MEANING OF AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES Industry’s Best Practices Modern Agricultural Equipment’s Classification of Agriculture Eight Important Types of world Agriculture THE EFFECTS OF AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES ON BIODIVERSITY Agriculture Management Characteristics Of Sustainable Agriculture Agricultural Drought https://www.cda.org.bd/

1. Welcome
© Prepared by
Md. Rakibul Alam
Md. Al Amin
Ripon Sorkar
Ishtiak Abedin
MSK Sohag
Md. Jahangir Alam
Md. Rashed
Md. Hasanuzzaman
Department of Disaster Management
Begum Rokeya Univrsity, Rangpur-5400, Bangladesh.

2. Agricultural Practices,
Its Impact On Biodiversity &
Agricultural Drought

3. MEANING OF AGRICULTURE
CONCEPT
‘Ager’ or ‘Agri’ (Latin) + ‘Cultura’ (Latin) = Agriculture
Soil Cultivation Soil Cultivation
Concept of-
1. Art
2. Science
3. Business

4. DEFINITION
1. Agriculture is the cultivation and breeding of animals, plants and fungi for food, fibre, biofuel, medicinal plants and other
products used to sustain and enhance human life. (Wikipedia)
2. Agriculture is the production of food, feed, fibre and other goods by the systematic raising of domesticated plants and
animals. Agriculture covers all activities essential to food/feed/fibre production, including all techniques for raising and
"processing" livestock. Agriculture includes agronomy, animal husbandry, horticulture, flora culture, aquaculture, and
silviculture.

5. MEANING OF AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES
It indicates-
 Ensuring safety and quality of produce in the food chain
 Capturing new market advantages by modifying supply chain governance
 Improving natural resources use, workers health and working conditions
 Creating new market opportunities for farmers and exporters in
developing countries

6. DEFINITION OF AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES
Agricultural practices are those specific methods of creating foods for consumers or further processing that
is safe and wholesome.
PROCESS OF AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES
1. Preparation of soil
2. Sowing
3. Adding
 Manure
 Fertilize
4. Irrigation
5. Protection from
weeds
6. Harvesting
7. Storage

7. Industry’s Best Practices
 Hand-washing facilities
 Proactive pest management strategy
 Keeping animals and their fresh manures
away from active fields and orchards
 Using the right crop protection chemicals,
fertilizers
 Produce and harvest baskets with holes
 Appropriate quality water for irrigation
 Packing shed, food contact packing surfaces
and refrigerators should be well maintained
 Labelling each sell unit with farmer contact
information

8. Modern Agricultural Equipment’s
1. Traction and power
 Tractor
 Crawler tractor / Caterpillar tractor
2. Soil cultivation
 Cultivator
 Chisel plow
 Harrow
 Spike harrow
 Drag harrow
 Disk harrow
 Plow
 Power tiller
 Rotary tiller
 Rototiller
 Spading machine
 Subsoiler
 Walking tractor

9. 3. Planting
 Broadcast seeder (or broadcast spreader or fertilizer spreader)
 Plastic mulch layer
 Potato planter
 Seed drill
 Air seeder
 Precision drill
 Transplanter
 Rice transplanter
4. Fertilizing and pest control
 Fertilizer spreader (see broadcast seeder)
 Terragator
 Manure spreader
 Sprayer
5. Irrigation
 Centre pivot irrigation

10. 6. Harvesting / post-harvest
 beet harvester
 Bean harvester
 Combine harvester
 Conveyor belt
 Corn harvester
 Cotton picker
 Forage harvester
(or silage harvester)
 Huller
 Potato digger
 Potato harvester
 Sickle
 Swather
7. Hay making
 Bale mover
 Baler
 Conditioner
 Hay rake
 Hay tedder
 Mower

11. 8. Loading
 Backhoe
 Front end loader
 Skid-steer loader
9. Other
 Grain auger
 Feed grinder
 Grain cart
 Rock picker
SOME AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS
 Organic agriculture
 Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
 Sustainable agriculture

12. Agriculture
Subsistence
Farming
Simple
Subsistence
Farming
Intensive
Subsistence
Farming
Plantation
Agriculture
Shifting
Agriculture
• Simple tools & grow food for
themselves.
• Low use of farm machinery or
modern.
Subsistence
Farming
• Single cash crop & Large capital
input, fertilizers, good transport
facilities.
• A factory for processing the
produce
Plantation
Agriculture
• A piece of forest land is cleared
mainly by tribal people by felling
and burning of trees and crops
are grown
Shifting
Agriculture

