The document provides information on agrarian spaces and activities in the primary sector. It defines agrarian spaces as land where agrarian activities like agriculture, livestock farming, and silviculture take place. Agrarian activities are influenced by natural factors like climate, soil type, and relief, as well as human factors such as technology, population levels, and economic organization. The types of agrarian landscapes and activities can vary significantly based on these influencing factors.

1. UNIT 5. THE PRIMARY SECTOR:
AGRARIAN SPACES
MARINO MAQUEDA

2. What do they have in common?

3. What do these images represent?

4. PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE
● WHAT'S THE IMPORTANCE OF THE PRIMARY SECTOR
IN OUR LIVES?
● WHERE THE PRIMARY SECTOR HAS A MAJOR
IMPACT ON ECONOMY?
● WHAT DOES AGRARIAN MEAN?
● WHAT DOES RURAL MEAN?
● NAME 3 PRODUCTS THAT YOU
CONSUME USUALLY THAT
COME FROM THE 1ª SECTOR.

5. 1. AGRARIAN SPACE
Remember: The primary sector
includes the economic activities
related to obtaining resources from
nature.
AGRARIAN SPACES
Refers to the land where
agrarian activities are
undertaken.
RURAL SPACES
Refers to all non-urban areas. It
includes agrarian spaces + land
where other activities are carried
out ( housing, factories,
shopping centres, leisure areas)
In Spain a rural space is consider when
a town do not exceed 10000
inhabitants.

6. AGRARIAN SPACES

7. RURAL SPACES

8. AGRARIAN ACTIVITIES
AGRICULTURE: refers to the cultivation of land in order to
obtain plants for food (crops). It provides:
- Food: cereals (wheat, oat), olives, fruit and vegetables.
- Fodder (pienso, forraje) for animals. (maize and alfalfa)
- And also raw materials for industry (cotton, )

9. AGRARIAN ACTIVITIES
● LIVESTOCK FARMING: consist of the raising of animals
in order to obtain products for human use. These
products will be used as food for human consumption
(milk, eggs, meat) and also as raw materials (leather,
wool).
● SILVICULTURE: Is the managing of forests in order to
obtain raw materials: wood (furniture, paper industries)
rubber (caucho), resins (Pharmaceutical industry).
● FISHING: Is any activity that provide products from the
sea.

10. AGRARIAN POPULATION
WHAT HAVE HAPPENED TO THE AGRARIAN POPULATION
SINCE 1950 IN TERMS OF EMPLOYMENT?

11. AGRARIAN POPULATION
Excercise 1b page 104

12. AGRARIAN POPULATION
● ACTIVITIES 4 and 5 page 105

13. 2. AGRARIAN ACTIVITIES. PHYSICAL
FACTORS
Why don't we cultivate the same crops in every region of the
world?

14. 2. AGRARIAN ACTIVITIES. PHYSICAL
FACTORS
2. AGRARIAN ACTIVITIES. PHYSICAL
FACTORS

15. NATURAL FACTORS THAT
CONDICOINATE AGRARIAN ACTS.
CLIMATE
All types of plants need
a certain number of
sunlight, they can
tolerate maximum and
minimum temperatures,
precipitation levels or
wind.
Different crops adapt
better to different
climatic conditions:
Maize and rice need
more humidity
Sugar cane and
coffee require high Tº

17. NATURAL FACTORS THAT
CONDICOINATE AGRARIAN ACTS.
RELIEF
Agriculture is better
adapted to flat areas
(valleis or plains). These
lands are also more fertile
thanks to the lack of soil
erosion. They avoid
mountainous areas (cold
Tº, no plain terrain,
difficulty of use
mechanical tools)
In contrast, livestock
farming and silviculture
are better suited to
mountainous terrain.

18. Sometimes, the mountainous areas are also cultivated. But the human being need
to create terraces (bancales), many little flat areas in the slopes.
Phote: Rice crops in Vietnam.

19. NATURAL FACTORS THAT CONDICOINATE
AGRARIAN ACTS.
SOIL (surface layer of the
Earth's crust)
A good soil for agriculture is
one:
-Deep (many layers of organic
materials)
-Retain water
-Porous (lets air reach the
plant's roots.
-Neutral PH
(acidity/alkalinity). Not very
acid nor alkaline.

