorbiaceae, Culex quinquefasciatus, biochemical effects, Wuchereria bancrofti
Mosquito larvicidal activity of leaf and seed extracts of Lantana camara on A...researchanimalsciences
Background and Objectives: This paper reports the toxicity of Lantana camara to developmental stages of the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti. Aqueous extracts of leaf and seed of the plant were also tested for their effect on the hatchability of mosquito egg and age at pupation and emergence.
Methods: Different concentrations of aqueous leaf and seed extract were prepared. The data of mortality rate were subjected to finney’s method of probit analysis. The plant was also tested for their effect on the hatchability of mosquito eggs.
Results: Percent log LC50 / 24 h values of the leaf and seed extracts of L. camara to IV instar larvae were 2.25 and 2.25 respectively. Percent hatchability of mosquito eggs was remarkably reduced when treated with higher concentration of the toxicants. Extended time of pupation and emergence was observed for the larvae reared in different concentrations of the plant extract.
Conclusion: The results suggested that leaf and seed extract of Lantana camera possessed remarkable larvicidal, ovicidal, and prolonged time of pupation and adult emergence against Aedes aegypti.
Article Citation:
Sathya K, Mohanraj RS, Dhanakkodi B .
Mosquito larvicidal activity of leaf and seed extracts of Lantana camara on Aedes aegypti.
Journal of Research in Animal Sciences (2012) 1(2): 040-047.
Full Text:
http://janimalsciences.com/documents/AS0013.pdf
Evaluation of herbicides and their combinations for weed control in wheat (Tr...IJEABJ
The field experiment was conducted at the Student’s Research Farm, P.G. Department of Agriculture, Khalsa College, Amritsar, Punjab, to study the evaluation of various herbicides and their combinations on wheat during 2016-17. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with seven treatments such as weed free, weedy check, pendimethalin 2.5L/ha, pendimethalin 2.5L/ha + clodinofop 400 g/ha, pendimethalin 2.5L/ha + sulfosulfuron 32.5g/ha , pendimethalin 2.5L/ha + pinoxaden 1000 ml/ ha, pendimethalin 2.5L/ha + atlantis 400g/ha and replicated thrice. Results revealed that pendimethalin 2.5 L/ha + atlantis 400g/ha was found effective to control weed population and produced higher number of grains per ear and enhanced grain yield upto 62.3 per cent over weedy check.
Antifungal activity of psoralea corylifolia hairy root extract against sugarc...researchagriculture
Red rot disease is the major constraint for sugarcane production in India and the pathogen has gained virulence in recent years. About 33 % reduction in yield was observed and loss in sucrose and commercial cane sugar was estimated upto 32 to 50 % in average infections. The present investigation was carried out in sugarcane breeding institute, Coimbatore to study the effect of Psoralea corylifolia hairy root extract against high intensity Colletotrichum falcatum spore suspension (106 spores ml-1) causing red rot disease reaction in canes under Controlled Condition Treatment (CCT) Chamber. Nodal infection, green top, internodal discoloration and internal discoloration of the canes in CCT chamber were taken as the parameters for fixing the disease evaluation after 10 days of incubation. The results of CCT method authenticated the results obtained under laboratory conditions. The study revealed 100 per cent effectiveness of two per cent P. corylifolia hairy root extract over red rot pathogen infection when compared to canes treated only with spore suspension of C. falcatum.
Article Citation:
Rajkumar D and Murugesan R.
Antifungal Activity of Psoralea corylifolia Hairy Root Extract against Sugarcane Red Rot Pathogen under Controlled Condition Treatment Chamber.
Journal of Research in Agriculture (2013) 2(2): 173-179.
Full Text:
http://www.jagri.info/documents/AG0047.pdf
Bioactivity of Locally Available Plants on Cotton Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci an...IJEAB
Aqueous, diethyl ether, chloroform, petroleum ether, N-hexane and benzene extracts of locally available plant species were tested for phytochemical and insecticidal bioactivity against cotton whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, under controlled conditions. This study is within bioprospection context, for utilizing local plant species as alternative in sustainable agriculture development. The leaf and stem extract was used. The whole plant extract of T.procumbens followed by N.oleander and V.rosea showed repellent and toxic effect against adult and second nymphal instars. Leaf extract of all three plants showed high inhibition activity against nymphal instars. In case of flower extract less inhibition activity was shown respectively. Fungi which grow on the cotton plant was screened, characterized and checked for antifungal activity against the extracts of the plant material. Phytochemical analysis was also carried out by standard protocols.
Effect of spawned and simple casing on the biological efficiency of pink oyster mushroom Pleurotus eous was observed. The results exhibit that spawned casing not only takes lesser time for case run but also produces early primordial development. A positive response on mushroom biomass is also noticed in this technique.
Phytochemical, Proximate and Nutrient Analysis of Cassia Tora Seedsinventionjournals
Recently Proximate analysis and phytochemical analysis and nutrient analysis of seeds of Cassia tora L. from the campus of Government Vidharbha Institute of Science and Humanity, Amravati had been investigated. The seeds sample contained tannin, saponin, protein, steriods, terpenoids, carbohydrate, alkaloids, flavonoids and glycosides. Proximate analysis of moisture, ash, fat amd mineral analysis of calcium, magnesium, iron, nitrogen and solubility were check. The values of it is moisture (56%), cold water (52%), hot water (54%), 1%NaOH (43%), 1%HCl (61%), benzene +alcohol (35%), ash content (17%). These results indicate that the seeds of these Cassia tora L. contains mineral and nutrients elements that will be useful in nutrition. Also the existence of some phytochemicals like tannin, saponin and steroids illustrated medicinal action of the plant in its therapeutic uses. The result of their phytochemcial screening could justify the observed activities and validate their use in herbal medicine.
Abstract— The aim of the present investigation was to assess the suitability of textile mill effluent (TME) (untreated) at different concentrations (Control, 2.5, 5, 15, 25, 50 75, and 100%) for irrigation purposes. Effect of textile mill effluent on seed germination, shoot and root length, fresh and dry weight, number of leaves, total leaf area, number of root nodules and pigments of chlorophyll ‘a’, chlorophyll ‘b’ and total chlorophyll of cow pea was studied at 15th DAS of seedlings. All morphological growth parameters, pigment contents, were found to increase at 5% textile mill effluent concentration and it decreased from 10% effluent concentration onwards. So these results reflect that the textile mill effluent is toxic to crop and it can be used for irrigation purpose after a proper treatment with appropriate dilution.
The Potential of Heliotropium indicum and Chili Pepper Extracts to Control Af...Premier Publishers
The experiment examined the potential of some organic extracts to control African army worm on maize plantations. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) consisting of four treatments each replicated four times. Treatments consisted of extracts from the leaves of Heliotropium indicum (HE), extract from dried chilli pepper (CPE), combination of H.indicum with dried chilli pepper extract (HE + CPE) and Cypermethrine (CP) insecticide incorporated in the study for comparison with the botanicals and the untreated check as control (CL). A susceptible and improved maize variety SAMARU 38 was used for the experiment. Data were collected on the following parameters for each treatment: Number of plants infested before and after treatment, percentage damage before and after treatment, total damage after treatment, percentage level of infestation after treatment, and percentage yield increase. All treatments at different plant growth stages reduced the number of holes on the maize plant and these values were significantly different from that of the untreated control plot. Field results indicated that extract of H. indicum, chili pepper and their combinations were effective in controlling army worm. Grain yield in extracts of H.indicum were higher than monocrotophos treatments and the untreated check. Incorporating the plant extracts treatments into sustainable maize production will help to improve the crop yield in resource-poor-farmers field, as well as increase monetary returns for their investment without altering the eco system.
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
An Approach to Improve Yield Parameters of Pleurotus florida Strain P1Dr. siddhant
Aim: The efficient mushroom production involves many factors of which spawn production, culture methods and substrate selection are of prime importance. The research has, therefore, been carried out to standardize these aspects in present communication, for production of Pleurotus florida Strain P1.