13. 1. On the basis
of the expansion
of land
(a) Intensive
agriculture
higher levels of
input and output
per cubic unit.
(b) Extensive
agriculture
small inputs of
labour, capital
and land.
2. On the basis
of availability of
water
(a) Humid
farming
Rainfall is abundant, rainy
season is sowing season,
harvesting is done in the dry
months.
(b) Irrigated
farming
Irrigation farming is prevalent in
areas where rainfall is seasonal
and confined in a particular
season.
(c) Dry farming
Annual rainfall is as low as 50
cm or less and irrigation is not
practicable,

14. 3. On the basis
of cropping
pattern
(a) Monoculture/ single
crop agriculture
(b) Duo culture: double
crop agriculture
(c) Oligo culture: multiple
crop agriculture
4. On the basis
of seasonal
variations
(a) Winter crop
agriculture
Sown in autumn, harvested in
spring or summer.
(b) Summer crop
agriculture
Main summer cereal crop grown
in northern Europe.
(c)Autumn crop
agriculture
Main autumn croup grown.
(a) Kharif
crops
Sown with the
beginning of the
first rains in July.
but is popularly
considered to
start in June and
to end in
October
(b) Rabi crops
sown in winter
and harvested
in the
spring in the
South Asia

15. 5. on the basis of
volume of
production and
their nature
(a) Simple
subsistence
agriculture
Simple tools, low use of farm
machinery or modern.
(b) Intensive
subsistence
agriculture
Low use of farm machinery or
modern.
(c) Commercial
grain farming
Small area & tropical crops such as
tea, coffee, rubber and oil palm.
(d) Plantation
agriculture
Single cash crop & Large capital
input, fertilizers, good transport
facilities.

16. 6. on the basis of
social system
(a) Capitalistic
farming activities are controlled and
manipulated by individual
entrepreneurs
(b) Socialistic land is owned by the state
(c) Feudalistic
agrarian system; farming was totally
under the control of the landlords
7. on the basis
of ownership
of land
(a) Collective
state farming
multiple farmers run their
holdings as a joint enterprise.
(b)
Cooperative
farming
member-owners jointly engage in
farming activities
(c) Individual
farming
family farming, a farm owned
and/or operated by a family

17. 8. on the basis of
regional
characteristics
(a) Monsoon type
of agriculture
rainy season, rainfall during the
period between early June and
October & depend upon monsoon-
rains.
(b) Mediterranean
agriculture
not regular topography, mild
temperatures, rainfall & near to
large bodies of water
(c) Mixed farming
of North-West
Europe
many producers, diversified their
farming across cropping and
livestock production.
(d) Tropical and
sub-tropical
plantation
agriculture
unskilled or semiskilled labour
under central direction, crops
cultivated by slave labour

20. Distribution in Bangladesh Map

21. THE EFFECTS OF AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES ON BIODIVERSITY
Positive effects:
 Industrial Crop, Livestock Production Growing Crops
for food production and economical sufficiency.
 Valuable, High Quality lifestyles of organisms
 Better Quality of Foods Are Produced Which Changing
Our lifestyle Much easier Than Before
 Using Advanced Agricultural Technologies Food
growing & Preserving Systems Become Much Easier
 Getting Hybrid Crops and Seeds
 Protection of Public Health
 Environmental Preservation & Lower
cost
 Source of Fuel and
Pharmaceuticals
 Animal Agriculture
 Reducing emissions
 Enhancing removals
 Avoiding (or displacing)
emissions

22. As an example here is a chart of the effects of organic farming on biodiversity

23. Negative Effects
 Animal Diseases
 Over Population For All Species
 & Ecological Problems
 Toxic Effects To Biodiversity
Here is a chart of worlds
biodiversity
loss:

24. SPECIFIC IMPACTS ON BIODIVERSITY
 The impact of tillage on biodiversity
 The impact of drainage on biodiversity
 The impact of intercropping on
biodiversity in arable lands
 The impact of rotation on biodiversity in
arable lands
 The impact of grazing on biodiversity in
pastures
 The impact of pesticides and their
application on biodiversity
 The impact of fertilizers on biodiversity
MITIGATION PROCESS OF THE BAD IMPACT OF AGRICULTURAL
PRACTICES
 Agriculture Management
 Sustainable Agriculture

