This document provides an overview of watershed development. It defines a watershed as an area of land that drains water to a common point. It describes the characteristics of watersheds including size, shape, physiography, slope, climate, drainage, vegetation, geology and soils, hydrology, and socioeconomics. It outlines the objectives, advantages, management measures, types, and aims of watershed development programs. It also discusses rainwater harvesting, development work carried out in watersheds, economic assessment, and the role of cooperative societies in watershed management.

1. GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC DAHOD.
CIVIL DEPARTMENT – 4TH SEM.

2. WATERSHED DEVELOPMENT

3. INDEX
 What is Watershed
 Charecteristics of Watershed
 Advantages of Watershed
 Watershed Management Measures
 Types of Watershed
 Objectives of Watershed
 Aims of Watershed
 Rainwater Harvesting
 Development work carried out under Watershed treatment
 Economical Assessment of Watershed Project
 Role of Co-operative Society in Watershed Management

4. WHAT IS WATERSHED
 A watershed can be defined as the drainage basin or catchment
area of a particular stream or river. It refers to the area from
where the water to the particular drainage system, like river or
stream comes from. The topmost portion of the watershed is
known as ridge.
 The line joining the ridge portion along the boundry of the
watershed is called a RIDGE LINE.
 A water shed may be nearly flat or may include hills, hillocks,
or mountain.

6. It carries rainwater falling on it drop by drop and channels it into soil,
rivulets and streams flowing into large rivers and in due course sea.
It affects the people living downstream
It is a synonym of catchment or basin of a river coined for an area
restricted to 2000sq. Km.
A watershed is a basin like landform defined by peaks which are connected
by ridges that descend into lower elevations and small valleys.

7. 1- SIZE
2- SHAPE
3- PHISIOGRAPHY
4- SLOPE
5- CLIMATE
6- DRAINAGE
7- VEGETATION
8- GEOLOGY&SOILS
9- HYDROLOGY
10- HYDROGEOLOGY
11- SOCIO-ECONOMIC
Charecteristics of watershed

8. CHARACTERISTICS OF WATERSHEDS
All characteristics affect the disposal of water.
SIZE: It helps in computing parameters like precipitation
received, retained, drained off.
SHAPE: Different shapes based on morphological parameters like
geology and structure, eg. pear, elongated etc.
PHISIOGRAPHY: Lands altitude and physical disposition.
SLOPE: It controls the rainfall distribution and movement:
CLIMATE: It decides the quantitative approach.
DRAINAGE: It determines the flow characteristics and so the
erosion behavior.

9.  VEGETATION: Information of species gives a sure ground for
selection plants and crops.
GEOLOGY AND SOILS: Their nature determines size, shape,
physiographic, drainage and groundwater conditions. Soils,
derivative of rocks are the basic to greenery
HYDROLOGY: Basic to final goal of growing greenery in a
watershed. It helps in quantification of water available.
HYDROGEOLOGY: Availability of groundwater.
SOCIOECONOMICS: Statistics on people and their health,
hygiene, wants and wishes are important in managing water.

10. ADVANTAGES OF WATERSHED
 ENVIRONMENTAL FRIENDLY
SAVES TIME AND MONEY
GREATER PEOPLES PARTICIPATION

11. Watersheds sustain life, in more ways than one. According to the
Environmental Protection Agency, more than $450 billion in foods, fiber,
manufactured goods and tourism depend on clean, healthy watersheds. That
is why proper watershed protection is necessary to you and your
community.
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Watershed protection is a means of protecting a lake, river, or stream by
managing the entire watershed that drains into it. Clean, healthy
watersheds depend on an informed public to make the right decisions when
it comes to the environment and actions made by the community.
WATERSHED IN ENVIRONMENT
FRIENDLY

13. GREATER PEOPLES PARTICIPITION
The success of any developmental program depends upom the
direct participation of the beneficiaries. Any developmental
program without peoples participation remains only as
governmental program paper.
The points consider in this are:
 The peoples benefited by the project must be poor
 There should be primary evidence regarding attempts made by
peoples to solve their problems.
 There should be at least 5% contribution of the total cost of the
project from local villagers
 Selected work must be technically sound.

14.  The matter decided for the development should be simple so
that people can easily understand it.
 There should be resolution regarding consent of grampanchayat
for maintenance & management of facilities to be developed.
 There should be a resolution passed in the grampanchayat that
the benefits of the project will be shared by all the categories of
people such as women SC/ST, etc.

15. WATERSHED MANAGEMENT MEASURES
Watershed
Management
Soil Preservation.
- Structural Status
- Biological
- Erosion
Vegetation Preservation.
-Bio mass Quantity
-Bio mass Quality

16. TYPES OF WATERSHEDS
Small
Watersheds
Large
Watersheds

17. i. Small Watersheds:
The Small Watershed — A program created under
the Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention Act ) and 1 of 3
programs that are combined into the Watershed and Flood
Prevention Operations Program. The Small Watershed Program is
available in watersheds that are smaller than 250,000 acres
(1,000 km2). Currently, there are 515 active projects in this
program.
Watersheds generally contains design such as culverts, storm
sewers, small bridges.

