The document provides information about ecosystems and ecology. It begins with definitions of ecosystems as self-regulating groups of interacting species and their environment, and ecology as the study of organism interactions and relationships. It then describes the key components and structure of ecosystems, including abiotic (physical and chemical) and biotic factors. Biotic components include producers (photoautotrophs and chemoautotrophs), consumers (herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, detritivores), and decomposers. The document also discusses energy flow and trophic levels in food chains and food webs in ecosystems.

1. Presentation Author
Gopi Tejasri
Department of Engineering sciences
National Institute of Technology, Tadepalligudem – 01.

3. Ecosystems
 They are self regulating group of biotic
communities of species interacting with one
another and with their non living environment
exchanging energy and matter.
 They are composed of organisms interacting
with each other and with their environment such
that energy is exchanged and system-level
processes, such as the cycling of elements,
emerge.

4. Ecology
 Derived from Greek
 Oikos (home) + logos(study)
 Study of organisms in their natural home interacting with
their surroundings
 Study of interactions and relationships of an organism or
group of organisms.
 Study of ecosystems

5. Structure of
ecosystem
Abiotic components
(physical and
chemical factors)
Physical Chemical
Biotic components
(living organisms)
Producers Consumers
Decomposers

6. physical
Climatic
factors
sunlight temperature
humidity rainfall
wind
Edaphic
factors
Soil type Soil moisture
Soil reaction
geographic
latitude longitude
altitude
Chemical
Major
nutrients
Trace nutrients
pollutants
Organic
substances

7. Producers
Photo autotrophs Chemo autotrophs
Consumers
Herbivores Carnivores
Omnivores Detritivores
Decomposers

8. Autotrophs produce their own organic nutrients for
themselves and other members of the community;
therefore, they are called the producers.
Photo autotrophs Chemo autotrophs
 Photoautotrophs are
photo synthesizers such
as algae and green plants
that produce most of the
organic nutrients for the
biosphere.
 Chemo autotrophs are
bacteria that obtain
energy by oxidizing
inorganic compounds
such as ammonia,
nitrites, and sulfides ,
and they use this energy
to synthesize
carbohydrates.

9. Consumers: consume food
 Heterotrophs, are consumers that are unable to produce but
constantly look for source of organic nutrients from elsewhere.
 Herbivores/ plant eaters/primary consumers are animals that
depend directly on plants or algae.
 E.g. Rabbit, man, insect, giraffe.
 Carnivores/meat eaters feed on other consumers
 Those feeding on herbivores are secondary consumers and
those feeding on carnivores are tertiary consumers
 E.g. Wolf feed on other animals; birds that feed on insects are
carnivores, and so are hawks that feed on birds.

10. Consumers: consume food
 Omnivores are animals that feed both on plants and
animals
 E.g. Human ,rat, fox
 Detritivores /sapro trophs /Detritus feeders are those
which feed on detritus or waste remains of plants and
animals or dead organisms.
 E.g. Crabs, earthworms, ants, termites and beetles

11. Decomposers : decompose organic
matter
They derive their nutrition by breaking
down the complex organic molecules to
simpler organic compounds and
ultimately into inorganic nutrients.
E.g. Bacteria and fungi.

14. Functional attributes of ecosystem
Energy flow
Primary and secondary production
Food chains, food web and trophic levels
Ecosystem development and regulation
Biogeochemical / nutrient cycles

15. Dynamics of Ecosystem
 The various components of the ecosystem constitute an interacting
system. They are connected by energy, nutrients and minerals. The
nutrients and minerals circulate and recirculate between the abiotic
and biotic factors of the ecosystem several times. Whereas, the flow
of energy is one way, once used by the ecosystem, it is lost. Thus the
continuous survival of the ecosystem depends on the flow of energy
and the circulation of nutrients and minerals in the ecosystem.
 The dynamics of an ecosystem involve two processes:
1. Energy flow and
2. Chemical cycling.
 Ecosystem ecologists view ecosystems as energy machines and
matter processors.

16. Functioning of Ecosystem

17. Energy
 Energy is the ability to do
work.
 The main source of energy
for an ecosystem is the
radiant energy or light
energy derived from the sun.
 This light energy is
converted into chemical
energy in the form of sugar
by plants by the process of
photosynthesis. Plants utilize
only 0.02% of Sun’s light
energy reaching the earth.

