Created by María Jesús Campos Fernández, Geography and History teacher at a bilingual section in Alcorcón (Madrid, Spain)
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There are 10 major cultural realms in the world according to H. Robinson's classification system. These include the Polar region, European region, Anglo-American region, Latin American region, Dry region, African region, Oriental region, and Australia-New Zealand region. Each cultural realm is characterized by shared linguistic, religious, and other cultural traits as well as similarities in climate, occupation, and level of development.
This document outlines several approaches to agricultural geography:
1. The empirical (inductive) approach attempts to describe existing agricultural patterns by making generalizations based on numerous studies.
2. The normative (deductive) approach leads to the derivation and testing of hypotheses to develop ideal models of agricultural location.
3. Other approaches discussed include the environmental, commodity, economic, regional, systematic, system analysis, ecological, and behavioral approaches. Each looks at agricultural activities through a different analytical lens.
Von thunen’s model of agricultural land useThe Urban Unit
This presentation is based on a agricultural land use model around the city. This is the theory of urban Geography it describe the agricultural pattern and how should the agricultural activities perform around the city. basically this Model was put forwarded before industrialization and when there was no roads networks and this Model is not applicable in real word but is gives great ideas for developing new towns and cities.
DETERMINANTS OF AGRICULTURE (INSTITUTIONAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL FACTOR)Calcutta University
Institutional and technological factors are important determinants of Indian agriculture. Key institutional factors include land tenure systems established by the British, small landholding sizes due to inheritance practices, and land reforms aimed at redistributing land from large to small owners. Technological factors that have influenced agriculture include the introduction of high-yielding seed varieties, expansion of irrigation through canals and groundwater, increased use of fertilizers and pesticides, and greater mechanization through tractors and farm machinery. While these changes have increased agricultural productivity and output, many small farmers still lack access to technology.
This document provides an overview of agriculture and farming practices in India. It discusses the types of farming (primitive subsistence, intensive subsistence, commercial), major crops grown (rice, wheat, millets, pulses, sugarcane, oilseeds, tea, coffee), and cropping patterns (rabi, kharif, zaid). It also describes India's public distribution system and buffer stocks which aim to ensure national food security by making food grains available at subsidized prices.
Settlement geography is a branch of human geography that deals with how human populations are distributed on Earth and how settlements form and change over time. It examines characteristics like population size, layout, functions, and relationship to the surrounding environment. Originally focused on describing existing settlement patterns, the field has evolved to use remote sensing and modeling to analyze changes and plan more sustainable development. Settlement geography considers factors influencing where and how people first formed settlements and how they have expanded, as well as issues around rapid urbanization and strategies for improving rural and urban livability. While its scope has adapted over time, the core focus remains understanding the physical attributes of settlements and their interactions with social and environmental conditions.
This notes about Introduction to Economic Geography. Which helped to Geography & Environmental Science department students.
In this note I will discourse about:
1) The concept of Economic Geography
2) Historical Vs Modern economic geography
There are 10 major cultural realms in the world according to H. Robinson's classification system. These include the Polar region, European region, Anglo-American region, Latin American region, Dry region, African region, Oriental region, and Australia-New Zealand region. Each cultural realm is characterized by shared linguistic, religious, and other cultural traits as well as similarities in climate, occupation, and level of development.
This document outlines several approaches to agricultural geography:
1. The empirical (inductive) approach attempts to describe existing agricultural patterns by making generalizations based on numerous studies.
2. The normative (deductive) approach leads to the derivation and testing of hypotheses to develop ideal models of agricultural location.
3. Other approaches discussed include the environmental, commodity, economic, regional, systematic, system analysis, ecological, and behavioral approaches. Each looks at agricultural activities through a different analytical lens.
Von thunen’s model of agricultural land useThe Urban Unit
This presentation is based on a agricultural land use model around the city. This is the theory of urban Geography it describe the agricultural pattern and how should the agricultural activities perform around the city. basically this Model was put forwarded before industrialization and when there was no roads networks and this Model is not applicable in real word but is gives great ideas for developing new towns and cities.
DETERMINANTS OF AGRICULTURE (INSTITUTIONAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL FACTOR)Calcutta University
Institutional and technological factors are important determinants of Indian agriculture. Key institutional factors include land tenure systems established by the British, small landholding sizes due to inheritance practices, and land reforms aimed at redistributing land from large to small owners. Technological factors that have influenced agriculture include the introduction of high-yielding seed varieties, expansion of irrigation through canals and groundwater, increased use of fertilizers and pesticides, and greater mechanization through tractors and farm machinery. While these changes have increased agricultural productivity and output, many small farmers still lack access to technology.
