This document describes the phyla Chaetognatha, Echinodermata, and Hemichordata. It provides details on their body forms, characteristics, classes, and examples. Some key points include: Chaetognaths are small marine arrow worms that are predators of plankton. Echinoderms have a calcareous endoskeleton and pentaradial symmetry, and include sea stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers, and sea lilies. Hemichordates are small marine bottom dwellers that possess gill slits and a rudimentary notochord, and include acorn worms and colonial pterobranchs.
There are main 5 classes of living echinoderms:
crinoids (sea lilies and feather stars); asteroids (STARFISH); ophiuroids (brittle stars); echinoids (SEA URCHINS, etc); and holothuroids (sea cucumbers).
Echinoderms have been well preserved as FOSSILS; all existing classes and several others now extinct were present in the Ordovician (505-438 million years ago). They may have originated in the Precambrian (over 570 million years ago).
Common name : sea lilies, Sea Stars(STARFISH), sea urchins, sea cucumbers, and brittle stars.
Habitat
Echinoderms occupy all habitats including coral reefs, mangroves, seagrass and soft-bottom areas.
Except for a few species which inhabit brackish waters, all echinoderms are benthic organisms found in marine environments. Echinoderms inhabit depths ranging from shallow waters at tide lines to the deep sea.(Barnes, 1987; Brusca and Brusca, 2003; University of Alabama Center for Communication and Educational Technology, 2000; Waggoner, 1999)
Habitat Regions
• temperate
• tropical
• polar
• saltwater or marine
Aquatic Biomes
• brackish water
Other Habitat Features
• intertidal or littoral
GeoGraphy and eco-system
Geographic Range
Mainly a marine group, echinoderms are found in all the oceans. (Brusca and Brusca, 2003)
BIOGEOGRAPHIC REGIONS
• arctic ocean
• indian ocean
• atlantic ocean
• pacific ocean
• mediterranean sea
Eco-system
Sea urchins are among the main herbivores on reefs and there is usually a fine balance between the urchins and the kelp and other algae on which they graze. A diminution of the numbers of predators (otters, lobsters and fish) can result in an increase in urchin numbers causing overgrazing of kelp forests with the result that an alga-denuded "urchin barren" forms.
Work cited:
Lawrence, J. M. (1975). "On the relationships between marine plants and sea urchins". Oceanographic Marine Biological Annual Review 13: 213–286.
Ecosystem Roles
Echinoderms are usually intricate parts of their ecosystems. Many asteroids are keystone species. Sea urchins, if not controlled by predators, may overgraze their habitat. Asteroids have several commensals, including polychaetes that feed on leftovers from the sea star's prey items. (Barnes, 1987; Brusca and Brusca, 2003)
Ecosystem Impact: keystone species
There are main 5 classes of living echinoderms:
crinoids (sea lilies and feather stars); asteroids (STARFISH); ophiuroids (brittle stars); echinoids (SEA URCHINS, etc); and holothuroids (sea cucumbers).
Echinoderms have been well preserved as FOSSILS; all existing classes and several others now extinct were present in the Ordovician (505-438 million years ago). They may have originated in the Precambrian (over 570 million years ago).
Common name : sea lilies, Sea Stars(STARFISH), sea urchins, sea cucumbers, and brittle stars.
Habitat
Echinoderms occupy all habitats including coral reefs, mangroves, seagrass and soft-bottom areas.
Except for a few species which inhabit brackish waters, all echinoderms are benthic organisms found in marine environments. Echinoderms inhabit depths ranging from shallow waters at tide lines to the deep sea.(Barnes, 1987; Brusca and Brusca, 2003; University of Alabama Center for Communication and Educational Technology, 2000; Waggoner, 1999)
Habitat Regions
• temperate
• tropical
• polar
• saltwater or marine
Aquatic Biomes
• brackish water
Other Habitat Features
• intertidal or littoral
GeoGraphy and eco-system
Geographic Range
Mainly a marine group, echinoderms are found in all the oceans. (Brusca and Brusca, 2003)
BIOGEOGRAPHIC REGIONS
• arctic ocean
• indian ocean
• atlantic ocean
• pacific ocean
• mediterranean sea
Eco-system
Sea urchins are among the main herbivores on reefs and there is usually a fine balance between the urchins and the kelp and other algae on which they graze. A diminution of the numbers of predators (otters, lobsters and fish) can result in an increase in urchin numbers causing overgrazing of kelp forests with the result that an alga-denuded "urchin barren" forms.