20. NATURAL FACTORS THAT
CONDICOINATE AGRARIAN ACTS.
VEGETATION

21. HUMAN FACTORS THAT
CONDICIONATE AGRARIAN ACTS.

24. Human factors: POPULATION
● Agrarian space is being used to its maximum
potential.
SOIL OVEREXPLOITATION,and subsequently DESERTIFICATION

25. Human factors: POPULATION
● Low population densities can lead to abandoned crops,
which leads to enviornmental decline (f. ex: fires).

26. HUMAN FACTOR: TECHNOLOGICAL
DEVELOPMENT
● The level of t echnological development of a society
influences the farming tools and techniques used.
TRADITIONAL
SOCIETIES
ADVANCED SOCIETIES
FARMIING TOOLS
FARMING TECHNIQUES

27. SICKLE (HOZ)
HOE (AZADA)
SPADE
(PALA)
PLOUGH
(ARADO)
TRACTOR
HARVESTER
(COSECHADORA)
MILKING MACHINES
(ORDEÑADOR ELECTRICO)

28. CROP ROTATION
SOIL IS FARMED UNTIL EXHAUSTION
USE OF NATURAL
FERTILIZERS
COMPOST (ABONO)
CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS & PESTICIDES
ADVANCED IRRIGATION TECHNIQUES
GREENHOUSES
SELECTED
SPECIES

29. ADVANCED
TECHNIQUES
Greenhouses in Almeria. Satelite
view

31. ECONOMIC ORGANISATION
There are different types of agrarian economies:
SUBSISTENCE ECONOMIES MARKET ECONOMIES
Only produce enough to cover
their own food needs.
- They practice polyculture
(various products in the same
field are cultivated)
- They combine agriculture with
livestock farming.
It is used in most developing
areas.
Produce food in order to sell it.
-It tends to specialise in one crop:
monocultive of type of livestock.
(bananas, coffee, pigs, maize).
It is common of developed areas
Polyculture: policultivo
Monoculture: monocultivo

32. ECONOMIC ORGANISATION
Subsistence and polyculture
agriculture in China.
Market and monoculture agriculture
in USA.

33. SOCIAL ORGANISATION
● Who belong the properties?
According to property can be:
– Private or - Collective
Regrding to land exploitation or use can be:
– Direct: landowners or ther employees work the land
themselves.
– Indirect: If the owner rent the land in exchange of a rental
money (tenant: arrendatario) or in exchange of a proportion of
the crops (sharecropping: aparcería)

36. AGRARIAN LANDSCAPES
● Agrarian landscapes include:
– INHABITED SPACE
– FARMLAND

37. INHABITED SPACE
CONCENTRATED DISPERSED INTERSPERSED
SETTLEMENT SETTLEMENT SETTLEMENT

38. DISPERSED SETTLEMENT

39. INTERSPERSED SETTLEMENT

40. CONCENTRATED
SETTLEMENT

42. – LA TOSCANA ITALIA

45. KIND OF SETTLEMENT?

46. FARMLAND
● Land dedicated to agrarian activities is organised into fields.
FIELDS CAN BE:
– In terms of size:
● SMALL (MINIFUNDIO) (<10 hectares)
● MEDIUM-SIZE (10 – 100 hectares)
● LARGE (LATIFUNDIO) (>100 ha)

47. FARMLAND
● In terms of shape, fields can be:
– REGULAR - IRREGULAR

48. FARMLAND
● In terms of limitis or boundaries
OPEN (OPENFIELDS) CLOSED (BOCAGE)
Fields can be closed with fences, walls
or lines of trees)

49. ● In terms of use: a field can be for: agriculture, livestock farming,
or silviculture.
FARMLAND

50. TYPE OF FARMLAND???

51. TYPE OF FARMLAND?

52. COMMENTING A LANDSCAPE!
ACTIVITY

53. PAISAJE AGRARIO MEDITERRÁNEO DE
INTERIOR

54. PAISAJE AGRARIO MEDITERRÁNEOLITORAL

55. PAISAJE AGRARIO DE MONTAÑA

56. PAISAJE AGRARIO DE MONTAÑA
AGRICULTURA EN BANCALES – CANARIAS (LANZAROTE)

57. AGRICULTURE. DIVERSITY AND
TYPES
●
CULTIVATION METHODS
– CROP VARIETIES
– WATER SUPPLY FOR PLANTS
– SOIL USE
– DEGREE OF LAND USE
MONOCULTURE
POLYCULTURE
DRYLAND (SECANO).Crops
only receive rainwater
IRRIGATED: (REGADÍO) crops
are provided with additional
water from rivers or wells
(pozos). Water has a cost ($)
CONTINUAL
CULTIVATION
CROP ROTATION:
alterning the crops
and leave one part in
fallow.
INTENSIVE: Land is used to
its full potential (advanced
techniques and tools)
EXTENSIVE: Land is not
used to its maximum
potential.