Materials and Methods: Various cereals (maize, oat, barley) and millets (Italian millets, Little millet, Pearl millet) were assessed against wheat grain spawn for enhancing yield and biological efficiency of mushroom. Most suitable wheat straw component among fine pieces of leaves and leaf sheath (0.2
cm), coarse pieces of leaves and leaf sheath (0.4 cm), small (1.0 cm) and large pieces of the stem (1.7 cm) were also evaluated for the manifestations above. Various culture methods viz., bag, column, wall and tray culture and few substrate mixtures (corncob + wheat straw, mango sawdust + wheat straw and rice husk + wheat straw) have also been taken to increase yield performance of mushroom.
Results: The result showed that barley and oat grains produced good quality spawn in terms of quick mycelial running on the grain surface (14 days each). These spawn produced acceleration of spawn running and increased yield, as compared to other types of spawn. When different components of wheat straw were evaluated for the yield performance of mushroom, the course pieces of the stem (1.0 cm) proved the most appropriate component in relation to very low/zero contamination along highest yield (819 gm) and biological efficiency (163.8%). In contrast, wheat straw and corn cob were
recognized as the best substrate combination with highest yield (707 gm) and biological efficiency (141.4%) of mushrooms. Among different culture techniques used, only the column method gave significant yield (930 gm) and biological efficiency (186%) with appropriate mushrooms sizes from
packaging point of view.
Conclusion: The results obtained during the study revealed that by adopting the composite approach, the growers enhance mushroom production in manyfolds. The mushroom is cultivated by following column method. The wheat straw devoid from pieces of leaf & leaf sheath should be utilized
as a substrate with corncob combination. It should be inoculated with oat/barley spawn to higher yield.
Harvesting of Spirulina platensis using an eco-friendly fungal bioflocculant ...MHAASAID
This study aimed to produce fungal biomass from agro-industrial by-products for later use as a bioflocculant in
the Spirulina harvesting. The production of fungal biomass from Aspergillus niger was carried out in submerged
fermentation, using media composed of wheat bran and/or potato peel. Fungal biomass was used as a bioflocculant in Spirulina cultures carried out in closed 5 L reactors and 180 L open raceway pond operated in batch
and semi-continuous processes, respectively. Fungal biomass was able to harvest Spirulina platensis cultures with
A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the nematicidal efficacy of a biocontrol agent, Pseudomonas flourescens for the management of root-knot nematode, Meloidogyneincognita on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cv.‘Avarodhi’ under glasshouse conditions. All the treatments were found to significantly improve the growth and physiological parameters of chickpea and reduction in pathological parameters as compare to untreated inoculated control. The highest improvement was observed in those plants treated with P. flourescens alone. Concomitant and sequential inoculation of P. flourescens with M.incognita also showed significant improvement in growth parameters of chickpea. Least enhancement in growth parameters was observed in those plants inoculated with nematode alone. It may be due to the nematcidal behaviour of P. flourescens against root-knot nematode, M. incognita. Hence, it may be concluded that P. flourescens as biocontrol agent is better substitute against chemical nematicides for the sustainable management of M. incognita and reduce environmental hazards.
Identification and evaluation of antifungal compounds from botanicals for the...researchagriculture
Red rot is a devastating disease in sugarcane caused by fungus, Colletotrichum falcatum. In this study, eighteen different botanicals were screened for identifying effective antifungal compound against C. falcatum. Among the plants screened, 15 per cent aqueous leaf extract of Psoralea corylifolia alone inhibited 100 per cent growth of both mycelium as well as spore germination under in vitro conditions. The extract did not exhibit any inhibitory effect to the beneficial microbes viz., Pseudomonas fluorescens, Bacillus megaterium and Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus which are normally used in sugarcane. The effective plant extracts exhibiting 100 per cent antifungal activity was subjected to TLC, HPLC and GC-MS analysis to identify the bioactive antifungal compound. It revealed the presence of 7H-furo [3,2-G] (1) benzopyran-7-one as main bioactive compound which is thought to be the intermediate of antifungal compound, 8 – methoxypsoralen formed during biosynthesis.
Article Citation:
Rajkumar D and Murugesan R.
Identification and Evaluation of Antifungal Compounds from Botanicals for the Control of Sugarcane Red Rot Pathogen, Colletotrichum falcatum.
Journal of Research in Agriculture (2013) 2(1): 164-172.
Full Text:
http://www.jagri.info/documents/AG0044.pdf
The Medicinal Plant of Mimusops Elengi (Sapodaceae) in Antimicrobial ActivitiesIJERA Editor
The selected study area for this study is Pachaimalai Hills, situated in Eastern ghats of Tamil Nadu. This study
was focussed on the antimicrobial activity of Mimosopselengi, one of the medicinal plant belongs to the family
sapotaceae. It is a tropically distributed the highly medicinal plant. Antimicrobial activities and extracts of
petroleum ether, Ethyl acetate and methanol were also found to be better with respect to inhibitory function
against the two fungal species, Fusarium oxysporum and Aspergillus flavus. The study scientifically validates
the use of plant in traditional and ethno medicine. Three solvents such as Petroleum ether, Ethyl acetate and
Ethanol were used to take plant extract. These extracts were studied for antimicrobial activity against two gram
positive bacterial strains such as Bacillus substilis andBacillus thuriengensis and two gram negative bacterial
strains such as Klebsiella pneumonia and Escherichia coli. This study also extended to find antifungal activity
against four fungal strains
PHYTO-NUTRITIONAL PROFILES OF BROOM WEED (SIDA ACUTA) LEAF EXTRACTSubmissionResearchpa
Medicinal plants are abundant in phytochemicals that has significant therapeutic effects. They are relatively cheap, effective and safe in prolong use. This experiment was carried out to investigate the phyto-nutritional profile of broom weed (Sida acuta) leaf extract. Proximate analysis Sida acuta leaf indicated the presence of dry matter (91.88 %), crude protein (18.01 %), ash (9.73 %), crude fibre (6.24 %), ether extract (1.77 %) and energy (2760 Kcal/kg). Phytochemical screening of the extract revealed the presence of condensed tannins, hydrolysable tannins, flavonoids, saponins, phenols, oxalate, phytate, alkaloids, terpenoids and glycosides at 0.82 %, 2.02 %, 4.25 %, 0.20 %, 0.17 %, 0.05 %, 0.23 %, 0.22 %, 0.95 % and 0.02 % respectively and the vitamin constituents are thiamine (0.33 mg/100g), ascorbic acid (30.17 mg/100g), riboflavin (0.05 mg/100g), β-carotene (0.79 mg/100g) and niacin (0.41 mg/100g). Mineral analysis showed that it contained calcium (127.6 mg/100g), phosphorus (78.6 mg/100g), potassium (31.6 mg/100g), magnesium (102.1 mg/100g), iron (2.14 mg/100g), manganese (0.60 mg/100g), copper (0.04 mg/100g) and zinc (1.75 mg/100g). Result on amino acid composition showed that they contained lysine (2.11 mg/100g), arginine (1.77 mg/100g), aspartic acid (2.13 mg/100g), threonine (1.85 mg/100g), histidine (4.71 mg/100g), serine (2.03 mg/100g), glycine (1.05 mg/100g), alanine (3.31 mg/100g), cystine (5.06 mg/100g), valine (0.88 mg/100g), leucine (2.04 mg/100g), phenyalanine (4.72 mg/100g), tyrosine (3.51 mg/100g), isoleucine (2.84 mg/100g), methionine (0.85 mg/100g) and proline (1.05 mg/100g). It was concluded that Sida acuta leaf extract is rich in various nutrients and phytochemicals conferring it the ability to perform multiple biological activities and as a natural alternative to antibiotics. by Shittu, M. D and Alagbe, J.O 2020. PHYTO-NUTRITIONAL PROFILES OF BROOM WEED (SIDA ACUTA) LEAF EXTRACT. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 11 (Nov. 2020), 119-124. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i11.845. https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/845/806 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/845
ABSTRACT- Background: Declining trend in semen quality is receiving attention worldwide. The aim of the study to investigate the role of lifestyle factors with respect to semen quality.