18. Energy flow
 Solar energy is trapped by the green plants, and converted into chemical
energy and stored as carbohydrates. This happens during photosynthesis.
 A part of this chemical energy is used up by the green plants themselves.
The major portion of the energy is consumed in the form of food by the
consumers at different trophic level.
 Thus there is energy flow through the biotic components in an ecosystem.
 The transfer of energy from one trophic level to another trophic level is
called energy flow.
 The flow of energy in an ecosystem is unidirectional. That is, it flows from
the producer level to the consumer level and never in the reverse direction.
Hence the energy can be used only once in the ecosystem.
 But the minerals circulate and re circulate many times in the ecosystem.
 A large amount of energy is lost at each trophic level. It is estimated that
80% to 90% of the energy is lost when it is transferred from one trophic
level to another.

19. 6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight & chlorophyll C6H12O6 + 6O2

20. Application of the laws of physics and
chemistry to ecosystems
We can potentially trace all the energy
from its solar input to its release as heat by
organisms.
The second law of thermodynamics allows
us to measure the efficiency of the energy
conversions.

21. The Global Energy Budget
 Every day, Earth is bombarded by large amounts of solar
radiation.
 Much of this radiation lands on the water and land that
either reflect or absorb it.
 Of the visible light that reaches photosynthetic organisms,
about only 1% is converted to chemical energy.
 Although this is a small amount, primary producers are
capable of producing about 170 billion tons of organic
material per year.

22. Primary production Secondary production
 The amount of light energy
converted to chemical
energy by plants during a
given period of time per
unit area is called primary
productivity.
 It can be expressed in terms
of energy per unit area per
unit time, or as biomass of
vegetation added to the
ecosystem per unit area per
unit time.
 The energy that is not used
by producers can be passed
on to organisms that cannot
make their own energy.
 It’s the energy flow through
trophic levels
 grams m-2 year-1 or grams
m-2 week-1

23. Gross and Net Primary Production
 Total primary production is known as gross primary
production (GPP).This is the amount of light
energy that is converted into chemical energy.
 The net primary production (NPP) is equal to gross
primary production minus the energy used by the
primary producers for respiration (R):
NPP = GPP – R

24.  Most primary producers use light energy to synthesize
organic molecules, which can be broken down to produce
ATP; there is an energy budget in an ecosystem.
 The producers are directly consumed by the herbivores
that are eaten by the primary carnivores that in turn are
consumed by the secondary carnivores. The consumers
store some amount of energy in their tissues. This energy,
stored by the consumers, is called secondary production.
Only about 10 to 20% of the primary production is
converted into secondary production.
An ecosystem’s energy budget depends on primary
production

25. Trophic level
 Each food chain contains many steps like
producers, herbivores, primary carnivores and
so on. Each step of the food chain is called
trophic level. The number of trophic levels in a
food chain is always restricted to 4 or 5. But
very often the chains are very much
complicated with many trophic levels.

28. Food chain: is a linear network starting from producer organisms (such
as grass or trees which use radiation from the sun to make their food) and ending
at apex predator species (like grizzly bears or killer
whales), detrivores (like earthworms or woodlice), or decomposer species (such
as fungi or bacteria). A food chain also shows how the organisms are related
with each other by the food they eat. Each level of a food chain represents a
different trophic level.

29. Energy flow is unidirectional

30. Food Webs
 In an ecosystem the
various food chains are
interconnected with each
other to form a net work
called food web.
 This is because each
organism may obtain food
from more than one
trophic level. In other
words, one organism forms
food for more than one
organisms of the higher
trophic level.

31. Food web: several interrelated food
chains

32. Toxins can become concentrated in successive trophic
levels of food webs
 Humans produce many toxic chemicals that are
dumped into ecosystems.
 These substances are ingested and metabolized
by the organisms in the ecosystems and can
accumulate in the fatty tissues of animals.
 These toxins become more concentrated in
successive trophic levels of a food web, a
process called biological magnification.

33.  The pesticide DDT, before it was banned, showed this
affect.

35. Ecological Pyramids
 The number, biomass, and energy of organisms
gradually decrease from the producer to the
consumer level. This can be represented by a
pyramid called ecological pyramid.
 Ecological pyramid is the graphic representation
of number, biomass, and energy of the successive
trophic levels of an ecosystem.

36. Types of ecological pyramids
1. The pyramid of number
2. The pyramid of biomass
3. The pyramid of energy.

37. The pyramid of numbers
 The number of individuals at the trophic level
decreases from the producer level to the consumer
level.
 In any ecosystem the number of producers is far high.
The number of herbivores is lesser than the producers.
Similarly, the numbers of carnivores is lesser than the
herbivores.

