This document summarizes key aspects of the primary sector of the economy, including agriculture, livestock, fishery, and forestry. It discusses different types of rural settlements like compact and scattered, as well as agricultural techniques like slash-and-burn. Specific crops and their production by country are outlined, along with mechanized agriculture, greenhouses, extensive and intensive livestock farming, cash crops, deforestation, fishery, and commercial fishing.

1. UNIT 8. PRIMARY SECTOR.
Agriculture, livestock, fishery and
forestry.
1

2. COMPACT RURAL
SETTLEMENT.
In such settlements,
houses are built close to
each other. They
generally develop close
to a railway station, a
road, a well, a quarry or
an industrial site.
2

3. SCATTERED RURAL
SETTLEMENT
In such settlements,
houses or the individual
farmhouses are isolated
or scattered and are
located away from each
other. They develop
mostly in the plateau,
forested or hilly areas.
3

4. AGRICULTURA DE ROZAS
(SLASH AND BURN)
Slash-and-burn is an
agricultural technique that
involves the cutting and
burning of plants
in forests or woodlands to
create fields. It is subsistence
agriculture that typically uses
little technology.
Today the term slash-and-
burn is mainly associated
with tropical rain forests.
Slash-and-burn is used by
between 200 and 500 million
people worldwide. In 2004 it
was estimated that,
in Brazil alone, 500,000 small
farmers cleared an average of
one hectare of forest per year
each. 4

5. RICE AGRICULTURE.
Rice cultivation is well-suited
to countries and regions with
low labor costs and high
rainfall, as it is labor-intensive
to cultivate and requires ample
water. However, rice can be
grown practically anywhere,
even on a steep hill or
mountain area with the use of
water-controlling terrace
systems.
The traditional method for
cultivating rice is flooding the
fields while, or after, setting
the young seedlings.
5

6. Food consumption of rice by country – 2009
(million metric ton of paddy equivalent)
World Total 531.6
China 156.3
India 123.5
Indonesia 45.3
Bangladesh 38.2
Vietnam 18.4
Philippines 17.0
Thailand 13.7
Japan 10.2
Burma 10.0
Brazil 10.0
6

7. MECHANIZED
AGRICULTURE.
Features:
1. High investment.
2. Advanced techniques.
3. High productivity.
4. Planters, harvesters,
tractos, trucks, irrigation
techniques, fertilisers,
pesticides, genetic
engineering (seeds).
7

8. GREENHOUSES
A greenhouse (also called
a glasshouse or a hothouse) is a
building or complex in
which plants are grown.
Commercial glass greenhouses
are often high tech production
facilities for vegetables or
flowers. The glass greenhouses
are filled with equipment like
screening installations, heating,
cooling, lighting and also may
be automatically controlled by a
computer to maximize potential
growth.
A greenhouse is a structural
building with different types of
covering materials, such as
a glass or plastic
8

9. EXTENSIVE LIVESTOCK
FARMING.
The livestock grazes on large
pastures in the open air. The
productivity and capital
invested is lower than
intensive livestock farming.
cattle
sheeps
pigs
9

10. INTENSIVE LIVESTOCK
FARMING.
Intensive animal farming refers to the
keeping of livestock at higher stocking
densities . The main products of this
industry are meat, milk and eggs for
human consumption. Confinement at
high stocking density is one part of a
systematic effort to produce the highest
output at the lowest cost. Confinement
at high stocking density requires the
use of antibiotics and pesticides to
mitigate the spread of disease and
pestilence exacerbated by these
crowded living conditions
10

11. CASH CROPS (CULTIVOS
COMERCIALES).
Large estates/plantations with
monocultures of cocoa, tea,
coffee, bananas, pineapples, etc.
These farms are owned by great
multinational companies. These
cash crops are mainly cultivated
in Central and South America,
Africa and Asia.
Cocoa
Coffee
Banana
Tea
11

12. Soybean
Palm Oil
Rubber
sugarcane
12

13. DEFORESTATION
Deforestation occurs for
many reasons: one is to
clear land to be used
as pasture for livestock and
plantations.
Large parts of the
Amazonian rainforest have
been deforestated to be
used as pastures for the
cattle and to plant soybean.
13

14. FISHERY
Fishery is the industry of
catching, processing and
selling fish. A fishery may
involve the capture of wild
fish or raising fish
through fish
farming or aquaculture.
There are two types of
fishing: 1. coastal fishing
(near the coast, small boats, it
takes one or several days) and
2. off-shore fishing and deep-
sea fishing (it takes several
weeks or months, large boats,
freezer factory ships).
Coastal
fishing
Fish farming 14

15. Large scale commercial
fishing boats are owned
by multinational
companies. Commercial
fishermen harvest a wide
variety of animals,
ranging
from tuna, cod, carp,
and salmon to shrimp, kr
ill, lobster,
clam, squid, and crab.
15

16. 16