Methods: Semen samples were collected from 351 male partners attending OPD of Obstetrics and Gynecology at civil hospital and IKD hospital, Ahmedabad, India. They were subjected to assess the quality of semen according to WHO criteria and semen quality were analyzed with respect to self reported history of tobacco smoking and/or chewing and alcohol consumption as lifestyle factors.
Results: The result revealed that sperm count was lower in subjects with habit of tobacco smoking, chewing and alcohol consumption as compared to subjects without such habits and decline was found statistically significant among smokers. Total progressive motility and normal morphology percentage was significantly decreased in tobacco chewers compared to non-chewers. Further analysis of data with respect to alcohol consumption indicated non-significantly lower total progressive motility and normal sperm morphology percentage as compared to subjects with no such habit.
Conclusion: The data obtained suggested, the role of lifestyle factors especially tobacco smoking and chewing in declining semen quality.
Key-words- Semen quality, Tobacco, Alcohol, Lifestyle, Sperm motility, Smoking
A B S T R A C T
The main objective of the present study is to formulate and evaluate a poly herbal ointment with antiseptic activity.
Ointments were formulated using methanolic extracts of Eclipta alba, Ocimum sanctum, Azadiracta indica and Achyranthes
aspera which were evaluated for its physicochemical property, antibacterial and antioxidant activity. Ointments were
prepared using different concentrations of the extracts such as 2%, 4%, 6% w/w by fusion method using emulsifying
ointment as base. Formulations were then tested for its physicochemical properties which gave satisfactory results. The
prepared formulations were also stable at 4ºC, 25ºC and 37ºC. Further, Polyherbal formulations were evaluated for its antibacterial
activity against Betadine (5%w/w) as the standard. All the formulations showed Predominant activity against
selected species. Formulations were also evaluated for anti-oxidant activity through reducing power assay, nitric oxide and
hydrogen peroxide scavenging method. The results showed that the scavenging activity of the formulations increased with
increase in concentration and this is due to the presence of flavanoids and tannins. The presence of both antibacterial and
antioxidant activity reveals that the prepared ointment can also be used for wound healing. Hence an attempt was made to
formulate a Polyherbal ointment, and to evaluate for its physical parameter, in-vitro anti-oxidant activity and to compare its
antibacterial activity with a marketed formulation (5% w/w Betadine).Overall result of this study reveals that this is an
effective Polyherbal antiseptic ointment.
Keywords: Eclipta alba, Ocimum sanctum, Azadiracta indica, Achyranthes aspera Formulations, Spread ability,
Extrudability
Phytochemical Analysis and Antibacterial Activity of Psidium Guajava against ...ijtsrd
The some plants have been good source of drugs for microbial resistance. The research for newer source of antibiotics is a global challenges in pharmaceutical companies. Present time plants are being extensively explored for harboring medicinal properties. Phytochemical are naturally occurring compounds present in the medicinal plants such as flavonoids, steroids, alkaloids and phenolic compounds. Psidium guajava is a phototherapeutic plant used in folk medicine and is believed to have active components that helps in treatment and management of various disease such as wounds, ulcers, etc. Guava extract has exhibited remarkable antimicrobial activity against microorganisms. This study investigates the phytochemical and antibacterial properties of Psidium guajava leaf extracts. Antibacterial activity at the plant extract were determined against K. pneumoniae, S. aureus, E. coli. Psidium guajava leaf extracts provided scientific evidence for the rational use of P. juajava leaves in prevention of disorders due to Presence of some useful phytochemicals and in the treatment of disease caused by some bacterial pathogens such as S. aureus, B. cereus, K. pneumonae, E. coli. The present work demonstrates the antimicrobial potential of Psidium guajava leaves extracts by using various solvents. Pooja Soudawat | Anand Verma "Phytochemical Analysis and Antibacterial Activity of Psidium Guajava against Some Clinical Pathogens" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29134.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/29134/phytochemical-analysis-and-antibacterial-activity-of-psidium-guajava-against-some-clinical-pathogens/pooja-soudawat
ABSTRACT- Mosquito-borne diseases have intruded the globe since immemorial time. The present scenario for
commanding the mosquitoes is aimed at application of target and stage-specific, cost-effective and biodegradable
phytoproducts. Plant extracts are safer for non-target organisms including man. Plant based formulations would be more
feasible environmental products with proven potential as insecticide. Therefore, in the present study of larvicidal
activity of biologically active compound Apigenin extracted from leaf of Jatropha gossypifolia against the filarial
vector, Culex quinquefasciatus was studied. Standard WHO protocols with minor modifications was adopted for the
larvicidal bioassay. The active compound Apigenin extracted through ethyl alcohol solvent from the leaf of Jatropha
gossypifolia plant of family Euphorbiaceae was administered for 24h or 96h to the larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus.
Exposure of larvae over 24h to sub-lethal doses (40% and 80% of LC50) of apigenin, significantly (P<0.05) altered the
level of total protein, total free amino acid, glycogen and activity of enzymes acetyl cholinesterase, acid and alkaline
phosphatase activity in whole body tissue of Culex quinquefasciatus larvae. The alterations in all these biochemical
parameters were significantly (P<0.05) time and dose dependent.
Key-words- Jatropha gossypifolia, Euphorbiaceae, Culex quinquefasciatus, biochemical effects, Wuchereria bancrofti
Mosquito larvicidal activity of leaf and seed extracts of Lantana camara on A...researchanimalsciences
Background and Objectives: This paper reports the toxicity of Lantana camara to developmental stages of the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti. Aqueous extracts of leaf and seed of the plant were also tested for their effect on the hatchability of mosquito egg and age at pupation and emergence.
Methods: Different concentrations of aqueous leaf and seed extract were prepared. The data of mortality rate were subjected to finney’s method of probit analysis. The plant was also tested for their effect on the hatchability of mosquito eggs.
Results: Percent log LC50 / 24 h values of the leaf and seed extracts of L. camara to IV instar larvae were 2.25 and 2.25 respectively. Percent hatchability of mosquito eggs was remarkably reduced when treated with higher concentration of the toxicants. Extended time of pupation and emergence was observed for the larvae reared in different concentrations of the plant extract.
Conclusion: The results suggested that leaf and seed extract of Lantana camera possessed remarkable larvicidal, ovicidal, and prolonged time of pupation and adult emergence against Aedes aegypti.
Article Citation:
Sathya K, Mohanraj RS, Dhanakkodi B .
Mosquito larvicidal activity of leaf and seed extracts of Lantana camara on Aedes aegypti.
Journal of Research in Animal Sciences (2012) 1(2): 040-047.
Full Text:
http://janimalsciences.com/documents/AS0013.pdf
Evaluation of herbicides and their combinations for weed control in wheat (Tr...IJEABJ
The field experiment was conducted at the Student’s Research Farm, P.G. Department of Agriculture, Khalsa College, Amritsar, Punjab, to study the evaluation of various herbicides and their combinations on wheat during 2016-17. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with seven treatments such as weed free, weedy check, pendimethalin 2.5L/ha, pendimethalin 2.5L/ha + clodinofop 400 g/ha, pendimethalin 2.5L/ha + sulfosulfuron 32.5g/ha , pendimethalin 2.5L/ha + pinoxaden 1000 ml/ ha, pendimethalin 2.5L/ha + atlantis 400g/ha and replicated thrice. Results revealed that pendimethalin 2.5 L/ha + atlantis 400g/ha was found effective to control weed population and produced higher number of grains per ear and enhanced grain yield upto 62.3 per cent over weedy check.