39. The pyramid of biomass
 Biomass: Biomass refers to the total weight of living
matter per unit area.
 In an ecosystem the biomass decreases from the producer
level to the consumer level.
 It represents the ecological consequence of low trophic
efficiencies.
 Most biomass pyramids narrow sharply from primary
producers to top-level carnivores because energy transfers
are inefficient.

42. Pyramid of energy
 The energy flows in an ecosystem from the producer
level to the consumer level.
 Energy Pyramid shows the amounts of energy that
moves from one level to the next
 At each trophic level 80% to 90% of energy is lost.
Hence the amount of energy decreases from the
producer level to the consumer level.

45. Nutrient cycles
 Nutrient cycling is strongly regulated by vegetation.
 Biological and geologic processes move nutrients between organic
and inorganic compartments.
 Human activity intrudes in nutrient cycles by removing nutrients
from one part of the biosphere and then adding them to another.
 Decomposition rates largely determine the rates of nutrient cycling.
 The rates at which nutrients cycle in ecosystems are extremely
variable as a result of variable rates of decomposition.
 Decomposition can take up to 50 years in the tundra, while in the
tropical forest, it can occur much faster.
Contents of nutrients in the soil of different ecosystems vary also,
depending on the rate of absorption by the plants.

46. Nitrogen cycle

48. NH3-N
Ammonia N
NO2-N
Nitrite N
NO2-N
Nitrite N
NO3-N
Nitrate N
Nitrosomonas
Nitrobacter
Nitrification :of Ammonia Occurs
in two Steps

49. DENITRIFICATION
NO3
heterotrophic bacteria + BOD
Anoxic environment
N2
In an anoxic environment, heterotrophic
bacteria will use the oxygen from nitrates as
they assimilate BOD, producing nitrogen gas.
Oxic Anoxic Oxic
RAS

50. Critical load and nutrient cycles
 Recent studies indicate that human activities have
approximately doubled the worldwide supply of fixed
nitrogen, due to the use of fertilizers, cultivation of legumes,
and burning.
 This may increase the amount of nitrogen oxides in the
atmosphere and contribute to atmospheric warming,
depletion of ozone and possibly acid rain.
 In some situations, the addition of nitrogen to ecosystems by
human activity can be beneficial, but in others it can cause
problems.
 The key issue is the critical load, the amount of added
nitrogen that can be absorbed by plants without damaging
the ecosystem.

51. Carbon cycle

53. The carbon cycle fits the generalized scheme of
biogeochemical cycles better than water.

54. Phosphorous cycle

56. Eutrophication
 Eutrophication / Hypertrophication, is the ecosystem's response to the
addition of artificial or natural nutrients, mainly phosphates,
through detergents, fertilizers, or sewage, to an aquatic system. (or)
 Excessive richness of nutrients in a lake or other body of water, frequently
due to run-off from the land, which causes a dense growth of plant life.
 Can also be defined as excessive nutrient load in a water body that support a
dense growth of algae and other organisms, the decay of which depletes the
shallow waters of oxygen in summer.
 Increase in the rate of supply of organic matter to an ecosystem.
 One example is the "bloom" or great increase of phytoplankton in a water
body as a response to increased levels of nutrients. Negative environmental
effects include hypoxia, the depletion of oxygen in the water, which may
cause death to aquatic animals.

57. Eutrophication

58. Natural Eutrophication: A process
that occurs as a lake or river ages
over a period of hundreds or
thousands of years.
Cultural Eutrophication: A process
that occurs when humans release
excessive amounts of nutrients; it
shortens the rate of aging to
decades.

60. Regulation and development of
ecosystems
 Homeostasis: inherent property of all living systems to resist
change.
 The range between minimum and maximum tolerance is called
“homeostatic plateau.”
 Any stress that tries to cause deviation in the system is counter
acted by mechanisms called “Negative feed back mechanisms.”
so they bring back the system to ideal conditions.
 If the stress is beyond the homeostatic plateau, positive fee
back mechanisms start operating accelerating the stress
conditions and take the system away from optimal conditions.