18. Large Watersheds:
Area more than 2500 hec “Large watersheds are those give
peak flows are greatly influenced by channel characteristics and
basin storage”.
Based on geographical area,the watersheds are classified as under:
Sr. No Type of Watershed Area Covered
1 Micro Watershed 0 to 10 ha
2 Small Watershed 10 to 40 ha
3 Mini Watershed 40 to 200 ha
4 Sub Watershed 200 to 400 ha
5 Macro Watershed 400 to 1000 ha
6 River basin above 1000 ha

19. Improve the productive potentials of
selected watersheds and their associated
natural resource base.
Sustainable alleviation of Poverty.
Improved skills and employment
opportunities for non-farm sectors
Objectives of Watershed Development
Programs

20. A WATERSHED CAN
BE ALSO DESCRIBED
AS FURTHER
CLASSIFICATIONS

21. Fan Shaped
Watershed/
Fern Shaped
Watershed
Hill
Watershed/
Flat
Watershed
Black Soil
Watershed/
Red
Watershed
Humid
Watershed/
Arid
Watershed

22. AIMS OF WATERSHED DEVELOPMENT
- The aims of watershed development are:
 To preserve ecological balance.
 To retard the adverse effects of drought.
 Social and economic upliftment of poor and backward class
peoples.
 To increase per capita income of the village people.
 To increase employment opportunities in the selected villages.
 To increase biomass production.

23. COMPONENTS OF WATERSHED
DEVELOPMENT
The main consonants of watershed development are:
 Soil and land management
 Water management- talavdi
 Crop management
 Afforestation
 Rural management
 Farm and non-farm value addition activities

24. Rainwater Harvesting:
Extreme conditions in future, human society will be
bound to use different means of adaptation due to
climatic changes. Old people said ‘capture water when it
rains’. It is also true in the present context of water crisis.
Today, the world is facing serious water shortage. Every
drop of water is valuable because ‘where there is water
there is life’. There has been increased aridity in India
over the last few decades. Water scarcity is likely to
increase in India due to increasing population.

25. Objectives of Rainwater Harvesting:
1.To reduce loss from surface runoff
2. To avoid flooding
3. To meet the increasing demands of water
4. To raise the water-table by recharging groundwater
5. To reduce groundwater contamination

26. Need for Rainwater Harvesting:
Why does rainwater need to be harvested? It matters more today
than any other time in the past.
There are following reasons:
1. About 50% fresh water goes waste due to runoff.
2. More than 1 billion people lack clean drinking water globally.
3. Population increase is much faster than the increase in the
amount of available fresh water.
4. Per capita availability of fresh water will further decrease in
the coming years.
5. During summer and droughts, it will supplement the domestic
water requirement.

28. 6. Climatic changes also lead to increase in precipitation,
evaporation, transpiration, occurrence of storms and changes in
biogeochemical processes affecting water quality.
7. It is essential to reduce groundwater pollution and improve the
quality of water.
8. It is a better option for providing clean and safe water
particularly for drinking and other domestic uses (Table 15.3).

29. POINTS KEPT IN MIND WHILE
SELECTING SITE FOR WATERSHED
 Where Large Area Of Land Barren.
 Where There Is scarcity Of Drinking Water.
 Where Large Area Of Land Is Under group Ownership.
 Where Major Group Of People Belongs SC/ST Community.
 Undeveloped Area.
 The Area Under Grampanchayat.

30. DEVELOPMENT WORK CARRIED OUT
UNDER WATERSHED TREATMENT :
1. Construction of small Water Storage Works, Like
 Check Dams
 Khet Talavadi
2. Flood Control Measures, Like
 Flood Control Reservoirs
 Re-Vegetation

31. 3. Afforestation
 Nursery Development
 Fodder Development
4. To Conduct Various Type Of Surveys, Like
 Contour Survey
 Hydrological Survey
 Ground Water Study

32. 5. Agriculture Development
 Crop Rotation
 Study of soil Chemistry
 Suitability of crop
6. Erosion control measures
 Erosion control structures
 Contours terracing in hilly areas
 Re-vegetation

33. 7. Fisheries Development
 Ponds
 Tanks
 Farm Pond.
8. Promotion of Non-Conventional Energies
 energy Sources
 Energy conservation
 Bio-Fuel Plantation

34. Economical Assessment of watershed Project
Aims :
• Budget impact
• The project increase economic stability.
• Project attractive to private entities.
• Long term work of inter-generation benefits
• Multiple use and multi products
• Externalities- indirect
• Spatial distribution of costs and benefits
• Difficulties in qualification and valuation

35. Factors and limits of Economic Assessment
• Project worth
• Project feasibility and attractions
• Risk factors
• Project design and various alternatives
• Limitations
• All benefits cannot be quantified
• Depends on data
• Major Techniques
• With and without project approach
• Discount – future value
• Cost and benefit analysis

36. ROLE OF CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETY IN
WATERSHED MANAGEMENT
The points considered in this management are as under:
1) To increase faith of people in the government projects.
2) To encourage people for research
3) To encourage skill of people.
4) To give new direction to the peoples viewpoints
5) To explain importance of water to the people
6) To give contribution in the form of labour