Antifungal activity of psoralea corylifolia hairy root extract against sugarc...researchagriculture
Red rot disease is the major constraint for sugarcane production in India and the pathogen has gained virulence in recent years. About 33 % reduction in yield was observed and loss in sucrose and commercial cane sugar was estimated upto 32 to 50 % in average infections. The present investigation was carried out in sugarcane breeding institute, Coimbatore to study the effect of Psoralea corylifolia hairy root extract against high intensity Colletotrichum falcatum spore suspension (106 spores ml-1) causing red rot disease reaction in canes under Controlled Condition Treatment (CCT) Chamber. Nodal infection, green top, internodal discoloration and internal discoloration of the canes in CCT chamber were taken as the parameters for fixing the disease evaluation after 10 days of incubation. The results of CCT method authenticated the results obtained under laboratory conditions. The study revealed 100 per cent effectiveness of two per cent P. corylifolia hairy root extract over red rot pathogen infection when compared to canes treated only with spore suspension of C. falcatum.
Article Citation:
Rajkumar D and Murugesan R.
Antifungal Activity of Psoralea corylifolia Hairy Root Extract against Sugarcane Red Rot Pathogen under Controlled Condition Treatment Chamber.
Journal of Research in Agriculture (2013) 2(2): 173-179.
Full Text:
http://www.jagri.info/documents/AG0047.pdf
Bioactivity of Locally Available Plants on Cotton Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci an...IJEAB
Aqueous, diethyl ether, chloroform, petroleum ether, N-hexane and benzene extracts of locally available plant species were tested for phytochemical and insecticidal bioactivity against cotton whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, under controlled conditions. This study is within bioprospection context, for utilizing local plant species as alternative in sustainable agriculture development. The leaf and stem extract was used. The whole plant extract of T.procumbens followed by N.oleander and V.rosea showed repellent and toxic effect against adult and second nymphal instars. Leaf extract of all three plants showed high inhibition activity against nymphal instars. In case of flower extract less inhibition activity was shown respectively. Fungi which grow on the cotton plant was screened, characterized and checked for antifungal activity against the extracts of the plant material. Phytochemical analysis was also carried out by standard protocols.
Effect of spawned and simple casing on the biological efficiency of pink oyster mushroom Pleurotus eous was observed. The results exhibit that spawned casing not only takes lesser time for case run but also produces early primordial development. A positive response on mushroom biomass is also noticed in this technique.
Phytochemical, Proximate and Nutrient Analysis of Cassia Tora Seedsinventionjournals
Recently Proximate analysis and phytochemical analysis and nutrient analysis of seeds of Cassia tora L. from the campus of Government Vidharbha Institute of Science and Humanity, Amravati had been investigated. The seeds sample contained tannin, saponin, protein, steriods, terpenoids, carbohydrate, alkaloids, flavonoids and glycosides. Proximate analysis of moisture, ash, fat amd mineral analysis of calcium, magnesium, iron, nitrogen and solubility were check. The values of it is moisture (56%), cold water (52%), hot water (54%), 1%NaOH (43%), 1%HCl (61%), benzene +alcohol (35%), ash content (17%). These results indicate that the seeds of these Cassia tora L. contains mineral and nutrients elements that will be useful in nutrition. Also the existence of some phytochemicals like tannin, saponin and steroids illustrated medicinal action of the plant in its therapeutic uses. The result of their phytochemcial screening could justify the observed activities and validate their use in herbal medicine.
Abstract— The aim of the present investigation was to assess the suitability of textile mill effluent (TME) (untreated) at different concentrations (Control, 2.5, 5, 15, 25, 50 75, and 100%) for irrigation purposes. Effect of textile mill effluent on seed germination, shoot and root length, fresh and dry weight, number of leaves, total leaf area, number of root nodules and pigments of chlorophyll ‘a’, chlorophyll ‘b’ and total chlorophyll of cow pea was studied at 15th DAS of seedlings. All morphological growth parameters, pigment contents, were found to increase at 5% textile mill effluent concentration and it decreased from 10% effluent concentration onwards. So these results reflect that the textile mill effluent is toxic to crop and it can be used for irrigation purpose after a proper treatment with appropriate dilution.
The Potential of Heliotropium indicum and Chili Pepper Extracts to Control Af...Premier Publishers
The experiment examined the potential of some organic extracts to control African army worm on maize plantations. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) consisting of four treatments each replicated four times. Treatments consisted of extracts from the leaves of Heliotropium indicum (HE), extract from dried chilli pepper (CPE), combination of H.indicum with dried chilli pepper extract (HE + CPE) and Cypermethrine (CP) insecticide incorporated in the study for comparison with the botanicals and the untreated check as control (CL). A susceptible and improved maize variety SAMARU 38 was used for the experiment. Data were collected on the following parameters for each treatment: Number of plants infested before and after treatment, percentage damage before and after treatment, total damage after treatment, percentage level of infestation after treatment, and percentage yield increase. All treatments at different plant growth stages reduced the number of holes on the maize plant and these values were significantly different from that of the untreated control plot. Field results indicated that extract of H. indicum, chili pepper and their combinations were effective in controlling army worm. Grain yield in extracts of H.indicum were higher than monocrotophos treatments and the untreated check. Incorporating the plant extracts treatments into sustainable maize production will help to improve the crop yield in resource-poor-farmers field, as well as increase monetary returns for their investment without altering the eco system.
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
An Approach to Improve Yield Parameters of Pleurotus florida Strain P1Dr. siddhant
Aim: The efficient mushroom production involves many factors of which spawn production, culture methods and substrate selection are of prime importance. The research has, therefore, been carried out to standardize these aspects in present communication, for production of Pleurotus florida Strain P1.
Materials and Methods: Various cereals (maize, oat, barley) and millets (Italian millets, Little millet, Pearl millet) were assessed against wheat grain spawn for enhancing yield and biological efficiency of mushroom. Most suitable wheat straw component among fine pieces of leaves and leaf sheath (0.2
cm), coarse pieces of leaves and leaf sheath (0.4 cm), small (1.0 cm) and large pieces of the stem (1.7 cm) were also evaluated for the manifestations above. Various culture methods viz., bag, column, wall and tray culture and few substrate mixtures (corncob + wheat straw, mango sawdust + wheat straw and rice husk + wheat straw) have also been taken to increase yield performance of mushroom.
Results: The result showed that barley and oat grains produced good quality spawn in terms of quick mycelial running on the grain surface (14 days each). These spawn produced acceleration of spawn running and increased yield, as compared to other types of spawn. When different components of wheat straw were evaluated for the yield performance of mushroom, the course pieces of the stem (1.0 cm) proved the most appropriate component in relation to very low/zero contamination along highest yield (819 gm) and biological efficiency (163.8%). In contrast, wheat straw and corn cob were
recognized as the best substrate combination with highest yield (707 gm) and biological efficiency (141.4%) of mushrooms. Among different culture techniques used, only the column method gave significant yield (930 gm) and biological efficiency (186%) with appropriate mushrooms sizes from
packaging point of view.
Conclusion: The results obtained during the study revealed that by adopting the composite approach, the growers enhance mushroom production in manyfolds. The mushroom is cultivated by following column method. The wheat straw devoid from pieces of leaf & leaf sheath should be utilized
as a substrate with corncob combination. It should be inoculated with oat/barley spawn to higher yield.
Harvesting of Spirulina platensis using an eco-friendly fungal bioflocculant ...MHAASAID
This study aimed to produce fungal biomass from agro-industrial by-products for later use as a bioflocculant in
the Spirulina harvesting. The production of fungal biomass from Aspergillus niger was carried out in submerged
fermentation, using media composed of wheat bran and/or potato peel. Fungal biomass was used as a bioflocculant in Spirulina cultures carried out in closed 5 L reactors and 180 L open raceway pond operated in batch
and semi-continuous processes, respectively. Fungal biomass was able to harvest Spirulina platensis cultures with
A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the nematicidal efficacy of a biocontrol agent, Pseudomonas flourescens for the management of root-knot nematode, Meloidogyneincognita on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cv.‘Avarodhi’ under glasshouse conditions. All the treatments were found to significantly improve the growth and physiological parameters of chickpea and reduction in pathological parameters as compare to untreated inoculated control. The highest improvement was observed in those plants treated with P. flourescens alone. Concomitant and sequential inoculation of P. flourescens with M.incognita also showed significant improvement in growth parameters of chickpea. Least enhancement in growth parameters was observed in those plants inoculated with nematode alone. It may be due to the nematcidal behaviour of P. flourescens against root-knot nematode, M. incognita. Hence, it may be concluded that P. flourescens as biocontrol agent is better substitute against chemical nematicides for the sustainable management of M. incognita and reduce environmental hazards.