65. Threatened endangered species In India

66. Biodiversity
 Originated from Greek and Latin
 BIOS = LIFE
 DIVERSITAS = VARIETY or DIFFERENCE.
 The whole word BIO DIVERSITY generally means:
VARIETY OF LIFE.
 Edward O. Wilson - the "father of biodiversity,"

67. It is reckless to suppose that biodiversity can be diminished
indefinitely without threatening humanity itself.

68. Biodiversity
 ‘Biological diversity’ or biodiversity is that part of nature which includes the
differences in genes among the individuals of a species, the variety and richness of all
the plant and animal species at different scales in space, locally, in a region, in the
country and the world, and various types of ecosystems, both terrestrial and aquatic,
within a defined area.
 Biodiversity is the variety of life forms on earth and the essential interdependence of
all living things.
 As defined in convention on Biological diversity signed at Rio De Jenario (Brazil) in
1992 by 154 countries, the Biodiversity defined as “the variability among living
organisms from all sources including, inter alia, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic
eco-systems and the ecological complexes of which the area part- this include diversity
with in species, between species and of ecosystem.”
 According to IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) in 1998, “the
variety and variability of species of their population, the variety of species of their life
forms, the diversity of the complex association with species with their interaction and
their ecological process which influences perform.”

69. Importance of biodiversity
 Everything that lives in an ecosystem is part of the web of life,
including humans. Each species of vegetation and each creature has a
place on the earth and plays a vital role in the circle of life. Plant,
animal, and insect species interact and depend upon one another for
what each offers, such as food, shelter, oxygen, and soil enrichment.
 Maintaining a wide diversity of species in each ecosystem is
necessary to preserve the web of life that sustains all living things.
 Biodiversity has contributed in many ways to the development of
human culture, and, in turn, human communities have played a major
role in shaping the diversity of nature at the genetic, species, and
ecological levels.

70. Ecological Role of Biodiversity
 All species provide at least one function in an
ecosystem. Each function is an integral part of
regulating the species balance, species diversity
and species health: all aspects which are intrinsic
for the ecosystem as a whole to survive and
prosper

71. Economic Role of Biodiversity
Food: Crop Biodiversity or agro
biodiversity.
Goods: Various things like timber, paper,
medicines.
Recreation: Wildlife tourism, trekking
nature photography, bird watching.

72. Scientific Role of Biodiversity
 Genetic resources: Biotechnology and genetic engineering
use the genes of organisms to make new crops and
medicines.
 Each species can give scientist some clue as to how life
evolved and will continue to evolve.

73. Classification of biodiversity

74. Ecosystem diversity
 Ecosystem diversity refers to the
diversity of a place at the level
of ecosystems. The term differs
from biodiversity, which refers to variation
in species rather than ecosystems. Includes
diversity above
the species level.
Biologists have viewed
diversity above the
species level in various
ways.
 Some alternative ways to categorize it
include:
 Community diversity
 Habitat diversity
 Landscape diversity

75. Genetic diversity
• Genetic diversity, the level
of biodiversity refers to the total
number of genetic characteristics
in the genetic makeup of a species.
Includes the differences
in DNA composition
among individuals
within a given species.
 Adaptation to particular
environmental conditions may
weed out genetic variants that are
not successful.
 But populations benefit from some
genetic diversity, so as to avoid
inbreeding or disease epidemics.

76. Species diversity
 species = a particular type of
organism; a population or group of
populations whose members share
certain characteristics and can
freely breed with one another and
produce fertile offspring
 Species diversity = the number or
variety of species in a particular
region
 Species richness = number of
species
 Evenness, or relative abundance =
extent to which numbers of
different species are equal or
skewed
 Species diversity is the effective
number of different species that are
represented in a collection of
individuals

77. BENEFITS OF
BIODIVERSITY
Ecological services:
 Balance of nature
 Biological productivity
 Regulation of climate
 Degradation of waste
 Cleaning of air and water
 Cycling of nutrients
 Control of potential pest and disease causing species
 Detoxification of soil and sediments
 Stabilization of land against erosion
 Carbon sequestration and global climate change
 Maintenance of Soil fertility
Consumptive value:
Food/Drink
Fuel
Medicine
Better crop varieties
Industrial Material
Non-Consumptive Value:
Recreation
Education and Research
Traditional value

78. Values of biodiversity
1. Consumptive use value
2. Productive use value
3. Social value
4. Ethical / Existence value
5. Aesthetic value
6. Option value
7. Ecosystem service value

79. Consumptive use value
 Products that can be
harvested and used directly
such as food, medicine, fuel,
drugs, pulp, wood, fiber etc
 80000 plant species are
consumed by humans as
food.
 75% of worlds population
depend on plant extracts for
medicines.
 Coal, petrol and natural gas
are also products of
fossilized biodiversity.