25. Agriculture Management
(a) Cropland management
(i) Agronomy
1. Using improved crop varieties
2. Extending crop rotations- perennial crops
4. Use of rotations with legume crops
3. Provide vegetative cover between agricultural crops
5. Adopting less intensive cropping systems
(ii) Nutrient management
1. Adjusting application rates based on precise estimation of crop needs
2. Using slow-release fertilizer forms or nitrification inhibitors
3. Avoiding time delays between N application and plant N uptake
4. Placing the N more precisely into the soil to make it more accessible to crops roots
(iii) Tillage/residue management- minimal tillage (reduced tillage) or without tillage (no till)
(iv) Water management-
1. Expanding this area of irrigation from 18% to above
2. More effective irrigation measures
(v) Rice management- draining the wetland rice
once or several times during the growing season
(vi) Agroforestry
(vii) Land cover (use) change

26. (b) Grazing Land Management And Pasture Improvement
(i) Grazing intensity
(ii) Increased productivity
(including fertilization)
1. Adding nitrogen
2. Irrigating grasslands
3. Alleviating nutrient deficiencies by fertilizer or organic amendments
(iii) Nutrient management
1. Deposition of faeces
2. Urine from livestock
(iv) Fire management-
1. Reducing the frequency or extent of fires through more effective fire suppression
2. Reducing the fuel load by vegetation management
3. Burning at a time of year when less CH4 and N2O are emitted
(v) Species introduction
1. Establishment of deep-rooted grasses
2. Introducing legumes into grazing lands
(c) Management of organic soils

27. (d) Restoration Of Degraded Lands
 Revegetation
 Improving fertility by nutrient amendments
 Applying organic substrates such as manures,
bio solids and composts
 Reducing tillage and retaining crop residues
 Conserving water
(e) Livestock Management-
1. Improved feeding practices
 Adding oils to the diet
 Improving pasture quality specially in less developed
regions
 Optimizing protein intake to reduce N excretion and N2O
emissions
2. Use of specific agents or dietary additives
 Halogenated compounds inhibit methanogenic bacteria
 Probiotics, such as yeast culture
 Vaccines against methanogenic bacteria
 Bovine somatotrophin (bST) and hormonal growth implants
3. Longer term management changes and animal breeding

28. (f) Manure management
 Storing and handling the manures in solid rather than liquid
 Covering manure heaps
(g) Bioenergy
SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
CONCEPT
 Satisfy human food and fibre needs
 Enhance environmental quality and the natural resource
 Make the most efficient use of non-renewable resources
and on-farm resources and integrate, where appropriate,
natural biological cycles and controls
 Sustain the economic viability of farm operations
 Building and maintaining healthy soil
 Managing water wisely
 Minimizing air, water, and climate pollution
 Promoting biodiversity

29. Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) Goals
It have 17 goals. From them Sustainable Development Goal 2 is-
 End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture.
It is the main theme of sustainable agriculture. From this goal the concept of sustainable agriculture is come.

30. Characteristics Of Sustainable Agriculture
1. Conservation and preservation
2. Biodiversity
3. Animal welfare
4. Economically viable
5. Socially
6. Productivity/Capacity
PRACTICES
1. Farming and natural resources
 Rotating crops and embracing diversity
 Planting cover crops
 Reducing or eliminating tillage
 Applying integrated pest management
(IPM)
 Integrating livestock and crops.
 Adopting agroforestry practices

31. 2. Water
 Improving water conservation and storage measures
 Providing incentives for selection of
drought-tolerant crop species
 Using reduced-volume irrigation systems
 Managing crops to reduce water loss
Indicators for sustainable water resource
development are:
(a) Internal renewable water resources.
(b) Global renewable water resources.
(c) Dependency ratio.
(d) Water withdrawal.
3. Soil
 Walls built to avoid water run-off
 Phosphate
 Land
 Energy

