The document discusses various types of agriculture practices, including shifting, plantation, subsistence, and intensive agriculture, along with their benefits and disadvantages. It highlights the significant issue of food wastage in India and globally, noting that up to 40% of food produced in India is wasted, with similar trends worldwide. The text provides insights on the implications of food waste on the environment and food security, suggesting measures to reduce waste.

1. EMERGING CIVIL SOCIETY INITIATIVES IN
AGRICULTURE

2. AGRICULTURE
 Agriculture is a science and art of cultivating plants and livestock.
 It was a key development in the rise of sedentary human civilization,whereby
farming with domesticated species.
 It had created a food surpluses and enabled the people to live in cities.
 The great history of agriculture began thousands of years ago.
 And also animal species like Pig, Sheep and Cattle were domesticated over
10,000 years ago.

4. EVOLUTION OF AGRICULTURE

5. TYPES OF AGRICULTURES
 Shifting Agriculture
 Plantation Agriculture
 Subsistence Agriculture
 Intensive Agriculture
 Dry Agriculture
 Wet Agriculture
 Terrace Agriculture

6. Shifting Agriculture
 This type of farming is widely used by the tribal groups to grow crops.
 First a land is obtained by clearing a forested area and then crops are
planted.
 While the land loses its fertility , another area of land is cleared and the
crops are shifted there.
 And there are commonly grown crops in this type of farming are Dry paddy ,
Maize , Millets and Vegetables etc.,
 This agriculture practice is called with different names at different places:-
o JHUM in Assam
o PONAM in Kerala
o PODU in A.P , Odisha
o BERA in M.P

8. BENEFITS:-
 Eliminating the Weeds , Insects and other Germs which are effecting the soil.
 This cultivation allows for farming in areas with dense vegetation, low soil
nutrients, uncontrollable pests.
DISADVANTAGES:-
 In this shifting cultivation the trees in the forest are cut.
 It can also leads to destruction of large areas of land.
 If this is performed improperly,the slash and burns can make once fertile
lands unable to support the new growth of crops and plants.

9. Plantation Agriculture:-
 Plantations are only capable of producing a single crop which takes longer time to
grow.
 Mostly the plantation agriculture is practiced in Kerala, Assam,Karnataka and
Maharashtra.
 There are some of the crops grown in this type of agriculture are:
o Rubber
o Tea
o Coffee
o Coconut
o Fruit crops like Apple,Grapes,Oranges etc.,
 It also has a life cycle more than two years and also it is a export- oriented
crop.

11. BENEFITS:-
 It creates more job opportunities for local people.
 It is a source of income for a country.
 Crops are produced in large scale.
 Large estates are managed scientifically and efficiently.
DISADVANTAGES:-
 Local Economy badly suffer following retrenchment of labors.
 Unemployment may increase.
 It is not good for Ecology.
 Over-exploitation and absence of crop rotation depletes the soil fertility and
increases the soil erosion.

12. Subsistence Agriculture:-
 This is one of the most popular farming techniques that can be seen in various
parts of India.
 In this the farmer along with his family cultivates grains for themselves or for
sale at the local market.
 Since facilities like Electricity and irrigation are generally not available to the
poor farmers and also they do not use fertilizers and high yielding variety of
seeds.

14. BENEFITS:-
 It provides organized food for the family.
 It allows food to be produced in low cost.
 It creates opportunity to continue living in village.
DISADVANTAGES:-
 Yields are meagre.
 Few varieties of crops can only be grown in this type of cultivation.
 It is highly dependent upon rainfall as modern irrigation methods are
unsuitable for such small farm sizes.

15. Intensive Agriculture:-
 In this type of agriculture in areas where irrigation has been possible, the
farmers use fertilizers and pesticides in a large scale to bring their land under
high yielding variety of seeds.
 It can be in other name called as Industrial Agriculture.
 It involves in higher use of inputs such as capital and labor per unit area.
 This is where it differs from traditional agriculture where the inputs per unit
land are lower.

17. BENEFITS:-
 High crop yields
 Farmers can easily monitor and can also protect their livestock.
 Producing from these farms has driven the cost of vegetables,fruits,and
poultry products down.
DISADVANTAGES:-
 Poor living conditions and hygiene for livestock.
 Excessive use of Agro-Chemicals.
 Deforestation and Alteration of the natural environment.
 Risks on human health.

18. STRUGGLES OF FARMER WITHOUT CROPS
VIDEO

19. STARVATION
 The human body needs food and water to survive. A human can go for more
than three weeks without food — Mahatma Gandhi survived 21 days of
complete starvation — but water is a different story. At least 60% of the adult
body is made of it and every living cell in the body needs it to keep
functioning

20. WASTEAGE OF FOOD DONE IN INDIA
 According to the United Nations Development Programme, up to 40% of the food produced in India is wasted. About 21 million
tonnes of wheat are wasted in India and 50% of all food across the world meets the same fate and never reaches the needy.
 INDIANS waste as much food as the whole of United Kingdom consumes – a statistic that may not so much indicative of our love
of surfeit, as it is of our population. Still, food wastage is an alarming issue in India. Our street and garbage bins, landfills have
sufficient proof to prove it.
 Weddings, canteens, hotels, social and family functions, households spew out so much food. According to the United Nations
Development Programme, up to 40% of the food produced in India is wasted. About 21 million tonnes of wheat are wasted in
India and 50% of all food across the world meets the same fate and never reaches the needy. In fact, according to the
agriculture ministry, INR 50,000 crores worth of food produced is wasted every year in the country.
 In India, the bigger the wedding, the larger the party and the more colossal the waste. No doubt weddings and banquets are a
huge source of food wastage, but restaurants and hotels also contribute to food wastage, though the awareness around this has
grown in the last five years. While some restaurants in India employ food controllers to check food spoilage, others donate it to
their staff and other personnel, and smaller standalone restaurants, donate it to orphanages. Few also reuse non-perishable
food.

21. WASTE OF FOOD IN WORLD
 In fact, nearly one-third of all food produced in the world is discarded or wasted for
various reasons. That equates to nearly 1.3 billion tons every year.
 Not surprisingly, industrialized countries like the United States waste more food than
developing nations. In 2010, the average American generated about 219 pounds (99 kg)
of food waste, according to the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
 While you might not think food waste affects you, think again.
 Tossing edible food doesn’t just waste money. Discarded food is sent to landfills, where
it rots and produces methane gas, which is the second most common greenhouse gas. In
other words, throwing out your food contributes to climate change.
 It wastes a huge amount of water, too. According to the World Resources Institute, 24%
of all the water used for agriculture is lost through food waste every year. That’s 45
trillion gallons (about 170 trillion liters).
 Although these numbers may seem overwhelming, you can help reduce this harmful
practice by following the easy tips in this article. Every little bit helps.

22. TO SAVE THE FOOD
 Shop Smart
 Store food correctly
 Learn to be preserve
 Don’t Be a Perfectionist
 Keep Your Fridge Clutter-Free