This document provides an overview of agriculture and farming practices in India. It discusses the types of farming (primitive subsistence, intensive subsistence, commercial), major crops grown (rice, wheat, millets, pulses, sugarcane, oilseeds, tea, coffee), and cropping patterns (rabi, kharif, zaid). It also describes India's public distribution system and buffer stocks which aim to ensure national food security by making food grains available at subsidized prices.
Settlement geography is a branch of human geography that deals with how human populations are distributed on Earth and how settlements form and change over time. It examines characteristics like population size, layout, functions, and relationship to the surrounding environment. Originally focused on describing existing settlement patterns, the field has evolved to use remote sensing and modeling to analyze changes and plan more sustainable development. Settlement geography considers factors influencing where and how people first formed settlements and how they have expanded, as well as issues around rapid urbanization and strategies for improving rural and urban livability. While its scope has adapted over time, the core focus remains understanding the physical attributes of settlements and their interactions with social and environmental conditions.
This notes about Introduction to Economic Geography. Which helped to Geography & Environmental Science department students.
In this note I will discourse about:
1) The concept of Economic Geography
2) Historical Vs Modern economic geography
There are two main ways to map population distribution: showing where individuals are located or plotting population density by area. Population density maps the relationship between population numbers and land area using a choropleth method showing people per square kilometer. However, choropleth maps have limitations as they use average densities that can conceal variations within areas and give a sudden impression of changes between neighboring units. For example, Japan's average density understates concentrations in habitable lowlands. Physical, climatic, environmental and socioeconomic factors all influence why some areas have low or high population densities.
Political geography is concerned with the relationship between political processes and spatial structures. It focuses on how political systems influence and are influenced by the distribution of resources, events, and groups across different political units from local to international levels. Political geography examines key concepts such as territory, territoriality, the state, and social and political processes. It considers how these concepts interact and how they shape the physical environment. Political geography takes a scientific, artistic, and philosophical approach to understand these interactions and connections between politics and geography.
Geography is an interesting subject for all. It deals with location, space, patterns and distribution of life, landforms, resources, environment and development. Human geography is the study of human use and understanding of the whole world and the processes which have affected it. This module explains about the importance of human geography.
This document discusses frontiers and provides classifications of different types of frontiers. It defines a frontier as a politico-geographical area at the margin of a political unit's territory where expansion can occur. Frontiers are classified based on their relationship to a state's sovereignty, indigenous populations, pace of expansion, and degree of trans-frontier contact. Examples include political frontiers which mark the limits of de facto state control, and settlement frontiers which indicate stages of state expansion into new lands. Frontiers can involve inclusion or exclusion of indigenous groups and can be dynamic with continuous expansion or static if expansion is halted. The document also distinguishes between frontiers and boundaries, noting that frontiers are outward-oriented zones while boundaries are
This document discusses the differences between systematic and regional geography. Systematic geography studies one geographic topic or phenomenon globally, such as climatology or soils. Regional geography analyzes all geographic aspects of a particular place or region. While these were initially seen as separate approaches, geographers now recognize them as interconnected and complementary. The regional provides real-world examples and data to test theories from systematic geography, while systematic studies form rules and laws that can be applied to different regions. Together, they provide a more comprehensive understanding of geography.
Population geography is the study of human population distribution and dynamics across different regions. It examines how numbers, characteristics, and movement of people vary based on environmental and cultural factors in an area. G.T. Trewartha is considered the father of population geography for establishing it as a distinct subfield in the 1950s and proposing what topics it encompasses. Population geography analyzes absolute population sizes, qualities like age and sex ratios, and dynamics including fertility, mortality, and migration patterns. It also relates population trends to variables like resources, development levels, and government policies. As an interdisciplinary field, it interconnects with demography, sociology, economics, history and other social sciences.
This document defines the key elements of regional geography, including the natural environment, human geographies, political geographies, and economic geographies. It provides examples for each such as climate change, languages, types of governments, and economic sectors. The natural environment section covers climate, weather, natural hazards, and resources. Human geographies include language and religion. Political geographies analyze forms of government. Economic geographies examine the primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary sectors.
Origin of culture :Cultural hearth and cultural realm, cultural region.RAJKUMARPOREL
The document discusses the origin and development of cultural hearths and cultural regions around the world. It identifies the seven original cultural hearths as Mesopotamia, the Nile River Valley, the Aegean region, the Indus River Valley, the Ganges River Valley, the Wei-Huang Valley, and West Africa. These early hearths developed around major river systems and influenced the spread of culture. The document also outlines the major cultural realms of Occidental, Islamic, Indian, East Asian, and minor realms of Southeast Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. It defines key terms like cultural area and cultural boundary.