58. MONOCULTURE/POLYCULTURE

59. DRYLAND/
IRRIGATED
LANDS
Sprinkler irrigation system

60. ● CROP ROTATION /
CONTINUAL CULTIVATION

62. INTENSIVE
AGRICULTURE
- Use of pesticides
-Irrigation systems
-Greenhouses
Vegetables and fruits
tend to be intensive
crops.

63. EXTENSIVE
AGRICULTURE
- Wheat, olive tree and
vine are extensive
crops. They tend to be
dryland crops in large
surface areas.
These crops are known
as: Mediterranean triad
(triada mediterránea)

64. TYPES OF AGRICULTURE
DESTINATION
TECHONOLY
SYSTEM
LABOUR
FORCE
PRODUCTION
LOCATION
TYPES OF
AGRARIAN
SYSTEMS
TRADITIONAL AGRARIAN SYSTEMS ADVANCED AGRARIAN SYSTEMS
MARKET
SELF-CONSUMPTION
OUTDATED
TECHNOLOGY
ADVANCED
TECHONOLOGY
MINIMUM LABOUR
FORCELARGE LABOUR
FORCE
SPECIALISE IN PRODUCTS
SUITED TO THE
ENVIRONMENT AND
PROFITABLE IN THE MARKET.
LOW – SELF-
CONSUMPTION
AFRICA, SOURH
EAST ASIA and
LATIN AMERICA
EUROPE, USA, CERTAIN
AREAS OF TROPICAL
COASTS.
- MIGRATORY/ SLASH AND
BURN
- SEDENTARY DRYLAND
-IRRIGATED MONSOON
-AGRICULTURE IN NEW
COUNTRIES
(MULTINATIONALS)
-PLANTATION

65. TYPES OF AGRICULTURE

77. LIVESTOCK FARMING SYSTEMS
EXTENSIVE INTENSIVE
In large Open-air fields.
Livestock farming is a
complementary activity
with agriculture: provide
fertilisers (manures →
Estiercol)
Animals are reared.... In barns and stables.
Grasslands and natural
pastures
Animals are fed....
With artificial feeds
(fodder)
Small amount of capital
and labour
Need of capital and labour
Large amount of capital
and labour (buildings,
breed selection, veterniary
care)
Lower productivity Productivity Greater productivity.

78. INTENSIVE LIVESTOCK
FARMING
- Ganado estabulado
- Alimentación con piensos

79. INTENSIVE POULTRY FARMING

82. INTENSIVE PIG
FARMING

83. EXTENSIVE PIG FARMING
THE IBERIAN PIG

85. EXTENSIVE CATTLE FARMING

86. EXTENSIVE SHEEP FARMING

91. SILVICULTURE
It is the group of activities that consist of growing and cultivation of
trees in forests. It is also include any activity related to the forest
exploitation.
This activity is carried out in the world areas of woodland.
-Ecuatorial and tropical woodland (the jungle)
-Boreal forest (taiga)
-Temperate woodland

92. SILVICULTURE
● However the exploitation of forestry can lead to
environmental problems such us: DEFORESTATION
Watch the video and answer the following questions..
● What's deforestation?
● What are the activities that are incrasing world
deforestation?
● What are the environmental consequences of
deforestation?
● Where is deforestation most common?
● Why silviculture is important for the environment?
BRIEF EXPLAINATION DEFORESTATION
CNN - DEFORESTATION
DEFORESTATION - NG CLIMATE

94. FISHING

96. FISHERY – CALADERO (Areas where
fishing activities are undertaken.

97. FISHERIES
● Fisheries nowadays are facing some problems:
– Overfishing: more and more people consume products from
the sea. → Exhaustion of marine resources
– Sea Pollution (mareas negras)
– Difficulty to access to fishing grounds Each country has its
own fishing ground (caladero nacional) (200 miles of the
coastline)
To avoid these problems there are some policies:
● In internacional grounds fishing captures are very limited.
● There are fishing quotas (max number of captures)
● Promotion of aquaculture

98. AQUACULTURE
● Is the farming of fish, crustaceans, mollucs, aquatic
plants and algae. It can be carried out in freshwater
and saltwater.
● Fish farms
(piscifactorías)
are used to
reared these
aquatic products

99. AQUACULTURE