The document discusses various hunting and gathering tribes found in India. It describes the Chenchus tribe located in parts of Andhra Pradesh, who numbered around 49,000 people according to the 2001 Census. It also outlines other tribes such as the Challa Yanadi and Kadar found in Andhra Pradesh and Kerala respectively, and details their traditional occupations of foraging, fishing, and hunting small animals using tools like sticks and traps. The document provides information on the geographical locations and populations of multiple indigenous tribes in India that traditionally relied on hunting and gathering for subsistence.

1. Primary Activities

2. Economic Activities
• Human activities which generate income are known as economic
activities.
• Economic activities are broadly grouped into
a) primary,
b) secondary,
c) tertiary and quaternary activities.
Primary activities are directly dependent on environment as these refer
to utilisation of earth’s resources such as land, water, vegetation,
building materials and minerals.

3. Hunting and gathering,
Pastoral activities,
Fishing,
Forestry,
Agriculture, and
Mining and quarrying.

4. HUNTING AND GATHERING
• They subsisted on:
• (a) animals which they hunted; and
• (b) the edible plants which they gathered from forests in the
vicinity
Many species, now have become extinct or endangered due to
illegal hunting (poaching).
The early hunters used primitive tools made of stones, twigs or
arrows so the number of animals killed was limited.

5. •It often involves primitive societies, who extract,
both plants and animals to satisfy their needs for
food, shelter and clothing.
•This type of activity requires a small amount of
capital investment and operates at very low level
of technology.
•The yield per person is very low and little or no
surplus is produced.

6. Gathering is Practised in………
(i) High latitude zones which include Northern
Canada, Northern Eurasia and Southern Chile;
(ii)Low latitude zones such as the Amazon Basin,
Tropical Africa, Northern fringe of Australia
and the interior parts of Southeast Asia

8. PASTORALISM
Domestication of animals.
People living in different climatic conditions selected
and domesticated animals found in those regions.
Depending on the geographical factors, and
technological development
Subsistence or at the commercial level.

9. Nomadic Herding
Pastoral nomadism is a primitive subsistence activity,
in which the herders rely on animals for food, clothing,
shelter, tools and transportation.
They move from one place to another along with their
livestock, depending on the amount and quality of
pastures and water.
Each nomadic community occupies a well-identified
territory as a matter of tradition.

10. Regions of Pastoral Nomadism
The core region extends from the Atlantic shores of
North Africa eastwards across the Arabian peninsula
into Mongolia and Central China.
The second region extends over the tundra region of
Eurasia.
In the southern hemisphere there are small areas in
South-west Africa and on the island of Madagascar

12. Animals used
• In tropical Africa, cattle are the most important
livestock, while in Sahara and Asiatic deserts, sheep,
goats and camel are reared.
• In the mountainous areas of Tibet and Andes, yak and
llamas and in the Arctic and sub Arctic areas, reindeer
are the most important animals.

13. Commercial Livestock Rearing
Commercial livestock rearing is more organised and capital
intensive.
Commercial livestock ranching is essentially associated with
western cultures and is practised on permanent ranches.
These ranches cover large areas and are divided into a
number of parcels, which are fenced to regulate the grazing.
When the grass of one parcel is grazed, animals are moved to
another parcel.
 The number of animals in a pasture is kept according to the
carrying capacity of the pasture.

14. Only one type of animal is reared.
Important animals include sheep, cattle, goats and horses.
 Products such as meat, wool and skin are processed and packed
scientifically and exported to different world markets.
Rearing of animals in ranching is organised on a scientific basis.
The main emphasis is on breeding, genetic improvement, disease
control and health care of the animals.
New Zealand, Australia, Argentina, Uruguay and United States of
America are important countries where commercial livestock
rearing is practised

15. The hunting and gathering tribes of India
1 Chenchus - Mahabub Nagar, Karnool and Guntur areas of Andhra Pradesh
2 Challa Yanadi -
3 Kadar
4 Malaya Pandaram/ Hill Pandaram
5 Cholanaickan
6 Hakkipikki
7 Great Andamanese
8 Onge
9 Sentinelese
10 Jarawa

16. The Chenchus
• The Chenchus also known as the Chenchuvaru are found in pockets
distributed in the Mahabub Nagar, Karnool and Guntur areas of
Andhra Pradesh. According to the 2001 Census Survey the Chenchus
had a population of 49,232

17. Challa Yanadi
The Challa Yanadis is an endogamous division of the Yanadis.
They are also known as the Kappala Yanadi or Kappala Vandlu which means frog eaters.
Another group known as the Adavi Yanadi which means forest dwellers is another
nomadic food gathering community of Andhra Pradesh.
These tribal communities are found in districts of Nellore, Prakasam and Guntur.
They also inhabit the island of Sriharikota situated in the backwaters of the Bay of
Bengal.

18. Kadar
• They are distributed in the jungles mainly in the Trichur and Palghat districts
of Kerala .
• Roots and tubers comprised their staple food which they collected with the
help of iron-tipped digging sticks.
• The Kadars takes the help of dogs to chase small animals and deer and kill
them with billhooks and sticks.
• They use small dykes to dam streams and then stun the fish by placing
poisonous bark in the water. The Kadars collect honey in cliffs by using ropes

19. Malaya Pandaram/ Hill Pandaram
• The Malaya Pandaram tribes also known as the Hill Pandarams live in
the forest tracts of Kollam, Pathanamthitta, Kottayam, Palghat, and
Quilon districts of Kerala.
• Their total population in Kerala was 2694 and 3156 as also reported in
Tamil Nadu in the 2001 Census.
• Hunting and gathering were the traditional occupations of the Malaya
Pandarams.
• They collected tubers, roots and a variety of edible plants from the
forests.
• They also hunted small animals like hare, iguana and ibex with the
help of dogs and killed those using only sticks as weapons.

20. Hakkipikki
• The Hakkipikki tribe is distributed in the Mysore, Kolar, Shimoga and
Hassan districts of Karnataka.
• The Mhoto and Nahno are two divisions of this tribe.
• The Hakkipikkis claim to be original inhabitants of the region bordering
Gujarat and Rajasthan who later migrated to Andhra Pradesh and then
settled down in their present habitation.
• The Hakkipikki derived their name from their traditional occupation of
trapping birds.
• In Kannada hakki means a bird while pikki means echo-formation.
• Bird-trapping and collecting forest produce are the traditional occupations
of the Hakkipikki tribe.
• Their mother tongue is Vaghri, an IndoAryan language.

22. Cholanaickan
The Cholanaickan, inhabitants of the Malappuram district are
another hunter gatherer tribe of Kerala.
They live on tubers, roots, fruits, seeds, leaves, honey and fish.
Apart from these they also collect a variety of pharmaceutical plants
as well as resin, oil seeds, barks, honey, wild cardamom and pepper
which they either sell or exchange them for rice, salt, tobacco,
clothes, iron implements and other commoditie