Class 12th Chapter 1(Human Geography Nature and Scope) Geography Book Fundamentals of Human Development Complete Explanation of all concept of NCERT class 12th
It is easy to understand
All concept are taken under Guidance of Mrs Kavita Chabbra
Human geography is the study of the relationship between humans and the Earth's surface. It examines how humans interact with the environment and each other in various spatial contexts. The document outlines different perspectives on this relationship, including environmental determinism, possibilism, and neo-determinism. It also discusses fields within human geography like social, cultural, economic, and urban geography and how they relate to other social sciences.
Definition, Evolution and approaches of cultural geography.RAJKUMARPOREL
Cultural geography is the study of culture and its relationship to place. It examines how cultures are distributed across space and how places and identities are produced. Cultural geography analyzes cultural values, practices, expressions, and artifacts, as well as cultural diversity and plurality. It considers how people make sense of places and develop a sense of place. Cultural geography focuses on cultural components like religion, language, architecture, and more, and how they differ around the world. It aims to understand the relationship between humans and their environments. Cultural geography developed from the work of Carl Sauer at UC Berkeley and emphasizes qualitative analysis over quantitative methods. Today, it includes specialized fields like feminist geography and urban geography.
Geomorphology is the study of landforms and the processes that shape them. It is a branch of physical geography that analyzes relief features at different dimensions and scales. Relief features are organized into three orders based on size: first order includes continents and ocean basins shaped by plate tectics; second order consists of structural landforms like mountains and plateaus formed by constructional forces; third order comprises micro-level erosional and depositional landforms developed on second order features by exogenic processes like rivers and glaciers. Process geomorphology examines specialized subfields defined by the dominant shaping process, such as fluvial, glacial, coastal and karst landforms.
The Pacific Ocean is the largest ocean in the world. It has significant differences in continental shelf width between its eastern and western coasts. The shelves are broad along eastern Asia and Australia, ranging from 160-1600km wide. The shelves are less extensive along western Americas due to proximity to mountain chains. The ocean contains various basins up to 10,000m deep like the Philippine and Southwestern Pacific basins, as well as the deepest ocean trenches reaching over 11,000m like the Mariana Trench. It also has ridges, rises, and fracture zones that separate regions of the seabed. There are nearly 20,000 islands throughout the Pacific Ocean ranging from continental to volcanic to coral formations.
The document discusses factors that influence global and local population distributions. It notes that over 90% of Brazil's population lives along the eastern coast in a 500km wide strip, accounting for less than 25% of the country's land area. Population density declines rapidly moving inland to the northwest. Areas of low density exist where environmental conditions like drought, heat, poor soils and lack of resources make living difficult. Historical, economic, political and cultural factors have all contributed to Brazil's uneven population distribution.
King's geomorphic model is based on the evolution of idealized hill slopes through four stages - waxing slope, free face, debris slope, and waning slope or pediment. The model involves the parallel retreat of scarps and formation of pediments, resulting in the development of a pediplain landscape over multiple cycles of scarp retreat and pedimentation. Each cycle progresses through youth, mature, and old stages similar to Davis' cycle of erosion. The model was developed based on King's extensive study of landscapes in South Africa.
India can be divided into three types of economic regions - macro, meso, and micro-minor. Macro regions are the largest and can include entire states or groups of states. Meso regions are subdivisions of individual states comprising multiple districts. Micro-minor regions are the smallest, associated with grassroots planning, and can be equivalent to administrative blocks.
The document provides an outline of a class on geo-data and location. It discusses different types of location including absolute and relative location. Absolute location uses coordinates like latitude and longitude while relative location describes position based on other locations. The document then covers locational importance from geophysical, economic, and geopolitical perspectives. Finally, it examines how Bangladesh's geographical location contributes to hazards like floods and cyclones through factors such as monsoon climate, mountainous surroundings, low floodplain gradient, and proximity to the Bay of Bengal.
The document discusses six approaches to political geography: power analysis, historical, morphological, functional, behavioral, and systematic. It focuses on defining and explaining the functional and behavioral approaches. The functional approach studies how political areas function and interact internally and externally. It examines centralizing and decentralizing forces. The behavioral approach identifies space as an independent variable and studies how human behavior is influenced by territorial boundaries and patterns.