— Post-harvest diseases are a major problem for banana yield. Despite treatments with chemical fungicides, a persistence of diseases is noticed. This study aims at proposing a biological control method against banana post-harvest diseases by using banana rachis leachate. The effect of leachate has been tested in vitro on mycelial growth, conidial germination and in vivo on pathogenic fungi virulence. All leachate concentrations (5, 15 and 20%) tested showed antifungal activity on the tested fungi. However, the 20% concentration was more effective with complete inhibition of mycelial growth and conidial germination of all fungi. No symptoms of crown rot and anthracnose were observed after treatment of bananas with leachate. However, with azoxystrobin, the prevalence of crown rot and anthracnose was 60% and 30%, respectively. Banana rachis leachate recorded highly significant reduction of banana finger rot prevalence compared to azoxystrobin. Banana rachis leachate have strong antifungal properties that may be useful to control banana post-harvest disease as a safe alternative option to chemical fungicides Keywords— banana; post-harvest diseases; banana rachis leachate, antifungal activity.
Efficacy of Microbial Biopesticide Formulations in the control of Xanthomonas...Open Access Research Paper
The cashew tree (Anacardium occidentale L.) occupies an important place in the world because of its cashew nut. However, its cultivation is confronted with bacteriosis, a bacterial disease caused by Xanthomonas citri pv. Mangiferaeindicae. This disease is one of the main causes of the low yield per hectare of cashew nuts, which fluctuates between 350 and 500 kg/ha. In view of this, it is wise to find ways of controlling this disease. It is in this context the objective of this work was to produce bio-formulations based on bacteria isolated from the rhizosphere of cashew trees, in order to evaluate their effectiveness on the growth of the agent responsible for cashew bacteriosis (Xanthomonas citri pv. Mangiferaeindicae). Thus, two liquid formulations were made from Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus subtilis isolated from the rhizosphere of cashew. Stability, in vitro antagonism and biocontrol tests against Xanthomonas citri pv. Mangiferaeindicae were performed. The results obtained showed an inhibition of the Xanthomonas citri pv. Mangiferaeindicae bacterium with inhibition zones of 8.13 ± 2.1 and 25.20 ± 3.9 mm in diameter respectively for the products formulated with Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas fluorescens. In biocontrol tests, both formulated products showed their ability to protect cashew plants against bacterial blight with reduction rates of 80.95 ± 2.3 % and 73.80 ± 5.2% for the Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus subtilis formulations, respectively. These two formulations of bacterial, once tested in cashew plantations, could be used in the biological control of cashew bacterial blight in Côte d’Ivoire.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Identification and Evaluation of Antifungal Compounds from Botanicals for th...researchagriculture
Red rot is a devastating disease in sugarcane caused by fungus,
Colletotrichum
falcatum
. In this study, eighteen different botanicals were screened for
identifying effective antifungal compound against
C.
falcatum.
Among the plants
screened, 15 per cent aqueous leaf extract of
Psoralea corylifolia
alone inhibited 100
per cent growth of both mycelium as well as spore germination under
in vitro
conditions. The extract did not exhibit any inhibitory effect to the beneficial microbes
viz.
,
Pseudomonas fluorescens
,
Bacillus megaterium
and
Gluconacetobacter
diazotrophicus
which are normally used in sugarcane. The effective plant extracts
exhibiting 100 per cent antifungal activity was subjected to TLC, HPLC and GC
-
MS
analysis to identify the bioactive antifungal compound. It revealed the
presence of
7H
-
furo [3,2
-
G] (1) benzopyran
-
7
-
one as main bioactive compound which is thought to be
the intermediate of antifungal compound, 8
–
methoxypsoralen formed during
biosynthesis.
A Study on the Removal of Pesticide Residues on Potatoes Using Moringa oleife...AI Publications
Moringa oleifera (MO) is a plant whose seeds possess strong coagulation properties capable of removing turbidity and heavy metals from water. In this study, the effectiveness of MO seeds as a potential pesticide removal apparatus for agricultural produce was investigated. The parameters of interest for each pesticide washing solution were pesticide-concentration reduction, cost, and taste alteration to the potatoes. Separate doses of 0.25 mL profenofos 500 EC were individually applied to distinct 250 g pesticide-free potato piles. A submersion of each tainted potato pile was carried out in one of the chosen pesticide baths (mineral water, 2% salt solution, 10% salt solution, vegetable bath wash, and 10 g MO seed) for 10 min, followed by a 10 second mineral water bath rinse. Remaining profenofos residue concentrations on potatoes were quantified using the quick, easy, cheap, rugged, and simple QuEChERs method coincided with High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The experiments showed that the MO seed was the most effective at removing profenofos at 52.9% followed by the vegetable bath at 47.3%. Neither method caused an alteration in food taste, but the MO seed method is significantly cheaper at 2,000/L IDR ($0.14 USD) compared to the vegetable bath at IDR 10,668/L ($0.77 USD) at the time of the experiment, respectively.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Bio efficacy of pseudomonas fluorescens isolated from chickpea fields as plan...Shazia Shahzaman
Chickpea is an economically important food crop, which is subjected to infection by a host of fungal, viral and bacterial pathogens. Thirty isolates of Pseudomonas fluorescens were isolated from the rhizosphere of Chickpea fields. These were tested against F. oxysporum in dual culture method. Among these, four (Pf 1, Pf 3, Pf 5 and Pf
8) isolates were showed bright fluorescence under UV light were further tested. All the cultural and biochemical studies confirmed them to be P. fluorescens. The isolates also showed positive response for siderophore production and plant growth promoting activity on Chickpea cultivar Bital 98. Among these isolates Pf 3 and Pf 5 shown significant results by increasing root length and shoot length. Both the Pf 3 and Pf 5 isolates were found significantly superior than other isolates in increasing the shoot length (12.7 cm) and root length (24.5 cm) over control. The isolates Pf 3 was recorded high vigor index (3830) followed by Pf 5 (3648). The least vigor index was recorded by Pf 1 (2631).