80. Productive use value
 These are the
commercially usable
values where the product
is marketed and sold such
as tusks of elephants,
musk from musk deer, silk
from silk worm, lac from
lac insects etc
 E.g.: 3ml musk deer
perfume costs 7$

82. Social value
 Values associated with the
social life, customs, religion
and psycho spiritual aspects
of the people.
 Holy basil (Tulasi), peepal,
,mango, lotus, bael etc and
cow, snake, bull, peacock,
owl etc are the plants and
animals respectively that are
used in worship.

85. Ethical / Existence value
 Involves ethical issues like
“all lives must be
preserved”
 Based on the concept “live
and let live”

86. Aesthetic value
 Great aesthetic value is
attached to biodiversity as it
gives us pleasure, peace of
mind, excitement and a feeling
of appreciation.
 Eco – tourism.
 E.g. : A male lion living up to
7yrs age can generate $ 51500
due to its aesthetic value paid
by tourists if killed its skin
makes a market price of just
$1000
 Kenyan elephant can earn $1
million as tourist revenue in its
lifetime.

87. Option value
 They include the potentials
of biodiversity that are
presently unknown and need
to be explored.
 It’s the value of knowing that
there are biological resources
existing on this biosphere
that may one day prove to be
an effective option for
something important in
future.

88. Ecosystem service value
 Refers to the service
provided by ecosystems
such as prevention of soil
erosion and floods,
maintenance of soil
fertility, cycling of
nutrients and water,
pollutant absorption etc

89. Biodiversity at local / regional level
 Species richness is classified into 4 types:
1. Point richness : refers to the no of species that can be
found at a single point in a given space
2. Alpha richness: refers to the no of species found in a
small homogenous area. closely correlated with physical
environmental variables.
3. Beta richness : refers to the rate of change in species
composition across different habitats. It means
cumulative no of species increases as more
heterogeneous habitats are taken into consideration.
4. Gamma richness : refers to the rate of change across large
landscape gradients.

90. Biodiversity at national level
 India is known for its rich heritage of biodiversity.
 India is one of the 12 mega-diverse countries in the world.
 India’s ten bio geographic zones possess an exemplary diversity of
ecological habitats like alpine forests, grasslands, wetlands, coastal and
marine ecosystems, and desert ecosystems.
 India has four out of thirty-four global biodiversity hotspots, which is an
indicator of high degree of endemism (of species) in India.
 India has 47000 plant species, 81000 animal species
 7500km of coastal line
 64 million hectares of forest cover
 10th place in plant rich countries of the world
 11th in terms of no of endemic species of higher vertebrates
 6th among the centers of diversity and origin of agricultural crops
 Out of 34 hotspots in the world, India has three.

91. Biodiversity at global level
 Global biodiversity is the measure of biodiversity on
planet Earth and is defined as the total variability of life
forms. More than 99 percent of all species, amounting to
over five billion species, that ever lived on Earth are
estimated to be extinct. Estimates on the number of Earth's
current species range from 10 million to 14 million, of
which about 1.2 million have been documented and over
86 percent have not yet been described
 Roughly 1.5 million species are known till date which
may be jus 15% of the actual number.
 50% - 80% of global biodiversity lies in rainforests.

92. BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOTS
 A region with high
biodiversity is the region
with most of species being
Endemic.
 it is a bio geographic region
with a significant reservoir
of biodiversity that is under
threat from humans.
 India have two Biodiversity
Hotspots- East Himalayan
Region and Western Ghats.

93. THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY
Natural causes:
 Narrow geographical area
 Low population
 Low breeding rate
 Natural disasters
 Physical alteration of habitats
 The population connection
 Pollution
 Exotic species
 Overuse
Anthropogenic causes:
 Habitat modification/Loss of
habitat
 Overexploitation of selected
species
 Innovation by exotic species.
 Pollution
 Hunting / Poaching
 Global warming and climate
change
 Agriculture
 Domino effect

96. Habitat loss
 Habitat loss can be described when an animal loses their home.
Every animal in the animal kingdom has a niche, a their in their
animal community and without their habitat they no longer have a
niche.
 Reasons of habitat loss by humans:
 ~ agriculture, farming
 ~ harvesting natural resources for personal use
 ~ for industrial and urbanization development
 Habitat destruction is currently ranked as the primary causes of
species extinction world wide…!!!