This document provides information about the Dark Ages in Europe and the influence of geography on medieval society. It begins with questions for students to answer about the Dark Ages and European geography. It then defines the Dark Ages as the period from 476-1000 CE after the fall of Rome when Europe lacked leadership. Historians call it "Dark" due to lack of information and little cultural advancement. The document describes the different climates and crops of Northern and Southern Europe and how abundant resources like forests and farmland allowed small self-sufficient kingdoms to form. Geography shaped medieval society by providing good conditions for farming and production across Europe.
This document discusses forests, deforestation, wildlife management, fisheries, and endangered species. It notes that forests are economically and ecologically important but deforestation is a major environmental concern. Deforestation is driven by wood usage, which is predicted to double by 2050, and paper production, which uses 30% of the world's paper despite only 5% of the population. Unsustainable logging and fishing practices have depleted fish and whale populations. International agreements have established protections and regulations for fisheries, whaling, and endangered species to curb overexploitation and prevent extinctions.
Over 50% of the world's original mangroves have been lost, mainly due to aquaculture, agriculture, and deforestation. Shrimp farming in particular has led to significant mangrove loss in Asia and Latin America. In Thailand, shrimp farming expanded rapidly from 1970-1990 and resulted in the loss of over half of the country's mangroves. The expansion was driven by increasing global demand for shrimp and government support. While shrimp farming provided economic benefits, it also caused environmental problems like soil salinization, biodiversity loss, and pollution from farm effluent. Climate change further threatens mangroves by increasing risks of sea level rise, storms, and carbon release from destroyed mangrove forests. S
There are two main ways to map population distribution: showing where individuals are located or plotting population density by area. Population density maps the relationship between population numbers and land area using a choropleth method showing people per square kilometer. However, choropleth maps have limitations as they use average densities that can conceal variations within areas and give a sudden impression of changes between neighboring units. For example, Japan's average density understates concentrations in habitable lowlands. Physical, climatic, environmental and socioeconomic factors all influence why some areas have low or high population densities.
Political geography is concerned with the relationship between political processes and spatial structures. It focuses on how political systems influence and are influenced by the distribution of resources, events, and groups across different political units from local to international levels. Political geography examines key concepts such as territory, territoriality, the state, and social and political processes. It considers how these concepts interact and how they shape the physical environment. Political geography takes a scientific, artistic, and philosophical approach to understand these interactions and connections between politics and geography.
Geography is an interesting subject for all. It deals with location, space, patterns and distribution of life, landforms, resources, environment and development. Human geography is the study of human use and understanding of the whole world and the processes which have affected it. This module explains about the importance of human geography.
This document discusses frontiers and provides classifications of different types of frontiers. It defines a frontier as a politico-geographical area at the margin of a political unit's territory where expansion can occur. Frontiers are classified based on their relationship to a state's sovereignty, indigenous populations, pace of expansion, and degree of trans-frontier contact. Examples include political frontiers which mark the limits of de facto state control, and settlement frontiers which indicate stages of state expansion into new lands. Frontiers can involve inclusion or exclusion of indigenous groups and can be dynamic with continuous expansion or static if expansion is halted. The document also distinguishes between frontiers and boundaries, noting that frontiers are outward-oriented zones while boundaries are
This document discusses the differences between systematic and regional geography. Systematic geography studies one geographic topic or phenomenon globally, such as climatology or soils. Regional geography analyzes all geographic aspects of a particular place or region. While these were initially seen as separate approaches, geographers now recognize them as interconnected and complementary. The regional provides real-world examples and data to test theories from systematic geography, while systematic studies form rules and laws that can be applied to different regions. Together, they provide a more comprehensive understanding of geography.
Population geography is the study of human population distribution and dynamics across different regions. It examines how numbers, characteristics, and movement of people vary based on environmental and cultural factors in an area. G.T. Trewartha is considered the father of population geography for establishing it as a distinct subfield in the 1950s and proposing what topics it encompasses. Population geography analyzes absolute population sizes, qualities like age and sex ratios, and dynamics including fertility, mortality, and migration patterns. It also relates population trends to variables like resources, development levels, and government policies. As an interdisciplinary field, it interconnects with demography, sociology, economics, history and other social sciences.
This document defines the key elements of regional geography, including the natural environment, human geographies, political geographies, and economic geographies. It provides examples for each such as climate change, languages, types of governments, and economic sectors. The natural environment section covers climate, weather, natural hazards, and resources. Human geographies include language and religion. Political geographies analyze forms of government. Economic geographies examine the primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary sectors.