Work cited:
Lawrence, J. M. (1975). "On the relationships between marine plants and sea urchins". Oceanographic Marine Biological Annual Review 13: 213–286.
Ecosystem Roles
Echinoderms are usually intricate parts of their ecosystems. Many asteroids are keystone species. Sea urchins, if not controlled by predators, may overgraze their habitat. Asteroids have several commensals, including polychaetes that feed on leftovers from the sea star's prey items. (Barnes, 1987; Brusca and Brusca, 2003)
Ecosystem Impact: keystone species
In this presentation, phylum Phylum Chaetognatha is described. Phylum Chaetognatha known as arrow worms. After watching this you will learn the characteristics and Examples Sagitta, Spadella. The brief description of Phylum Chaetognatha along with reproduction and fertilization also described. It is part of BS Zoology Course, Animal diversity.
Second-largest phylum in number of species- over 100,000 described.
Ecologically widespread- marine, freshwater, terrestrial (gastropods very successful on land)
Variety of body plans (therefore, many classes within the phylum)
Variety in body size- from ~1 mm to ~18 m (60 feet). 80% are under 5 cm, but many are large and therefore significant as food for man.
Phylum Mollusca-my report..
sorry for some overlapping of texts... i was not able to edit it..it is actually because of the animations that i put it..... i just uploaded it directly :)
It discusses basic information regarding a hemichordate animal called Balanoglossus or Acorn worm, which is also a good connecting link between the non-chordates and chordates.
Cnidaria is a phylum containing over 9,000 species found only in aquatic and mostly marine environments. All cnidarians have radial symmetrical. There are two major body forms among the Cnidaria - the polyp and the medusa. Sea anemones and corals have the polyp form, while jellyfish are typical medusae.
In this presentation, phylum Phylum Chaetognatha is described. Phylum Chaetognatha known as arrow worms. After watching this you will learn the characteristics and Examples Sagitta, Spadella. The brief description of Phylum Chaetognatha along with reproduction and fertilization also described. It is part of BS Zoology Course, Animal diversity.
Second-largest phylum in number of species- over 100,000 described.
Ecologically widespread- marine, freshwater, terrestrial (gastropods very successful on land)
Variety of body plans (therefore, many classes within the phylum)
Variety in body size- from ~1 mm to ~18 m (60 feet). 80% are under 5 cm, but many are large and therefore significant as food for man.
Phylum Mollusca-my report..
sorry for some overlapping of texts... i was not able to edit it..it is actually because of the animations that i put it..... i just uploaded it directly :)
It discusses basic information regarding a hemichordate animal called Balanoglossus or Acorn worm, which is also a good connecting link between the non-chordates and chordates.