32. Some Other Processes
 Recycle food, crop waste and livestock or treated
human manure
 Growing legume crops and forages such as peanuts
or alfalfa that form symbioses with nitrogen-fixing
bacteria called rhizobia
 Industrial production of nitrogen by the Haber
process uses hydrogen, which is currently derived
from natural gas but this hydrogen could instead
be made by electrolysis of water using electricity
(perhaps from solar cells or windmills)
 Genetically engineering (non-legume) crops to
form nitrogen-fixing symbioses or fix nitrogen
without microbial symbionts

33. PRESENT STATUS OF SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE IN BANGLADESH
Organizations:
 PROSHIKA
 CARITAS
 UBINIG
Gov. Projects:
 Integrated crop management (ICM)
 Integrated pest management (IPM)
CARE-Bangladesh had few projects to address sustainable agriculture issue:
 GOLDA
 GO-INTERFISH
 NOPEST
Their Projects-
 SHAB
 LMP
 Akti Bari Akti Khamar

34. Goals of sustainable agriculture
 Productivity
 Environmental stability
 Economic profitability
 Social and economic equity
Strategies of sustainable agriculture
 Management of Natural Resources
-soil, water, air and energy
 Production Practices
-crops, livestock and fisheries
 The Economic, Social and Political
Context
-public policies, economic institutions, and social values

35. STATISTICAL DATA OF AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES
Agricultural statistics of Bangladesh

36. Source:
 Department of
Agriculture Extension
(DAE)
 Bangladesh Bureau of
Statistics (BBS)

37. Worlds Statistical Data
The Survey on agricultural
production methods (SAPM)
was a one off survey in 2010
to collect farm level data
on agri-environmental
measures to support
monitoring of the relevant
European Union policies
(e.g. the common
agricultural policy, rural
development policy, etc.)
and to establish agri-
environmental indicators
(AEI)

38. 1. In some countries like the
conversion to agriculture is
still occurring.
Example: United States
2. The decline of agricultural
land in much of the world
hides
Example: New Zealand,
Mongolia, and Poland
3. significant agricultural
expansion elsewhere
Example: Vietnam, Indonesia,
and Argentina

39. Population Less than 10% of what it is today
Total land area 7%
Past (1700)
World’s farmers 570 Million
Total land area 40%
Water withdrawals Two-thirds
Water consumption 85%
Present
Cultivatable Land (1961) 12.2 billion acres
Cultivatable Land
(NOW)
26.3 billion acres
Result:
1. We could produce the same amount of total food grown fifty years ago on less than one-third
the amount of land used back then
2. we need to cultivate more than double the amount of land to feed the population today

40. Agricultural Drought
MEANING OF AGRICULTURAL DROUGHT
CONCEPT
 Agricultural drought means there is not enough moisture to support average crop
production.
 It affects crop production or the ecology of the range.
 This condition can also arise independently from any change in precipitation levels when soil
conditions and erosion triggered by poorly planned agricultural endeavours cause a shortfall
in water available to the crops.
 However, in a traditional drought, it is caused by an extended period of below average
precipitation.

41. DEFINITION
 Agricultural drought refers to circumstances when soil moisture is insufficient and results in the lack of crop growth
and production. It primarily concerns itself with short-term drought situations. Agriculture can rebound or be
impaired within a very short period of time depending upon the strength of drought conditions or precipitation
events.
DISTRIBUTION
Some database are-
 Agricultural Stress Index System (ASIS)
 Global Administrative Unit Layers (GAUL)
Characteristics
 Crop phenology (start of season, end of season);
 Cropland intensity (low, medium, high and very high);
 Rain fed agricultural areas (areas which are mainly dependent on rainfall) as a share of total agricultural area;
 Irrigated agricultural areas as a share of total agricultural area;
 Feld size (small, medium-sized and large felds, representing smallholders to large, commercial producers);
 Cropping types and patterns (the study considers 11 major crops, including wheat, rice, maize, sorghum, barley,
beans, potatoes, millet, groundnuts, soybeans and pulses);
 Stunting data and population density in or around the year 2000 (persons/km2);

42. Agricultural Drought Worldwide – From Space

44. The Current Field Size of Cropland

45. Map Of Irrigated Areas Percentage

47. Global rain fed croplands

48. Drought Hazard Frequency & Distribution Map

49. Drought Total Economic Loss Risk Distribution map

50. CAUSES OF AGRICULTURAL DROUGHT
 Temperatures
 Air circulation and
 weather patterns
 Soil moisture levels
 Demand for water
 Lack of storage and collection
of water
 Global Warming
 Drying out of Surface Water
Flow
 Rainfall or Precipitation
Deficiency
 Surface water flow
 Human factors
 Overexploitation of surface
water resources