Origin of culture :Cultural hearth and cultural realm, cultural region.RAJKUMARPOREL
The document discusses the origin and development of cultural hearths and cultural regions around the world. It identifies the seven original cultural hearths as Mesopotamia, the Nile River Valley, the Aegean region, the Indus River Valley, the Ganges River Valley, the Wei-Huang Valley, and West Africa. These early hearths developed around major river systems and influenced the spread of culture. The document also outlines the major cultural realms of Occidental, Islamic, Indian, East Asian, and minor realms of Southeast Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. It defines key terms like cultural area and cultural boundary.
Class 12th Chapter 1(Human Geography Nature and Scope) Geography Book Fundamentals of Human Development Complete Explanation of all concept of NCERT class 12th
It is easy to understand
All concept are taken under Guidance of Mrs Kavita Chabbra
Human geography is the study of the relationship between humans and the Earth's surface. It examines how humans interact with the environment and each other in various spatial contexts. The document outlines different perspectives on this relationship, including environmental determinism, possibilism, and neo-determinism. It also discusses fields within human geography like social, cultural, economic, and urban geography and how they relate to other social sciences.
Definition, Evolution and approaches of cultural geography.RAJKUMARPOREL
Cultural geography is the study of culture and its relationship to place. It examines how cultures are distributed across space and how places and identities are produced. Cultural geography analyzes cultural values, practices, expressions, and artifacts, as well as cultural diversity and plurality. It considers how people make sense of places and develop a sense of place. Cultural geography focuses on cultural components like religion, language, architecture, and more, and how they differ around the world. It aims to understand the relationship between humans and their environments. Cultural geography developed from the work of Carl Sauer at UC Berkeley and emphasizes qualitative analysis over quantitative methods. Today, it includes specialized fields like feminist geography and urban geography.
Geomorphology is the study of landforms and the processes that shape them. It is a branch of physical geography that analyzes relief features at different dimensions and scales. Relief features are organized into three orders based on size: first order includes continents and ocean basins shaped by plate tectics; second order consists of structural landforms like mountains and plateaus formed by constructional forces; third order comprises micro-level erosional and depositional landforms developed on second order features by exogenic processes like rivers and glaciers. Process geomorphology examines specialized subfields defined by the dominant shaping process, such as fluvial, glacial, coastal and karst landforms.
The Pacific Ocean is the largest ocean in the world. It has significant differences in continental shelf width between its eastern and western coasts. The shelves are broad along eastern Asia and Australia, ranging from 160-1600km wide. The shelves are less extensive along western Americas due to proximity to mountain chains. The ocean contains various basins up to 10,000m deep like the Philippine and Southwestern Pacific basins, as well as the deepest ocean trenches reaching over 11,000m like the Mariana Trench. It also has ridges, rises, and fracture zones that separate regions of the seabed. There are nearly 20,000 islands throughout the Pacific Ocean ranging from continental to volcanic to coral formations.
The document discusses factors that influence global and local population distributions. It notes that over 90% of Brazil's population lives along the eastern coast in a 500km wide strip, accounting for less than 25% of the country's land area. Population density declines rapidly moving inland to the northwest. Areas of low density exist where environmental conditions like drought, heat, poor soils and lack of resources make living difficult. Historical, economic, political and cultural factors have all contributed to Brazil's uneven population distribution.
King's geomorphic model is based on the evolution of idealized hill slopes through four stages - waxing slope, free face, debris slope, and waning slope or pediment. The model involves the parallel retreat of scarps and formation of pediments, resulting in the development of a pediplain landscape over multiple cycles of scarp retreat and pedimentation. Each cycle progresses through youth, mature, and old stages similar to Davis' cycle of erosion. The model was developed based on King's extensive study of landscapes in South Africa.
India can be divided into three types of economic regions - macro, meso, and micro-minor. Macro regions are the largest and can include entire states or groups of states. Meso regions are subdivisions of individual states comprising multiple districts. Micro-minor regions are the smallest, associated with grassroots planning, and can be equivalent to administrative blocks.
The document provides an outline of a class on geo-data and location. It discusses different types of location including absolute and relative location. Absolute location uses coordinates like latitude and longitude while relative location describes position based on other locations. The document then covers locational importance from geophysical, economic, and geopolitical perspectives. Finally, it examines how Bangladesh's geographical location contributes to hazards like floods and cyclones through factors such as monsoon climate, mountainous surroundings, low floodplain gradient, and proximity to the Bay of Bengal.
The document discusses six approaches to political geography: power analysis, historical, morphological, functional, behavioral, and systematic. It focuses on defining and explaining the functional and behavioral approaches. The functional approach studies how political areas function and interact internally and externally. It examines centralizing and decentralizing forces. The behavioral approach identifies space as an independent variable and studies how human behavior is influenced by territorial boundaries and patterns.