Cnidaria is a phylum containing over 9,000 species found only in aquatic and mostly marine environments. All cnidarians have radial symmetrical. There are two major body forms among the Cnidaria - the polyp and the medusa. Sea anemones and corals have the polyp form, while jellyfish are typical medusae.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
2. Phylum Chaetognatha
Arrow worms
- Name translates to hairy jaws
- All marine and pelagic
- 130 species
- 1-12 cm in length
- Predators within planktonic communities
2
4. Phylum Chaetognatha
Body Form
- Small, straight bodies
- Dart-like
- Head, unsegmented trunk, and post-anal tail
- Not protostome or deuterostome
4
5. Phylum Chaetognatha
Body Form
- Body wall
- Thick cuticle covers body
- Single layer of epidermal cells (except on sides)
- Coelom is well developed
- Used as hydrostatic skeleton
5
6. Phylum Chaetognatha
Body Form
- Movement
- Highly mobile and effective predators
- Fins off of trunk make the individuals
very mobile and effective predators
6
7. Phylum Chaetognatha
Body Form
- Feeding and digestion
- Predators of copepods, fish, and other
plankton
- Teeth are chitinous spines on the head
- Used for capturing prey
- Complete digestive tract
7
8. Phylum Chaetognatha
Form and Function
- Circulation
- Poorly developed
- Nervous system
- Well developed
- Eyes, sensory bristles, may detect
vibrations
- Reproduction
- Monoecious
- Eggs are planktonic
8
9. Phylum Xenoturbellida
First described in 1949
- Taxonomic vagabonds
- Two species known
- Live in North Sea mud and feed on bivalves and
bivalve eggs
- Few distinct morphological characters
- Lack cephalization
- No gonads, but sexual reproduction does
occur
9
11. Phylum Echinodermata
Prickly skin
- All marine
- Possess a calcareous
endoskeleton
- Possess a water vascular system
- Modification of the coelom
- Pedicellariae
- Dermal branchiae
- Pentaradial symmetry in adults
11
13. Phylum Echinodermata
Pentaradial symmetry is derived
- Ancestral condition likely bilateral
- Became radially symmetrical with
sessile lifestyle
- Pentaradial symmetry evolved after
Most are benthic
- A few are pelagic
All osmoconformers
- Rarely leave salt water or brackish
waters
13
15. Phylum Echinodermata
Class Asteroidea
- 1,500 species
- May be very abundant in some
coastal waters
- Especially rock coasts
- Ecologically important predators
- May be top predator with keystone
effects
15
16. Phylum Echinodermata
Class Asteroidea - Form and Function
- General body plan
- Aboral and oral surfaces
- Mouth on oral surface
- Madreporite plate on aboral
- Central disc gradually merges with arms
- Body flattened, and covered with a ciliated, pigmented
surface
- Ambulacra run from mouth to tips of arms
- Along ambulacral grooves are tube feet (podia)
- Pedicellariae are present
- Dermal branchiae present
16
17. Phylum Echinodermata
Class Asteroidea - Form and Function
- General body plan
- Aboral and oral surfaces
- Mouth on oral surface
- Madreporite plate on aboral
- Central disc gradually merges with arms
- Body flattened, and covered with a ciliated, pigmented
surface
- Ambulacra run from mouth to tips of arms
- Along ambulacral grooves are tube feet (podia)
- Pedicellariae are present
- Dermal branchiae present
17
18. Phylum Echinodermata
Class Asteroidea - Form and Function
- Exoskeleton
- Derived from mesoderm
- Ossicles
- Small, calcareous plates
- Catch collagen
- Can change form from liquid to solid based on nerve
impulses
- Allows for holding posture without muscular
effort
18
19. Phylum Echinodermata
Class Asteroidea - Form and Function
- Coelom, excretion, respiration
- Gas exchange and excretion of metabolic
wastes done by diffusion
- Coelom present and fluid-filled
19
20. Phylum Echinodermata
Class Asteroidea - Form and Function
- Water vascular system
- Purpose - used as a hydrostatic skeleton
- Arrangement of components
- Madreporite plate
- Stone canal
- Ring canal
- Radial canal
- Lateral canal
- Tube feet (with ampulla)
20
21. Phylum Echinodermata
Class Asteroidea - Form and Function
- Water vascular system
- Purpose - used as a hydrostatic skeleton
- Arrangement of components
- Functional operation
- Muscle pressure forces water along system
- Water squeezed from ampulla to tube foot to extend
- Relaxing causes water to flow from tube foot to
ampulla
21
22. Phylum Echinodermata
Class Asteroidea - Form and Function
- Feeding and digestion
- Voracious predators
- Bivalves especially
- Stomach expelled from body