Plant Growth-Promoting Activities and Molecular Characterization of Rhizobact...IOSR Journals
Rhizosphere bacteria are known to influence plant growth by direct and indirect mechanisms. Development of an effective plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) inoculant necessitates the presence of a diverse set of traits that can help its colonization of the rhizosphere and survival under varying environmental conditions. In the present study, a total of 219 bacterial strains isolated from the rhizosphere of different medicinal and aromatic plants collected from different locations of Andhra Pradesh (India) were initially screened for their PGP activities. From the 219 isolates four bacterial strains were selected and tested for in vitro specific plant growth promotion activities such as ammonia production, IAA production, phosphate solubilization, HCN production and antifungal activity. These four isolates showed maximum plant growth promoting activities and further they were identified on the basis of colony morphology, gram staining and biochemical tests. These PGPR isolates were characterized through 16S rRNA gene sequencing which led to their identification as Pantoea sp. (Cf 7), Bacillus sp. (Cf 60) and Pseudomonas sp. (Te1, Av 30) respectively. Seed germination test was conducted by employing these strains under laboratory conditions on sorghum, maize and green gram seeds to investigate the effect of PGPR on the growth of seedlings. These PGPR isolates induced production of plant growth hormones (indole acetic acid), phosphate solubilization and ammonia production resulting in enhanced plant growth. Most of the isolates resulted in a significant increase in % of seed germination, shoot length, root length and vigor index of sorghum, maize and green gram seedlings. Therefore, the present study suggests that these PGPR isolates (Cf 7, Cf 60, Te1, Av 30) may be used as biofertilizers to enhance the growth and productivity of commercially important medicinal and aromatic plants.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Sclerotia production a way ahead to morchella cultivationDr. siddhant
Morchella, the true morels, belonging to Helvellaceae family of class Ascomycetes, are amongst the most highly prized fungi in the world. Their artificial production is still a challenge, even though patents for their cultivation do exist. The tissue of Morchella sp. was transferred aseptically to Potato Dextrose Agar medium (peeled, sliced and boiled potato, 200 g; dextrose, 20 g; agar, 20 g L-1) to grow hyphae. The mycelium showed fastest growth as compared to other edible mushrooms. It covered entire area of Petri plate (90 mm) within 4-5 days with the growth rate of 18-22.5mm/day. A unique growth pattern i.e. vertically oriented mycelia were
observed. Brown coloured pigmentation in the culture was also observed during the study. The basal media for spawn (wheat grains; Glucose, 1%, CaCO3, 2%; CaSO4, 1.5% and MgSO4, 1%) was aseptically inoculated with the mushroom culture. The spawn substrate was colonized by mushroom mycelium in 7-8 days. The sclerotia were formed in unused (old) spawn. Wheat
straw was used as a substrate for mushroom cultivation. It was supplemented with wheat bran, 20%, Glucose (1%) and MgSO4 (1%). It showed prolific growth when it was seeded by
mushroom spawn using jar method. Once substrate was fully covered with mushroom mycelium, casing was applied. Sclerotia were successfully obtained after 14 days of incubation in our experiment both in the substrate and casing soil but failed to give rise to fruiting primordial. Further research is going on to domesticate this species in this part of country.
A new filter for safe view of solar eclipseDr. siddhant
Looking directly at the sun can lead to permanent eye injury due to damage of light-sensitive rod and cone cells within the retina. There are two ways to look at the Sun safely: by observing the sun directly through a suitable filter, or by projecting the Sun’s reflection onto a piece of paper via handmade pinhole camera/ telescope. The present correspondence shows the specification for the development of an optical instrument for the direct observation of sun. For this device, commonly available solar control glass plates can be used. The design of this filter is based on the fact that both visible and UV radiation comply with the law of Reflection and Refraction of light. As light rays appeared on the glass plate, most of the rays pass through the glass after refraction. A portion of the incident ray is mirrored and goes out to the next glass panel, where the same thing is going to happen. Through this way, multiple glass plates reflect the light ray before diffuse light is received. Owing to the fact that diffuse reflection is responsible for the ability to see most illuminated objects, we will be able to see the dull image of sun directly through this filter during the solar eclipse.
A new filter for safe view of Solar EclipseDr. siddhant
Looking directly at the sun can lead to permanent eye injury due to damage of light-sensitive rod and cone cells within the retina. There are two ways to look at the Sun safely: by observing the sun directly through a suitable filter, or by projecting the Sun’s reflection onto a piece of paper via handmade pinhole camera/ telescope. The present correspondence shows the specification for the development of an optical instrument for the direct observation of sun. For this device, commonly available solar control glass plates can be used. The design of this filter is based on the fact that both visible and UV radiation comply with the law of Reflection and Refraction of light. As light rays appeared on the glass plate, most of the rays pass through the glass after refraction. A portion of the incident ray is mirrored and goes out to the next glass panel, where the same thing is going to happen. Through this way, multiple glass plates reflect the light ray before diffuse light is received. Owing to the fact that diffuse reflection is responsible for the ability to see most illuminated objects, we will be able to see the dull image of sun directly through this filter during the solar eclipse.
A new filter for safe view of Solar EclipseDr. siddhant
Looking directly at the sun can lead to permanent eye injury due to damage of light-sensitive rod and cone cells within the retina. There are two ways to look at the Sun safely: by observing the sun directly through a suitable filter, or by projecting the Sun’s reflection onto a piece of paper via handmade pinhole camera/ telescope. The present correspondence shows the specification for the development of an optical instrument for the direct observation of sun. For this device, commonly available solar control glass plates can be used. The design of this filter is based on the fact that both visible and UV radiation comply with the law of Reflection and Refraction of light. As light rays appeared on the glass plate, most of the rays pass through the glass after refraction. A portion of the incident ray is mirrored and goes out to the next glass panel, where the same thing is going to happen. Through this way, multiple glass plates reflect the light ray before diffuse light is received. Owing to the fact that diffuse reflection is responsible for the ability to see most illuminated objects, we will be able to see the dull image of sun directly through this filter during the solar eclipse.
Determination of the Paper Quality as a Substrate for Oyster Mushroom Cultiva...Dr. siddhant
Eight different kinds of papers, viz., glaze paper, brown paper, news paper, magazine paper, chart paper, kite paper, rough copy paper and A-4 size printing paper, and two types of cardboard viz., corrugated cardboard and card board were evaluated for different manifestations of white oyster
mushroom Pleurotus florida Strain-P1. Among them news paper was later treated as a control. The mushroom was utilized all the substrates for their growth and sporophore formation. Majority substrates were taken almost equal time for spawn run, primordial development and fruiting bodies
maturation. The measured parameters were net yield (Weight of fresh mushrooms), biological efficiency, number of fruiting bodies produced and average weight of sporophores varied among themselves. The crop of mushroom was harvested in three flushes where yield and biological efficiency ranged 190-495 gm, 38-99% for the substrate used. Magazine paper (450 gm; 90%) and card board (495 gm; 99%) produced significant (P=0.05) yield and biological efficiency over control.
They also produced significant number of mushroom fruit bodies (56 and 64, respectively). Corrugated cardboard (10.29 gm) was found significant in terms of average weight per sporocarp. The percentage yield of different substrates was also evaluated. Among the substrates, card board
contributed 14% of total mushroom production followed by magazine paper (13%) and news paper (12%).
Comparison of Growth and Development of Pleurotus florida against Wastes fr...Dr. siddhant
Two wastes from animal origin, viz., human hairs and egg shells were evaluated for different manifestations of white oyster mushroom, Pleurotus florida. The mushroom utilized both the substrates for their growth and sporophore formation. The mycelial growth was significantly (P=0.05) faster on egg shell (18 days) as compared to human hair (23 days). The crop of mushroom was harvested in four flushes where human hairs showed higher yield and biological efficiency of mushroom (165gm, 33%) than egg shells (155gm, 31%), respectively. In respect of yield parameters such as yield, biological efficiency, number of mushroom fruit bodies and average weight of sporophores, both the substrates were statistically at par to each other. Utilization of human hairs and egg shells by P. florida reveals a new strategy for mycoremediation of these wastes.
Wet rot disease of Cereus hexagonus and fruit rot of Syzygium cumini, new to ...Dr. siddhant
During an extensive survey of fungi from Faizabad (U.P.), the author came across two important diseases, viz., wet rot of Cereus hexagonus caused by Periconia byssoides Pers ex Me'rat and fruit rot of Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels caused by Rhizopus nigricans Ehrenb. ex Corda, new to India. The specimen has been deposited in the Department of Botany, K.S.S. P.G. College, Faizabad under Accession No. RSK 415 and 558.
Record of periconia byssoides on four o clock plant from indiaDr. siddhant
In September, 1978, the author observed plants of Mirabilis jalapa L. infected by wet disease at Faizabad. On examination the pathogen responsible for the disease was found to be Periconia byssoides Pers. ex Me'rat. The specimen has been deposited in the Department of Botany, K.S.S. P.G. College, Faizabad as Herbarium No. RSK-260. The present case is a new host record for India.