This document provides information about the Dark Ages in Europe and the influence of geography on medieval society. It begins with questions for students to answer about the Dark Ages and European geography. It then defines the Dark Ages as the period from 476-1000 CE after the fall of Rome when Europe lacked leadership. Historians call it "Dark" due to lack of information and little cultural advancement. The document describes the different climates and crops of Northern and Southern Europe and how abundant resources like forests and farmland allowed small self-sufficient kingdoms to form. Geography shaped medieval society by providing good conditions for farming and production across Europe.
This document discusses forests, deforestation, wildlife management, fisheries, and endangered species. It notes that forests are economically and ecologically important but deforestation is a major environmental concern. Deforestation is driven by wood usage, which is predicted to double by 2050, and paper production, which uses 30% of the world's paper despite only 5% of the population. Unsustainable logging and fishing practices have depleted fish and whale populations. International agreements have established protections and regulations for fisheries, whaling, and endangered species to curb overexploitation and prevent extinctions.
Over 50% of the world's original mangroves have been lost, mainly due to aquaculture, agriculture, and deforestation. Shrimp farming in particular has led to significant mangrove loss in Asia and Latin America. In Thailand, shrimp farming expanded rapidly from 1970-1990 and resulted in the loss of over half of the country's mangroves. The expansion was driven by increasing global demand for shrimp and government support. While shrimp farming provided economic benefits, it also caused environmental problems like soil salinization, biodiversity loss, and pollution from farm effluent. Climate change further threatens mangroves by increasing risks of sea level rise, storms, and carbon release from destroyed mangrove forests. S
This document discusses the state of coastal and marine environments in Africa. It notes that as coastal populations grow and human activities increase, coastal habitats are being degraded, diminishing biodiversity. The main causes are poverty, economic development pressures, overexploitation of fisheries, and pollution. Coastal areas provide resources like fisheries and support industries like tourism, but unsustainable practices are damaging ecosystems. There are opportunities to better manage resources and involve communities to improve livelihoods, but degradation continues due to pressures including climate change impacts.
This document discusses threats to aquatic biodiversity from habitat loss, invasive species, pollution, climate change, and overexploitation of resources. It provides examples of biodiversity loss in various aquatic ecosystems like Lake Victoria and the Florida Everglades. The document also outlines approaches to protect aquatic biodiversity such as creating marine protected areas, sustainable fishing practices, reducing pollution, and restoring degraded habitats like wetlands.
This document summarizes inland fisheries around the world. It discusses major inland fishing areas and species found in different geographic regions. Asia contributes two-thirds of global inland fishery production, led by China. Inland fisheries provide food and income but face problems like pollution, dams interfering with fish migration, and overexploitation of some species. Effective management is needed to sustain inland fisheries worldwide.
Ocean overfishing is simply the taking of wildlife from the sea at rates too high for fished species to replace themselves. The earliest overfishing occurred in the early 1800s when humans, seeking blubber for lamp oil, decimated the whale population. Some fish that we eat, including Atlantic cod and herring and California's sardines, were also harvested to the brink of extinction by the mid-1900s.
The document discusses two West African countries - Liberia and Ivory Coast. It provides key facts about each country such as population size, GDP, life expectancy, unemployment, poverty levels, and environmental issues they face. Liberia has a population of 3.5 million people and is recovering from a 14-year civil war, while Ivory Coast has a population of 17.6 million people and has also experienced civil conflict. Both countries have potential for renewable energy development and reducing their vulnerability to issues like drought and water stress.
The degradation of Philippine marine life and coastal ecosystems like coral reefs and mangroves is outlined. The Philippines has extensive coastline and marine resources but coral reefs have over 70% damage from threats like blast fishing, while mangrove areas have declined sharply from 500,000 hectares to just 117,000 hectares due to activities like aquaculture and development. Specific areas of concern are discussed like the Tubbataha Reef, a UNESCO World Heritage Site that suffered damage when a US naval ship ran aground in the reef in 2013.
Traditional food production is unable to feed the world's growing population. Marine resources provide food but are under threat. The document discusses major commercial fisheries and species, noting that 500 species are caught commercially by some 200 million people worldwide. It outlines threats like overfishing, bycatch, and habitat degradation threatening fisheries. Sustainable management, aquaculture, and protected areas are proposed as solutions to support marine food sources and livelihoods into the future.
Traditional food production is unable to feed the world's growing population. Marine resources provide food but are under threat. The document discusses major commercial fisheries and species, noting that 500 species are caught commercially by some 200 million people worldwide. It outlines issues like overfishing, bycatch, and mismanagement that threaten fisheries. Sustainable management, aquaculture, and protected areas are proposed as solutions to support marine food sources and alleviate problems of hunger.