97. Poaching
 Poaching is the hunting and harvesting taking of wild plants or
animals, such as through hunting, harvesting, fishing,
or trapping.
 Poaching is done for large profits gained by the illegal sale or
trade of animal parts, meat and pelts.
 Poaching or illegal hunting causes animals endangered of being
extinct. If more animals becomes extinct there's a disruption
in the food chain, and that will cause major problems in our
ecosystem, resulting eventually in new adaptations of animals,
and or species beyond human control.
 Poaching results in animals being hunted too soon for them to
have time to reproduce and repopulate.

99. PHYSICAL ALTERATION OF
HABITATS
 Habitat destruction has already been responsible for 36%
of the known extinctions and is the key factor in the
currently observed population declines. Natural species
are adapted to specific habitats, so if the habitat changes
or is eliminated, the species go with it.

100.  One of the greatest sources of loss is the physical alteration of
habitats through the process of:
(1) Conversion : It is when natural areas are converted to farms,
housing subdivisions, shopping malls, marinas, and industrial
centres.
(2) Fragmentation : The division of a landscape into patches of habitat
by road construction, agricultural lands, or residential areas.
(3) Simplification : Human use of habitats often simplifies them.
Removing fallen logs and dead trees from woodlands for
firewood.
PHYSICAL ALTERATION OF
HABITATS

101.  Past losses of biodiversity can be attributed to the
expansion of the human population over the globe.
Continuing human population growth will be further alter
natural ecosystems, resulting in the inevitable loss of more
wild species and additional declines in populations.
 One key to holding down the loss in biodiversity lies in
bringing human population growth down. If the human
population increases to 10 billion, as some demographers
believe that it will, the consequences for the natural world
will be frightening.
THE POPULATION CONNECTION

102.  Another major factor that decreases biodiversity is
pollution, which can directly kill many kinds of plants and
animals, seriously reducing their population.
 Climate Change- pollution destroys or alters habitats,
with consequences just as severe as those caused by
deliberate conversions.
 Most of the global pollution problems can be traced to the
industrialized world
POLLUTION

103.  An exotic species is a species introduced into an area from
somewhere else, often a different continent.
 The transplantation of species by humans has occurred
throughout history, to the point where most people are
unable to distinguish between the native and exotic
species living in their lands.
EXOTIC SPECIES

104.  Overuse is another major assault against wild species,
responsible for 23% of recent extinctions.
 Overuse is driven by a combination of greed, ignorance, and
desperation.
 Trade in exotics- another prominent form of overuse is the
trafficking in wildlife and in products derived from wild
species.
 Greed- the long-term prospect of extinction does not curtail the
activities of exploiters, because, to them, the prospect of a huge
immediate profit outweighs it.
 eBay String- The FWS is the agency with jurisdiction over the
illegal trade in wildlife in the United States.
OVERUSE

105. Biodiversity loss and species
extinction
 Extinction = last member of a
species dies and the species
vanishes forever from Earth
 Extirpation = disappearance
of a particular population, but
not the entire species globally
 These are natural processes.
 On average one species goes
extinct naturally every 500–
1,000 years—this is the
background rate of extinction.
 99% of all species that ever
lived are now extinct.

106. Impacts of loss of biodiversity
 Increased
vulnerability of
species extinction
 Ecological imbalance
 Reduced sources of
food, structural
materials, medicinal
and genetic resources
 Cost increase to the
society

108. Links between biodiversity, climate
change and human well being

109. Biodiversity Conservation
Biodiversity
Conservation
In situ
Sacred groves
and lakes
Biosphere
Reserves
Terrestrial Marine
National
parks,
wildlife
sanctuaries
Ex situ
Sacred plant
home garden
Seed Bank, Gene
bank,
Cryopreservation
Botanical garden,
Zoological garden,
Aquaria

110. Biodiversity Conservation
In situ conservation Ex situ conservation
 Within habitat
 Achieved by protection of
flora and fauna in nature
itself.
 E.g.: National parks,
sanctuaries, biosphere
reserves etc
 Outside habitat
 Done by establishment of
gene banks, seed banks, zoos
, botanical gardens, culture
collections etc

111. CONCLUSION
 Biodiversity is our life. If the Biodiversity got lost at
this rate then in near future, the survival of human
being will be threatened. So, it is our moral duty to
conserve Biodiversity as well our Environment.
Long-term maintenance of species and their
management requires co-operative efforts across
entire landscapes. Biodiversity should be dealt with at
scale of habitats or ecosystems rather than at species
level.

112. Conclusion