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Ecology rev
- 1. An environment ischaracterized by the ABIOTIC and BIOTIC factors. Abiotic factors are non-living. Abiotic factors include science like chemistry, physics and geology. Interactions of abiotic factors result in weather, seasonal changes, tides, air quality, and water quality Biotic factors are living and can be categorized within an ecosystem structure… Species Population Community ECOSYSTEM: all of the communities that live in an area together with the abiotic factors in the environment
- 2. A dead treeis not alive but not considered abiotic….why?
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- 4. Biotic features areall living things in the biosphere. The biosphere is all the parts of Earth that support life. This measures approximately 20km thick (12.4 miles)! Most life on Earth exists between 500m below the surface of the ocean and about 6km above sea level.
- 5. What types of communitiesmake up these ecosystems? What types of abiotic factors are influencing these ecosystems?
- 6. How are BioticFactors organized? King Philip Came Over For Great Soup! Kingdom - Phylum - Class - Order - Family - Genus - Species All biotic factors are grouped into major kingdoms based upon similar physical characteristics…we will deal with 6.
- 7. Listed in descendingorder of complexity: Animalia Plantae Fungi Protista Eubacteria Archeobacteria
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- 9. AN ORGANISM’S NICHE Habitat: the actual place an organism lives Niche: both living and non- living parts of an ecosystem that determines an organism’s role in the ecosystem. If two species share the same niche, they will have various interactions. How can species interact?
- 10. These relationshipsare complex. Each population of species interacts with other species, or biotic factors, as well as with the all of the abiotic factors. The niche of an organism and it’s interactions is determined by where it stands in the ecological structure of the ecosystem. -Producers -Consumers -Decomposers -Scavengers
- 11. PRODUCERS Producers areautotrophic organisms that make their own food. Phototrophic organisms use photosynthesis and contain chlorophyll (Carbon Dioxide + Water + Sunlight =Sugar + Oxygen) Chemotrophic organisms use chemicals other than H20, such as H2S
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- 13. CONSUMERS Consumers areheterotrophic organisms that cannot make their own food. They must ingest (eat) other organisms. -Herbivores feed on vegetation (producers). -Carnivores feed on herbivores or on other carnivores. Secondary carnivores feed on herbivores, Tertiary consumers feed on other carnivores -Omnivores feed on both producers and consumers -Scavengers feed on dead or decaying organisms
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- 15. Scavengers feed onCARRION (dead or injured animal corpses) and dead plant biomass. Scavengers reduce the size of dead organic matter…Decomposers will finish the job!
- 16. DECOMPOSERS are heterotrophsthat recycle small, often microscopic bits of dead organic matter into inorganic nutrients availbe for plants to take up from the soil. Decomposers RECYCLE nutrients! BACTERIA and FUNGI are decomposers…most worms are plant scavengers!
- 17. Energy in theEcosystem Energy from the sun enters and ecosystem when producers used the energy to make organic matter through photosynthesis. Glucose is the primary energy source (carbohydrate) produced by photosynthesis. Consumers take in this energy when they eat producers or other consumers.
- 18. Energy in theEcosystem Plants absorb less than 1% of the sunlight that reaches them! However, photosynthetic organisms make 170 billion metric tons of food each year! The energy captured by producers is used to make cells in both producers and consumers.
- 19. TROPHIC LEVELS Trophiclevels are the different feeding levels of organisms in an ecosystem. Producers are the first trophic level and consumers make up several more. These relationships can be seen in an ecological pyramid. Biomass: the total amount of organic matter present in a trophic level. The biomass in each trophic level is the amount of energy- in the form of food- available to the next
- 20. The Ten PercentLaw Most of the energy that enters through organisms in a trophic level does not become biomass. Only energy used to make biomass remains available to the next level. When all of the energy losses are added together, only about 10% of the energy entering one trophic level forms biomass in the next trophic level. This is known as the 10 percent law.
- 21. The 10percent law is the main reason that most food chains have five or less links. Because 90 percent of the food chain’s energy is lost at each level, the amount of available energy decreases quickly. 10 PERCENT LAW!! MORE Ten Percent Law
- 22. Consumed Digested Not Digested Growth Waste Heatand Movement Not Consumed Decomposers The majority of energy is lost via heat and movement!
- 23. ECOLOGICAL PYRAMID PRODUCERS =Autotrophic Plants Primary Consumers= HERBIVORES Secondary Consumers= CARNIVORES EATING HERBIVORES Tertiary Consumers= CARNIVORE EATING OTHER CARNIVORES Remember scavengers and decomposers can enter at any level!
- 24. Food Chains A FoodCHAIN is a series of organisms that transfer food between the trophic levels of an ecosystem using only one species at each level…a simple chain. The arrows represent the flow of energy from one organism to the next. The arrow points toward the organism doing the ‘eating’.
- 25. Food Webs Ecosystems arenot as simple as shown and not often explained by a single food chain… Food WEBS more accurately show the network of food chains representing the feeding relationships among organisms in an ecosystem. Most organisms feed on more than one type of organism at different trophic levels.
- 26. RELATIONSHIPS IN THEECOSYSTEM Predator/Prey: One organism (predator) will actively hunt and consume another (prey). Competition: two or more organisms of same or different species compete to use the same limited resources or basic needs
- 27. Parasitism: anorganism (parasite) lives in or on another (host) and feeds on it without immediately killing it Mutualism: a cooperative partnership between two species (both benefit) Commensalism: a relationship where one species benefits and the other remains unaffected Symbiotic Relationships
- 28. Coevolution When twoor more species evolve in response to each other, it is called coevolution. Examples of coevolution may be found between predators and their prey. Plants and insects represent a classic case of coevolution — one that is often, but not always, mutualistic. Many plants and their pollinators are so reliant on one another and their relationships are so exclusive that biologists have good reason to think that the “match” between the two is the result of a coevolutionary process.