Overfishing has led to declines in fish populations and damaged ocean ecosystems. Early overfishing in the 1800s depleted whale populations for oil. After WWII, efforts to increase protein availability quadrupled fishing capacity. Today the annual global fish catch exceeds 120 million tons, though overfishing is reducing populations of many species. Destructive fishing methods like bottom trawling damage coral reefs and seafloor habitats. Bycatch and discarded catch also contribute to declining fish and other marine species. No-take zones that prohibit all fishing have helped restore some ecosystems and fish populations.
Climate change-related impacts on Caribbean fisheriesAdele Ramos
Extreme climate events like hurricanes Irma and Maria in 2017 had devastating impacts on Caribbean fisheries and fishing communities. Dominica suffered over $1.3 billion in damages, with $11 million to its fisheries alone. Hurricanes damage coral reefs and marine ecosystems, reducing fish populations and fisher income. An unprecedented influx of sargassum seaweed since 2011 has clogged coastal waters, preventing fishing and damaging boats. Caribbean countries have been working to increase climate resilience but more efforts are needed given the scale of recent climate impacts on critical fisheries.
The document summarizes various aquatic biomes and human impacts on marine and freshwater ecosystems. It discusses the characteristics of pelagic and benthic marine biomes, as well as threats like overfishing, pollution, and climate change. It also covers impacts of dams, channelization, and wetland loss on freshwater systems. Overall, the document outlines the major ecosystem types in aquatic environments and human activities that negatively affect these ecosystems.
The document discusses the socioeconomic conditions of fishermen communities in Pakistan. It notes that fishermen face many challenges including illiteracy, poverty, pollution, lack of infrastructure and access to markets and healthcare. Many fishermen live in coastal settlements and rely on fishing and related activities as their sole livelihood. However, overfishing, environmental degradation, and lack of access to technology and resources mean fishermen communities are vulnerable socioeconomically. The document calls for improved management practices, education, health services, and cooperative support to enhance the livelihoods and conditions of fishermen in Pakistan.
Stocking up
Centre for Policy Development's first report in its Sustainable Economy research program. The report looks at the real value of conserving Australian marine resources.
Coral reefs provide many valuable services like supporting a high level of biodiversity and being an important source of food and income, especially for developing coastal communities. However, coral reefs are severely threatened by human activities such as overfishing, coastal development, pollution, and climate change with 10% already destroyed by 2000 and 32% in critical condition. Marine protected areas that restrict human access can help restore coral reef ecosystems by providing fish nurseries and replenishing surrounding areas.
This document discusses protecting aquatic biodiversity and managing fisheries sustainably. It begins by providing background on protecting whales through international agreements and moratoriums. Examples are then given of threats like overfishing, pollution, invasive species, and habitat loss negatively impacting aquatic species. The document advocates for establishing marine protected areas and reserves, reducing subsidies, and improving monitoring to better manage fisheries. Sustainable approaches like aquaculture and consumer awareness are also discussed.
The value of estuarine and coastal ecosystemsAna Arache
This document discusses the value of ecosystem services provided by estuarine and coastal ecosystems, including coral reefs, seagrasses, salt marshes, mangroves, and sand beaches/dunes. It identifies key services such as coastal protection, fisheries production, carbon sequestration, and tourism/recreation. The document also outlines threats and stressors facing these ecosystems, such as overfishing, pollution, coastal development, and climate change. The overall purpose is to illustrate current understanding of the ecosystem services of estuarine and coastal areas and to integrate knowledge on valuing changes to human welfare from impacts on these services.
Overfishing is the biggest threat to marine ecosystems today. Our appetite for fish has exceeded the oceans' ecological limits, causing devastating impacts. Scientists warn that overfishing results in profound changes to our oceans that may be permanent. It has also led to the collapse of many fisheries and the loss of millions of jobs. While fish farming has grown, it also causes environmental damage and risks spreading disease. Rapid population growth and increased agricultural and industrial activity are major sources of ocean pollution like nutrient runoff, which can create dead zones devoid of oxygen.
Similar to Primary Sector: Forestry and Fishing (20)
This document discusses different types of map projections used to represent the spherical Earth on a flat surface. It describes terrestrial globes which do not distort the Earth's surface but are not useful for studying details. It then explains that all map projections inevitably introduce some distortion and describes three main categories of projections - equivalent, equidistant, and conformal - based on how they portray specific characteristics. The rest of the document provides details on cylindrical, conic, and azimuthal/zenithal projection types and their unique properties and distortions.