Periconia rot of capsicum annum in indiaDr. siddhant
Periconia byssoides is known to parasite a number of plants in India but so far not reported on Capsicum annuum L. The small spherical to irregular spots of light brown colour gradually enlarged and merged subsequently to form continuous dark brown to black patches on stem, leaves and fruits. The whole plant were soon infected and ultimately dried within 20-25 days. The damage was about 70-85 per cent. The fungus was isolated on PDA medium by usual methods. The specimen has been deposited (No. RSK-142) in the herbarium of Botany Department, K.S.S. P.G. College, Faizabad.
Cited this as: R.S. Kanaujia and R.S. Verma (1979): Periconia rot of Capsicum annuum in India. Indian Phytopathology. 32(3): 445.
In December 1978, the author observed the stored fruits of Citrus reticulata Blanco severely infected by a fungus causing soft rot in local fruit market of Faizabad. The entire fruit surface was densely covered by the fungus causing the rot. The fungus was isolated on PDA medium and identified as Trichoderma lignorum (Tode) harz.
In India, T. lignorum has been found on various substrates, viz., soil, rhizosphere region of Pennisetum typhoides, paddy straw of mushroom beds, phyllosphere of Impatiens balsamina and Citrus crysocarpa but not on Citrus reticulata and the present association is a new record for India.
Cited this as: R.S. Kanaujia (1979): Fruit rot of mandarin orange. Indian Phytopathology. 32(3):450.
Notes on a new fungal disease of alocasia indicaDr. siddhant
Short hole disease of Alocasia indica Schott, caused by Phoma exigua Desm., earlier unknown to India has been reported from Faizabad. The infection was chiefly confined to the margins of lamina. It started as small nonchlorophyllous spots near the fronds. The spots gradually enlarged irregularly upto 2-3 cm sq. area of the leaf, merged and in final stage, necrosis and then short holes appeared within a month. The pathogenicity tests performed by standard methods proved pathogenic nature of the fungus.
During survey of fungi causing disease in plants at Faizabad (U.P.), authors observed infection of wet rot disease on Amaranthus viridis L. plants growing as mixed crop with Abelmoschus esculentus at Ram Kote, Ayodhya of Faizabad district in September, 1976. The infection was severe during flowering when percentage of infection recorded was upto 60-70. The microscopic studies of the original specimen and that grown on Czapek's Agar Medium match with the description of Gilman for Choanephora cucurbitarum (Berk. & Rav.) Thaxter. The pathogenicity of the fungus was established. This is the first report of this fungus on Amaranthus viridis (Chaulai).
Abnormality in archegoniophore of marchantia polymorpha l.Dr. siddhant
Abnormality in the reproductive organs of different genera in order Marchantiales has been described by various workers. The specimen of Marchantia polymorpha L., collected from Mani parvat at Ayodhya in Faizabad exhibits the emergence of an abnormal vegetative branch with gemma cup from the upper half of the archegoniophore. This has been described for the first time from U.P. plains.
Effect of cereal, millet and legume bran supplement on yield and biological e...Dr. siddhant
Different bran, viz., wheat, rice, maize, barley (cereal bran), sorghum (millet bran) pea, gram and pigeon pea (legume bran) were evaluated as supplement @ 10% on dry weight basis of substrate for enhancing yield and biological efficiency of Pleurotus flabellatus. Among the bran used, wheat, rice, sorghum, pea and pigeon pea bran produced significant yield and biological efficiency of mushroom than the control. It was recorded maximum in rice bran (655 g, 131%) followed by wheat bran (615 g, 123%), pea bran (600 g, 120%), pigeon pea bran (595 g, 109%) and sorghum bran (580 g, 116%). Significantly (P=0.05) higher weight/sporocarp was obtained from the barley (12.50 g), pea (13.63 g) and pigeon pea bran (15.42 g) while none of them produced significant no of sporocarp.
Studies on some viable aspects of cultivation of white button mushroom (Agari...Dr. siddhant
Cited this as : Verma R.A., C.S. Singh and R.S. Kanaujia (2005). Studies on some viable aspects of cultivation of white button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) (Lange) Singer. In: Biological Diversity: Current Trends. S.P. Gautam, Y.K. Bansal and A.K. Pandey (Eds.) pp.84-95. Shree Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi.
Diversity of rust fungi in oudh region of uttar pradeshDr. siddhant
Cited this as: Kanaujia R.S. and C.K. Yadav (2003): Diversity of rust fungi in Oudh region of Uttar Pradesh. In: Frontiers of Fungal Diversity in India. G.P. Rao, C. Manoharachari, D.J. Bhat, R.C. Rajak and T.N. Lakhanpal (Eds.) pp. 271-295. International Book Distributing Co., Lucknow (India).
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
A Modified Approach in Substrate Preparation Technique for Small Scale Oyster Mushroom Farming
1. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________
*Corresponding author: Email: siddhant.ani@gmail.com;
Asian Journal of Agricultural and Horticultural Research
2(2): 1-5, 2018; Article no.AJAHR.44907
ISSN: 2581-4478
A Modified Approach in Substrate Preparation
Technique for Small Scale Oyster Mushroom
Farming
Siddhant1*
, O. P. Ukaogo2
and S. S. Walakulu Gamage3
1
Department of Botany, Durgesh Nandini Degree College, Faizabad (U.P.), India.
2
Environmental/Analytical Units, Department of Industrial Chemistry, Abia State University, Nigeria.
3
Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Ruhana, Matara, Sri Lanka.
Authors’ contributions
This work was carried out in collaboration between all authors. All authors read and approved the final
manuscript.
Article Information
DOI: 10.9734/AJAHR/2018/44907
Editor(s):
(1) Dr. Ahmed Medhat Mohamed Al-Naggar, Professor of Plant Breeding, Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture,
Cairo University, Egypt.
Reviewers:
(1) Tajudeen Yahaya, Federal University Birnin Kebbi, Nigeria.
(2) Teodoro Bernabé-González, Autonomous University of Guerrero, Mexico.
Complete Peer review History: http://www.sciencedomain.org/review-history/26942
Received 13 August 2018
Accepted 26 October 2018
Published 31 October 2018
ABSTRACT
Aims: Cultivation of oyster mushrooms has increased vastly in a global scale during last few
decades. Contaminants and indigenous microflora present in the substrate may led to the low
productivity of mushrooms. Keeping this in mind, the present study was under-taken with slight
modification in substrate preparation technique to eliminate dust particles from the substrate and to
assure contamination free mushroom production.
Study Design: Comparative evaluation between modified approach and control beds.
Place and Duration: The study was carried out in Shri Laxman Prasad Pyare Lal Agro Products,
Ayodhya during 2017.
Methodology: The wheat straw substrate was immersed in the drum containing tap water, mixing
properly and allowed to stand for 10-15 min to settle down the dust particle in the bottom of the
drum. After that, the floating substrate was transferred to the slant surface so that the extra water
was decanted off. This substrate was put in to the steam sterilised gunny bag and steeped in the
chemical solution consisting of Formaldehyde (500 ppm) and Bovistin (75 ppm) for 18 h. For the
Short Communication
2. Siddhant et al.; AJAHR, 2(2): 1-5, 2018; Article no.AJAHR.44907
2
control, fresh wheat straw was put in to the steam sterilised gunny bag and steeped directly in the
chemical solution as suggested above. After removal of excess water, the substrate was used for
spawning with inoculums of Pleurotus sajor-caju, Strain- Malaysia.
Results: Beds with modified approach showed a complete absence of contaminants during entire
crop cycle which showed the effectiveness of modified method while beds treated as control
showed little incidence of various contaminants viz., Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus fumigatus,
Curvularia sp., Penicillium sp., and Rhizopus stolonifer with 6.67-20.00 percent incidence.
Conclusion: The results revealed that modified method should be considered to contamination
free mushroom production.
Keywords: Contaminants; mushroom; substrate.
