The Neolithic Revolution involved the transition of human cultures from hunting and gathering to agriculture and settlement around 10,000 years ago. Key developments included the domestication of plants like wheat and animals like cows; new stone tools like sickles, hand mills, and polished axe heads; the beginning of pottery making; and the establishment of permanent villages. Important Neolithic sites that have been excavated include Göbekli Tepe in Turkey, Çatalhöyük in Turkey, and Jericho in Palestine, which provide evidence of early agricultural practices, religious structures, and defensive walls.

1. NEOLITHIC
AGE
Neolithic revolution
was the transition of
many human cultures
from a lifestyle
of hunting and
gathering to one
of agriculture and
settlement.
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2. NEOLITHIC TECHNOLOGY
 The mankind made new
tools as:
 Sickle (hoz, para segar
el cereal).
 Hand mill (molino de
mano, para moler el
cereal).
 A chopper axe ( un
hacha de piedra, pero
la piedra está
pulimentada).
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3. 3

4. SICKLE
It is a hand-held agricultural tool designed
with variously curved blades and typically
used for harvesting.
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5. HAND
MILL
They were first used in
the Neolithic to grind cereals
into flour.
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6. AXE.
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7. HOE.
A hoe is an agricultural hand tool used to shape
soil, remove weeds, clear soil, and harvest root
crops. Shaping the soil includes piling soil around the
base of plants (hilling), digging narrow furrows
(drills) and shallow trenches for
planting seeds or bulbs.
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8. THE DOMESTICATION OF ANIMAL SPECIES
AND PLANTS.
Plants.
• Wheat (Trigo).
• Barley (Cebada).
• Lentil (Legumbres como
la lenteja).
• Rice (arroz) in Asia.
• Corn (maiz) in America.
Animal species.
– VACA (cow).
– OVEJA (sheep).
– CABRA (goat).
– CERDO (pig).
– PERRO (dog).
– One of the last animal
species domesticated
was the cat.
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9. THE BEGINNING OF POTTERY.
 How to make a bowl
(vasija):
 1. Clay (barro).
 2. Model the clay.
 3. Make some geometric
paintings on the clay or
make some lines or basic
symbols.
 We use holes on the
ground as ovens to cook
the bowls.
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10. THE
HUMANKIND
BECAME
SEDENTARY.
FIRST VILLAGES:
humankind built first
houses with a circular
shape. They hadn't
different rooms. In the
middle of the house
they used to made a
circle with stones and
they used it as kitchen
and heating.
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11. • After a few
centuries the
humankind built
their houses with a
rectangular shape.
• They began to
divide the house in
different rooms,
one of them for the
animals.
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12. NEOLITHIC ARCHAELOGICAL
SITES.
• The manking became sedentary (farmers and
shepperds) in the Middle East (countries such as Iraq,
Israel, Palestine, Syria, south Turkey and west Iran).
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13. DOMESTICATION OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS
IN THE FERTILE CRESCENT.
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14. GOBEKLI TEPE (TURKEY)
Dated between 9500 and 8000 BCE, the site
comprises a number of large circular structures
supported by massive stone pillars, the world's
oldest known megaliths. Many of these pillars
are richly decorated with
abstract anthropomorphic details, clothing,
and reliefs of wild animals.
Göbekli Tepe, a monumental complex built on
the top of a rocky mountaintop, far from
known sources of water and to date produced
no clear evidence of agricultural cultivation.
Prehistorians disagree on whether farming
caused people to settle down or vice-versa.
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15.  Evidence indicates that the
inhabitants were hunter-
gatherers who supplemented their
diet with early forms of
domesticated cereal and lived in
villages for at least part of the year.
Tools such as grinding stones and
mortar & pestle, found at Göbekli
Tepe, were analyzed and suggest
considerable cereal processing.
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16.  Schmidt considered Göbekli Tepe a central location for a cult of the
dead and that the carved animals are there to protect the dead. Though no
tombs or graves have yet been found, Schmidt believed that graves remain to
be discovered in niches located behind the walls of the sacred circles. In
2017, the discovery of human crania with incisions was reported, interpreted
as providing evidence for a new form of Neolithic skull cult.
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17. CATAL HÜYÜK (south Turkey).
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18. Approximately
between 7500 BC
and 5700 BC.
An average population of
between 5,000 and 7,000. The
sites were set up as large numbers
of buildings clustered together.
The inhabitants lived in
mudbrick houses that were
crammed together in an
aggregate structure. There are no
footpaths or streets. Houses were
clustered in a honeycomb-like
maze. Most were accessed by
holes in the ceiling, with doors
reached by ladders and stairs.
The rooftops were streets. The
ceiling openings also served as
the only source of ventilation.
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19. CHATAL HUYUK' S TEMPLES
-Archeologists found out
some houses they
identified as temples.
- They found out rooms
decorated with paintings
and sculptures of heads
of bulls.
- In the Ancient Times the
bull was identified with
the virility (maleness) of
the man and in general
with fertility.

20. - Some of the paintings
found at Chatal Huyuk
show hunting scenes,
rituals dance. They also
found out some
sculptures of heads of
bulls, pregnant women
and a figure of the
“Mother Goddess” (la
Diosa Madre).
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21. It is a baked-clay, nude female
form, seated between feline-
headed arm-rests. It is generally
thoughtto depict a corpulent
and fertile Mother Goddess in
the process of giving birth while
seated on her throne.
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22. Nowadays, some
villages in Africa
are still built with
the same structure
of Catal Huyuk. It
is a defensive
structure.
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23. NEOLITICH ON EAST
MEDITERRANEAN SEA :JERICHO
- The village was surrounded by
a wall (3.6 metres high and
1.8 metres thick) but for first
time they built a tower to
defend themselves.
- Jericho was near the Death
Sea and they used to trade
with salt.
- Jericho had already 2.000
people. They were the only
one sedentary people around
the Death Sea; the rest of the
people were nomads.
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24. Founded 9600 BC.
The town contained round
mud-brick houses. With the
past of the time the
architecture changed to
rectilinear buildings made of
mudbricks on stone
foundations. The dead were
buried under the floors. This
population had
domesticated wheat, barley an
d pulses. The construction of
the wall and the tower
indicates a complex social
organization. Population as
much as 2000 people.
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25. 25

26. JERICHO WALLS
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27. - Archaeologists
found some skulls
decorated as human
heads.
- They buried their
deads under the
ground of the
houses.
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28. The plastered skulls
represent some of the
earliest forms of burial
practices. During
the Neolithic period,
the deceased were
often buried under the
floors of their
homes. Sometimes the
skull was removed, and
its cavities filled with
plaster and
painted. Some scholars
believe that this burial
practice represents an
early form of ancestor
worship, where the
plastered skulls were
used to commemorate
and respect family
ancestors.
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