El documento describe diferentes métodos de aprendizaje basado en proyectos como el aprendizaje basado en servicios (APS), el aprendizaje basado en problemas (PBL), los proyectos de comprensión y el diseño para el cambio. El APS requiere que el aprendizaje sea útil para la sociedad, el PBL involucra a los estudiantes en resolver problemas complejos, los proyectos de comprensión implican aplicar conocimientos a nuevas situaciones, y el diseño para el cambio utiliza el pensamiento de diseño para que los estudiantes creen
Creado por María Jesús Campos Fernández, Jefe del Departamento de Geografía e Historia del IES Parque de Lisboa (Alcorcón, España), profesora de Geografía e Historia en sección bilingüe de inglés. Embajadora eTwinning
Este documento presenta los criterios de calidad para proyectos eTwinning, incluyendo el uso de métodos pedagógicos variados, la integración curricular, y la comunicación y colaboración entre socios. También cubre el uso de tecnología, los resultados, el impacto y la difusión, así como los beneficios y desafíos de la colaboración.
El documento proporciona información sobre el aprendizaje colaborativo y cómo crear un proyecto colaborativo entre escuelas. Explica que el aprendizaje colaborativo requiere cooperación, integración y autonomía. Luego describe los cinco pasos clave para crear un proyecto colaborativo: 1) definir los datos generales, 2) establecer objetivos, 3) planificar el tiempo y cronograma, 4) decidir contenidos y actividades, y 5) considerar la evaluación y difusión. El objetivo final es que los estud
eTwinning es una comunidad educativa en línea de Europa que permite a las escuelas desarrollar proyectos colaborativos de forma gratuita y segura. Los maestros pueden registrarse en la plataforma eTwinning si pertenecen a un centro educativo y cuentan con la aprobación del director. El proceso de registro incluye completar un formulario con datos personales y del centro, y la confirmación del director vía correo electrónico.
Este documento presenta una rúbrica de 14 criterios para evaluar borradores de proyectos colaborativos. Los criterios evalúan aspectos como los datos generales del proyecto, los objetivos, la innovación e integración curricular, la comunicación y colaboración, el proceso de trabajo, el uso de TIC y los resultados esperados. Se asignan puntuaciones de 1 a 3, o 1 a 4 en algunos casos, para indicar si un aspecto está ausente, es aceptable o bueno según los estándares descritos.
El documento describe eTwinning, una plataforma europea gratuita y segura que permite a escuelas desarrollar proyectos colaborativos. Explica que eTwinning derriba barreras entre aulas y conecta culturas para que estudiantes aprendan unos de otros. Además, resume varios proyectos exitosos de 2015-2016 que recibieron premios nacionales o europeos, enfocándose en áreas como matemáticas, idiomas, ciencia y robótica.
Developed by María Jesús Campos Fernández, Geography and History teacher in a bilingual section in Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
learningfromhistory.wikispaces.com
learningfromgeography.wikispaces.com
Developed by María Jesús Campos Fernández, Geography and History teacher in a bilingual section in Alcorcon, Madrid (Spain)
learningfromhistory.wikispaces.com
learningfromgeography.wikispaces.com
Developed by María Jesús Campos Fernández, Geography and History teacher in a bilingual section in Alcorcón, Madrid (Spain)
learningfromhistory.wikispaces.com
learningfromgeography.wikispaces.com
The document summarizes the origins and political evolution of ancient Rome from its founding in 753 BC to the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 AD. It describes how Rome was founded by Romulus and Remus and eventually grew into a vast empire governed by a monarchy, republic, and imperial system. The republic collapsed due to internal conflicts and unrest, leading to the rise of Julius Caesar and Octavian Augustus, who transformed Rome into a centralized empire spanning from Britain to Persia. However, by the 3rd century AD, the empire began suffering economic and military crises that ultimately led to the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 AD.
Developed by María Jesús Campos Fernández, teacher at a bilingual section in Alcorcón (Madrid, Spain)
learningfromgeography.wikispaces.com
learningfromhistory.wikispaces.com
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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33. World Catch by Nationality of Vessel, Major
Catchers of Fish: 2010 ('000 tonnes)
34. World Catch by Continent: 2000 to 2010
Source: FAO (a) Central & S.America includes the Caribbean. (b) Asia includes the
Middle East. (c) Not elsewhere included.
See more at: http://www.thefishsite.com/articles/1520/mmo-overview-of-the-world-
fishing-industry/#sthash.LCgaaXPd.dpuf