51. EFFECTS OF AGRICULTURAL DROUGHT
1. Economic Effects
 High cost
 Loss of income
 Closing down equipment
production
 Destroying economy of a
region
 Low electricity production
 Shortages of water for
industrial users
 Reduced income for agribusiness
 Increased prices of food and timber
 Reduced tax revenues
(because of low expenditures)
 Reduced number of tourists

52. Environmental Effects
 Diminished crop growth or yield
productions and carrying capacity for livestock
 For insufficient rainfall there are lack of food
and drinking water for human and wild animals
 Fodder production falls
 Losses or destruction of fish and wildlife habitat
which affecting both terrestrial and aquatic wildlife
 Poor soil quality, wind and water erosion of soils
 Desertification
 Lower water levels in reservoirs, lakes, and ponds
and ground water depletion:
 Loss of wetlands
 Increase in disease in wild animals, because of
reduced food and water supplies
 Increased stress on endangered species or even extinction
 Migration of wildlife
 More wildfires
 Diseases in human body
 Toxic Effects

53. Social Effects
 Migration of population
 Psychological effects
 Reduce the draft capacity of
the farming sector
 Vulnerability of pastoral herds
 Force to use chemical fertilisers
 Oxen losses from deaths vs. sales
 Outmigration of labour
 Changes in the distribution of
wealth
 Famine
 War over natural resources,
including water and food
 Snake migration

54. STATISTICAL DATA OF DROUGHT
Loss rate for agricultural drought in California :
MITIGATING MEASURES OF AGRICULTURAL
DROUGHT
Vulnerability Assessment
Before Drought: Objective
During but usually after Drought: Impact
Evaluation Objective:
Drought vulnerability/impacts are compared to reference years, such as:
 Previous year/growing season
 Normal or average year
 Last drought episode
 Record years (worst and/or best in recent past or in given time periods)

55. Evaluation Parameters
 Climate
 Water Resources
 Agriculture
 Livestock, Forests and Rangelands
Risk Assessment Methodology Steps:
 Identify impacts of recent/historical droughts
 Identify drought impact trends
 Prioritize impacts to address
 Identify mitigation actions that could reduce impacts (short vs. long term)
 Identify triggers to phase in and phase out actions during drought onset or termination
 Identify agencies and organizations to develop and implement actions

56. Risk Assessment Output
Risk Management Options
Long-term
Re-visiting national policies/strategies to cater for drought preparedness
1. Water Resources
- Enhancing supply
- Improving demand management (in all sectors/uses)
2. Agriculture
- Agric. water management (complying with water resources strategy/plan)
- Crop production
- Livestock
3. Other sectors

57. II. Short-term measures
1. Water
- Supply augmentation (all/specified sectors)
- Demand management (all/specified sectors)
- Measures other than supply and demand
-Drought levels and water mitigation/responses
2. Agriculture
– Crop Production
– Livestock, range and pasture lands
III. Response and Recovery
 Planned drought mitigation and response options
 Risk Assessment Committee prioritizes all options based on
agreed criteria (vulnerability, cost, etc.)
 Scale (national, regional, local, specific groups, etc.)
 Drought Task Force selects options to be included in
drought plan
 Time-bound implementation plan, based on
indices/triggers from
 Monitoring and Early Warning

58. Drought Mitigate Process Using Disaster Management Mechanism

59. Several Things We Can Do To Ease Our Plants Through A Dry
Summer And Even Improve Our Landscape
1. Assess our priorities
2. Identify root zones
3. Try a root irrigator
4. Check soil moisture
5. Irrigate slowly
6. Build watering basins
7. Use soaker hoses
8. Apply mulch-
 Reduces evaporation
 Insulates roots from extreme temperature changes
 Helps prevent weeds
9. Modify lawn care
10. Be water-wise
with pots
11. Harvest rain

60. Interrelation Between Agriculture, Its Practices And
Agricultural Drought
Several Other Cause
Its Use Its Bad Impact
Agriculture Agricultural Practices Agricultural Drought

61. Thank You