1. INTRODUCTION
Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus sajor-caju) can be
grown on a wide range of agricultural waste such
as straw, saw dust, rice hull etc. due to its strong
enzymatic features [1]. These substrates are
accompanying with indigenous microflora. The
antagonistic interaction between these microflora
and desired fungus contributed to the low
productivity of mushroom [2,3]. Therefore, proper
substrate disinfection is pre requisite to eliminate
weed and obtain good yield. Substrate
disinfection can be achieved by various means
such as using material boiled with hot water [4],
steaming [5], autoclaving [6], radiation and
solarisation [7], composting [8] and chemical
pasteurisation [9] etc. Among these methods, the
chemical pasteurisation is the most popular
method for small scale growers due to its
easiness, effectiveness and moreover minimising
time, labour and expenditure on appliances and
fire wood. In this method, substrates are steeped
in chemical solutions like 1% formaldehyde [10],
0.2% Bavistin [11], 0.5% commercial Lime [12]
and 0.01% Derosal [4] or their combinations viz.,
500 ppm Formaldehyde +75 ppm Bovistin [9,13]
for different time intervals. After removal of
excess water, the substrate becomes ready for
inoculation. Several researchers have been
reported in their work regarding the appearance
of contamination from chemically pasteurised
substrates during the production span [9,13]. The
present study was under-taken with slight
modification in substrate preparation technique to
eliminate dust particles from the substrate and to
assure contamination free mushroom production.
2. EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS
2.1 Mushroom Culture
The pure culture of Pleurotus sajor-caju Strain-
Malaysia was obtained from the Mushroom
Section of Plant Pathology Department, Chandra
Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and
Technology, Kanpur (U.P.) India. It was
maintained on Potato Dextrose Agar medium
(peeled, sliced and boiled potato, 200g; dextrose,
20g; agar, 20gl-1
) by using serial subculture
method [14].
2.2 Spawn Strategy
2.2.1 Spawn substrate
Wheat grain (Triticum aestivum) was used as a
spawn substrate which was purchased from the
seed market of Faizabad. The spawn was
prepared by the conventional method [14].
2.2.2 Spawn dose
Inoculation of substrate was made with spawn of
P. sajor-caju Strain-Malaysia at 15% w/w on dry
weight basis under aseptic conditions.
2.3 Substrate for Mushroom Cultivation
2.3.1 Substrate
Wheat straw was used as a substrate due to its
easy availability in this area. It was collected at
the time of threshing of harvested crop from
village Madarahia.
2.3.2 Substrate preparation (Pasteurisation)
The wheat straw was immersed in the drum
containing tap water and mixing properly and
allowed to stand for 10-15 min to settle down the
dust particle in the bottom of drum. After that, the
floating substrate was transferred to the slant
surface so that the extra water was decanted off.
This substrate was put in to the steam sterilised
gunny bag and steeped in the chemical solution
consisting of Formaldehyde (500 ppm) and
Bovistin (75 ppm) for 18 h as suggested by Vijay
and Sohi [9]. For the control, fresh wheat straw
was put in to the steam sterilised gunny bag and
3. Siddhant et al.; AJAHR, 2(2): 1-5, 2018; Article no.AJAHR.44907
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steeped directly in the chemical solution as
suggested above. After removal of excess water,
the substrate was used for spawning. A total of
30 bags (15 each for treatment and control) were
prepared with 4.5 kg wet weight (=1.5 kg dry
weight) of the substrate in each replica.
2.4 Method of Cultivation
Plastic bag technology was employed in this
experiment. The beds were prepared from
pasteurised substrate by multilayered spawning
following the procedure adopted by Bano [15].
These were incubated in cultivation room at 22-
30°C temperature for spawn run. When mycelia
had completely covered the beds, the polythene
covering were turned off and relative humidity
was maintained 85-95% with the help of
humidifier.
2.5 Concerning Data
The growth and development of mushrooms
were monitored daily. Data on days require for
mycelia colonisation, initiation and maturation of
fruit bodies, yield and biological efficiency were
recorded. The biological efficiency (%) was
calculated as follows:
%BE=FWm/DWs∗100%;
Where, BE is Biological Efficiency (%); FWm is
total fresh weight (g) of mushroom yield across
all flushes, and DWs is substrate dry weight (g).
Although the yield data of mushroom are given in
present communication, the observation
regarding encountered microorganism was prime
concern to evaluate the efficiency of the modified
method to minimise the appearance of weed.
Daily inspection was made to trace any growth of
unwanted microflora on the beds till harvesting of
the mushrooms. The incidence of competitor
microorganism were recorded as the number of
infected beds with particular microorganism out
of the total beds per treatment and expressed in
percentage. The competitors encountered on the
mushroom beds were examined under a
compound microscope and mycological features
like cultural character, hyphal characteristics,
septations, branching pattern of hyphae,
differentiation and development of sporophore,
measurements etc. were studied and compared
with the relevant literature for identification of the
microflora isolated from contaminated mushroom
beds.
Incidence of contamination =
X 100
2.6 Statistical Analysis
Completely randomized design (CRD) was
followed for the experiment. The yield data was
statistically analysed by using the analysis of
variance (Anova) at P=5%. The critical difference
(CD) was worked out at five per cent probability
level.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Beds with modified approach showed a complete
absence of contaminants during the entire crop
cycle which shows the effectiveness of the
modified method (Fig. 1) while control showed
little incidence of contaminants during spawn run
period. Aspergillus fumigatus was predominant
mycoflora appearing on the control beds with
incidence of 20%. The incidence of other
contaminants viz., Penicillium sp., Rhizopus sp.,
Alternaria alternata and Curvularia sp., were in
the range of 6.67 to 13.34% (Fig. 2). Later, the
growth of these mycoflora was suppressed by
mushroom mycelia. It might be due to combined
effect of both higher proportion of inoculums of
Pleurotus against contaminants and
effectiveness of pasteurisation practice. It is well
established when contaminants are scarce in the
substrate they do not offer a competence for the
mycelium of Pleurotus sp which quickly colonised
straw substrate [16]. During the course of study,
five fungal species viz., Aspergillus fumigatus,
Alternaria alternata, Curvularia sp., Penicillium
sp., and Rhizopus stolonifer were encountered
on control. The yield data shows that there was
no significant difference among treatments which
reflects no adverse effect of these contaminants
on mushroom yield (Table 1). It might be due to
the suppression of growth of competitors by
mushroom mycelia. The susceptibility of control
against the contaminants was possibly due to the
presence of dust particles in the wheat straw
substrate that provides inoculum for the
development of competitors [17]. According to
the Chhetri et al. [18] contaminants like
Aspergillus sp. is the major contaminant of
mushroom beds which could cover up the beds
very rapidly and restricted the mycelia run in the
pasteurised straw and caused highest yield loss.
Although, the appearance of lesser incidence of
competitors in our investigation revealed the
efficiency of chemical treatment.
4. Siddhant et al.; AJAHR, 2(2): 1-5, 2018; Article no.AJAHR.44907
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Fig. 1. Beds with modified approach showing complete absence of contaminants
Fig. 2. Prevalence of competitor moulds in control beds
Table 1. Effect of modified treatment on various parameters of Pleurotus sajor-caju
Treatment Spawn run
(Days)
Fruit body
initiation
(Days)
First
harvest
(Days)
Total yield
from three
flushes
(gm/4.5kg wet
substrate)
Biological
efficiency
(%)
Modified treatment 14.8 20.9 23.2 1404.8 91.96
Control 15.2 21.3 24.8 1379.4 93.65
SE - - - 34.14 2.27
CD (P=0.05) - - - 69.98 4.67
Average of fifteen replications
4. CONCLUSION
The Pleurotus sp. can be cultivated on a wide
range of agro-industrial wastes which are
attacked by several competitors of fungal and
bacterial origin. The antagonistic relationship
between these microflora and desired fungus
contributes a low productivity of mushrooms. In
severe cases, complete failure of the mushroom
crop may take place. Despite of no significant
difference in yield, modified method to eliminate
dust particles from the substrate should be
considered to contamination free mushroom
production.