- Food partially digested and consumed outside of
body
22
23. Phylum Echinodermata
Class Asteroidea - Form and Function
- Nervous system
- Three units
- Oral
- Deep
- Aboral
- All connected by epidermal nervous system
- Senses are poorly developed
- Photosensitive ‘eyes’ may be present at tips of arms
23
24. Phylum Echinodermata
Class Asteroidea - Form and Function
- Reproduction, regeneration, autotomy
- Most are dioecious
- External fertilization
- Lost arms may be regenerated
- Damaged arms may be shed
- Single arm with part of central disc may regenerate entire
animal
24
27. Phylum Echinodermata
Class Ophiuroidea - Form and Function
- Similar to Asteroidea, but…
- Rays more slender
- Pedicellariae lacking
- Dermal branchiae lacking
- Ambulacral grooves covered
- Ampullae and suckers on tube feet
lacking
- Madreporite on oral side
27
28. Phylum Echinodermata
Class Ophiuroidea - Form and Function
- Similar to Asteroidea, but…
- Rays more slender
- Pedicellariae lacking
- Dermal branchiae lacking
- Ambulacral grooves covered
- Ampullae and suckers on tube feet
lacking
- Madreporite on oral side
28
29. Phylum Echinodermata
Class Ophiuroidea - Form and Function
- Feeding and digestion
- Most are scavengers or particle feeders
- A few are carnivorous
- More retreating than asteroids
29
31. Phylum Echinodermata
Class Echinoidea
- Sea urchins and sand dollars
- 950 species
- Body enclosed by endoskeleton or
test
- Arms lacking, but pentaradial
symmetry still evident
31
32. Phylum Echinodermata
Class Echinoidea - Form and Function
- Ambulacral regions are expanded
and cover the oral surface
- Widely distributed
- Regular echinoids - radial symmetry;
live in rocky waters
- Irregular echinoids - bilateral symmetry;
live in sand waters
32
33. Phylum Echinodermata
Class Echinoidea - Form and Function
- Pedicellariae - present and stalked
- Teeth - used for grazing on algae
- Aristotle’s lantern
- Madreporite plate is aboral
33
34. Phylum Echinodermata
Class Echinoidea - Form and Function
- Pedicellariae - present and stalked
- Teeth - used for grazing on algae
- Aristotle’s lantern
- Madreporite plate is aboral
34
36. Phylum Echinodermata
Class Holothuroidea
- Sea cucumbers
- 1150 known species
- Elongate along oral-aboral axis
- Ossicles are present in body wall,
but much reduced
36
37. Phylum Echinodermata
Class Holothuroidea - Form and
Function
- Tube feet
- Restricted to side that contacts
substrate (sole)
- Coelom - fluid-filled and acts as
hydrostatic skeleton
- Respiratory tree - attaches to
cloaca
- Water pumped in for gas exchange
37
39. Phylum Echinodermata
Class Crinoidea
- Sea lilies and feather stars
- 625 species
- Fossil record has more species
than are currently extant
- A group in decline
- Sessile during much of life
- Lack madreporite plate
39
40. Phylum Hemichordata
Marine, vermiform bottom dwellers
- 85 species are known
- Possess gill slits, but also a
rudimentary notochord
- Notochord is not homologous to
that of true chordates
40
41. Phylum Hemichordata
Two classes are recognized
- Enteropneusta - acorn worms
- Pterobranchia - no common name
Widely distributed, but secretive
- Many live in burrows or under
rocks
41
42. Phylum Hemichordata
Class Enteropneusta
- Body is mucus-covered
- Divided into three regions
- Proboscis
- Collar
- Trunk
- Proboscis is active part of animal
- Probes surroundings for food
- Diggs burrows
42
43. Phylum Hemichordata
Class Enteropneusta
- Feeding and Digestion
- Ciliary-mucus feeders
- May feed on deposits on seafloor
- May also filter particles from water
- Food captured on proboscis moved to
mouth at base of collar
- Pharynx, esophagus, intestine
43
44. Phylum Hemichordata
Class Enteropneusta
- Respiration
- Fresh water brought in via ciliary tracts
- Passes through gill pores
- Some gas exchange is cutaneous
- Circulation
- Open circulatory system
- Middorsal vessel leads to network of
blood sinuses
- Poor oxygen carrying capacity
44
45. Phylum Hemichordata
Class Enteropneusta
- Nervous system
- Both dorsal and ventral nerve cords
- Dorsal cord is hollow as in chordates
- Networks of nerve fibers in skin
45
46. Phylum Hemichordata
Class Enteropneusta
- Reproduction and Development
- Dioecious
- Sexual reproduction is the norm
- Fertilization is external
- Development is mostly direct
- But some is indirect (tornaria
larvea)
46
47. Phylum Hemichordata
Class Pterobranchia
- 20 living species
- Sedentary and colonial
- Colonial individuals live in tubes
- Use tentacles with cilia for
gathering food - lophophore
47
