This document discusses various topics related to agriculture, livestock, fishing, and their economic activities. It begins by defining the primary sector and describing the importance of agriculture and livestock in feeding the world population. It then discusses different types of farming systems including subsistence, market-oriented, intensive, and extensive approaches. Issues facing various sectors are also summarized, such as overfishing, limits on territorial waters, and the need for sustainable exploitation of natural resources.

1. UNIT 8:
AGRICULTURE, LIVESTOCK AND
FISHING

2. 1. PRIMARY SECTOR
1.1- Primary sector.
• Primary activities are made of activities
related to collect or produce natural
resources. It means agriculture, livestock and
fishing.
• Nowadays, these activities takes 39% of
world population. This percentage is unequal
over the world (2% in North America, and
58% in Africa).

4. 1.2 Agriculture activities.
• In this sector, agriculture and livestock are
the most important because human feeding
depends on these activities.
• Agriculture activities are conditioned by:
- The climate: crops need temperate
temperatures, water and humidity to grow
up. So in extreme climates crops are unable
to grow up.

5. - The relief: agriculture is usually located in
plain areas or valleys. Sometimes mountain
slopes are cultivated on terraces.
- The ground: is very important, because
they have to be rich in nutrients, have a
good structure and be able to keep the
humidity.

6. • There are several differences between
developed countries where the climate, the
relief an the ground factors are less important
than in undeveloped ones due to machinery
and technology invested.

7. 2- AGRARIAN LANDSCAPES
2.1 Agrarian landscapes characteristics.
• An agrarian landscape is a natural landscape
which has been changed by human activities.
• There are three elements which are
characteristic of an agrarian landscapes:

8. 2.2 Plots of land.
• A plot is a piece of ground which is used to
grow crops.
• They are different in size (small or large
plots), shape (regular or irregular), and they
might be closed or open plots:
- Openfields: are plots of land without fences.
They usually have a small size and a regular
shape. (Mediterranean Europe).
- Bocage: they have a large size, besides they
are irregular plots and are surrounded by a
fence (Atlantic Europe)

9. Opendfield Bocage

10. 2.3 Farming Systems.
A)Multiple-crop farming system (policultivo)
and single-crop farming:
- MCFS: there several kind of crops are
cultivated.
- SCFS: the plot is used in a single and
specialized crop (olive threes).

11. B) Irrigated and dry lands.
- Irrigated landscapes: water is taken of
the groundwater or reserves and it is used in
fields.( it usually makes the production grow)
- Dry landscapes: they only are irrigated by
the rainfall (the cheapest method).

12. C) Intensive agriculture and extensive agriculture:
- Intensive: is characteristic in small plots of
land. The farmers try to have the largest production
in the smallest area possible. This kind of
agriculture need large investments (workers,
machinery, chemical products).
- Extensive : in the largest plots. Farmers get
high production with low cost.

13. 2.4 Rural Settlements.
• Rural areas are populated. Rural settlements
might be scattered or concentrated.
• Nowadays, 39% of the world population live in
rural settlements , although, there are several
differences between developed countries
and undeveloped countries (3% in Belgium
and 85% in Nepal, Asia).

14. 3- SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE
3.1 Characteristics.
• Subsistence farmers produce food for
themselves and their family. There is rarely
any profit or spare food.
• Farming systems and methods are very poor.
Farmers haven´t got enough tools (plough or
animals).
• Ground yield is also poor. It might be affected
by droughts, pests or floods. In consequence
population have several problems to get food
or survive.

15. Subsistence farming in Thailand and
India

16. 3.2 Subsistence Agriculture in the World.
• Nowadays more of 1000 million of people
work in subsistence farming system.
• There are different kind of subsistence
agriculture. Most important are:
a)- Itinerant agriculture system: mainly in
Africa, South America and Asia. Farmers burn
the forest to get cultivable fields. Then they
cultivate these fields for three or four years.
Finally they must give up the field and burn
another forest area.

18. b) Extensive dry farming: it is based on a
rotation system. Cultivable lands are divided
in three parts: a fallow area, peanuts and
millet. It is typical of Africa.
.

19. • c) Irrigated rice growing: south-east of Asia,
where the rainfall is abundant. It is an
intensive farming system. Farmers get two
harvest a year, on summer and winter.
Normally the plots are on flooded terraces

20. 4- MARKET AGRICULTURE
4.1 From subsistence agriculture to market
agriculture.
• Investments, improvements make possible to
pass from a subsistence farming system to
another market farming system.
• It makes possible to get profits and spare
food.

21. 4.2 Market Agriculture.
• It’s practiced mainly in North America, West
Europe, Japan, Australia, New Zealand and
some parts of Argentina.
• This type of agriculture has two main
objectives: raise the sales and reduce the
expenses. It has some features:
a) Field mechanization, that is to say, the use
of machines allows:
- Save work force.
- Raise the production.
- Reduce the prices of the agricultural goods.

23. b) The specialization of agricultural
production in one or more products makes
possible:
- Raise the production.
- Produce a greater quantity.
- Better marketing to sell greater quantity.
c) Faster marketing of production needs to have
better transports, it makes possible:
- Fresh products arrive earlier to market
- Use some transports: train, trucks, aircraft…

24. • The main target of this kind of agriculture
system is to get the highest profit as possible.
• In the international markets it is called
speculation agriculture.

25. 5- LIVESTOCK IN THE WORLD
5.1 Traditional Livestock.
• Traditional livestock complements the
agriculture since animals are used to work the
lands at the same time they give fertilizers.
The farmer has got little flocks of sheep that
give him milk, meat and wool.

26. • In the driest zones, where there is no
agriculture, we find subsistence livestock
typical of nomadic shepherds. They move
regularly with their flocks of camels, sheep or
goats looking for water.

27. • 5.2. Market Livestock.
• Its goal is to sell the production in the market
and to obtain as much profit as possible.
• Intensive livestock. It’s practiced in very
specialized farms. A lot of workforce is
employed and lots of investments,
installations and goods are provided. Animals
are bred in stables or farms, that is stabling.

28. • Extensive livestock. It’s practiced in places
where there is good pasture. Little workforce
is needed, but it requires important resources:
lots of head of cattle, good commercial
structures….

29. 6- FISHING. TYPES OF FISHING
6.1 Fishing
• It is based on the exploitation of the animal
resources offered by the sea. There 2 types of
fishing: traditional and industrial.
6.2 Traditional Fishing
• It’s carried out near the coast and human
strength and simple fishing rigs are involved.
Little developed regions carry out this type of
fishing. Its production is scarce and it’s used
for self-consumption.

30. • Traditional Fishing

31. 6.3 Industrial Fishing.
• Its goal is get a great volume of catches.
Therefore, it needs economic resources for
ship equipment and for research in new
fishing systems and also high technology to
fish more and to make the activity profitable.
Finally it also needs port infrastructures
where ships can disembark and distribute the
fish.

32. • Depending on the place where it’s practiced,
we distinguish different types of fishing:
a) Coastal fishing, ships are small, they fish
near the coast and take the catches to the fish
market.
b) Deep-sea fishing, it’s carried out by the
most important fleets which rely on big ships
and well-equipped that can stay in open sea
for weeks or months. These ships have radars
to detect fish shoals and their speed and
direction, and they also have sonars to
measure the importance of those shoals.

33. 7- WHERE DOES FISHING TAKE PLACE?
MAIN FISHING ZONES
• The most abundant catches take place in the
so called fishing grounds which are:
a- In zones where the continental shelf is vast,
as in Japan, and where water is not very deep and
has favorable temperatures for fish to grow.
b- In contact zones between cold and warm
ocean currents because there are warm and cold
water species.
c- In coastal zones near a cold ocean current
because cold water has a lot of plankton.

34. World fishing areas

35. 8-FISHING PROBLEMS:
8.1 Too Many Fishermen For Few Fish
• The 2 most serious problems of the fishing
sector are: the overfishing and the lack of
fishing grounds due to the widening of the
territorial waters. Another problem is the
growing pollution of water.

36. 1) The overfishing
• The use of effective techniques and the
increasing number of ships have caused the
overfishing of the fishing resources, so the
reproduction of many species is in danger.
• Some international organizations propose:
• It’s compulsory to use nets of wide mesh to protect
the offspring.
• The control of the minimum size of the species.
• The establishment of close seasons.
• The restriction of the capacity of the fishing fleets.

37. 2) The widening of territorial waters
• The sea tradition was based on the free use of
the oceans. When the UN recognized the right
of every country to have at its disposal its
territorial waters (200 nautical miles or 370
km), the countries with important fishing
fleets had to leave some traditional fishing
grounds. They had to reduce their fleets or
establish agreements with countries which
were far away from their origin ports.

38. 8.2 Sustainable Exploitation
• The animal and vegetable resources offered
by the sea are limited. To guarantee a
sustainable exploitation of the sea resources,
a regulated and intelligent sea exploitation is
urgent.Some international organizations and
the European Union:
• Establish strict fishing regulations.
• Want to restock the sea with the artificial breeding of fish.
• Propose to limit the number of fishing ships although it’s
necessary to buy the fleets or pay an unemployment benefit
for jobless fishermen.
• Aquiculture in this sense, offers interesting alternatives.

39. Acuiculture: