Echinodermata are marine animals with radial symmetry and include sea stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers, and sea daisies. They are found in oceans around the world and range in size from a pencil diameter to over 3 feet. Echinoderms have a calcium carbonate endoskeleton and a water vascular system. They can regenerate lost limbs and reproduce both sexually and asexually. Common uses of echinoderms include food, medicine, and decoration.

1. Echinodermata(Sea Stars) KonstantinaStefanova MihaelaKozanova Alexandra Panusheva 10/6

2. Phylogenetic Tree (7) Domain: Eukaryots Kingdom: Animalia [Metazoa] Main Phylum: Deuterostromia Phylum: Echinodermata Class: Asteroidea Clade: sea stars (7)

3. Echinodermata (2) http://www.starfish.ch/c-invertebrates /seesterne.html Origin of the name – Greek: ἐχινός- echinos,and δέρμα– derma; “spiny skin” A taxon that incorporates 7000 marine animals  second largest division of the Deuterostromia main phylum after the Chordates The largest group of living species that doesn’t consist of terrestrial or freshwater members The earliest representatives date from the Cambrian period Significance: - biologically: one of the most deep sea and shallow ocean groups - geologically: production of limestone from the decayed bodies of echinodermata representatives (2)

5. Larvae – initially bilateral symmetry

6. Adult organisms – radial symmetry; body arranged around an axis in five parts (1)http://www.geneseo.edu/~antarc/week3/image9.jpg http://www.animalwebguide.com/Starfish.htm

7. Taxon Relationship (7) Main Phylum: Deuterostromia Echinodermata Hemichordata Chordata Surprisingly, vertebraes belong to the Chordata phylum, which makes them closely related to Echinodermata, or sea stars. Common ancestry with humans: 500 million years ago (7)

8. Derived Characteristics (3) Ossicles covering the skeleton – calcite in tiny crystals; mostly as an endoskeleton forming a tough, but flexible covering Water vascular system –a network of canals extending to the tubefeet (radial canal; madreporite); for feeding, locomotion, and respiration radial canal madreporite Collagenous tissue – ligaments connecting the ossicles, thus making them “locked” or “unlocked”; mechanical advantages Symmetry and body organization (3) http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Madreporenplatte.jpg

9. Sea Star (Starfish) (8) Inhabit all world’s oceans (Indian, Pacific, Arctic, Atlantic, etc) There are more than 1800 representatives Live in both shallow and deep waters (more than 6000m) Typical characteristics: regeneration of body parts and eating mussels (8) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sun_flower_sea_star_in_tide_pools.jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Starfish_komodo.jpg

10. http://www.biog1105-1106.org/labs/deuts/media/echinowatervasc.jpg

12. Male and female sea stars give off their gametes in the environment (water)

13. Fertilization takes place in the water between gametes from the opposite sex

14. Embryos – part of the zooplankton

16. An arm is possible to regenerate into a separate organism only if part of the central ring is in the arm (8)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7uj15vMXc30

17. Nervous System Complex decentralized system (1) Nerve plexus (a system of interlacing nerves) runs inside and under the skin of the starfish (8) A central disk that includes a nerve ring is located around the esophagus and its primary function is to give start to nerve cords (1) Nerve cords – situated in the arms; ensure balance + orientation (8) Lack of sense organs, but sensibility to light (eye spots), touch (tube feet, spine), temperature, orientation and water condition (8)

18. Digestive System Food: both plants and animals (8) As the mouth opens, it turns into a two layered (back and front part) stomach (1) When the food enters, enzymes are released by digestive glands to break down the food (1) The waste products are transported by a short intestine to the anus (8) Swallowing their prey (clams + oysters): (1) The whole prey enters the mouth (8) The stomach goes out of the body in order to capture the prey (1) In the case of shells: the prey is caught by the tube feet and the cardiac (front) stomach enters the shell, eats out its content, which then goes to the pyloric (back) stomach where it is further broken down (8) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Starfishmussel.jpg

19. Sea Cucumbers (4) Latin name: Holothuria Representatives of the Holothuroidea class Live on the sea floor, or floating to move to new location, except the strawberry sea cucumber, which lives on the rocks Location: Florida Reef, New Zealand (Pacific Ocean) Diet: plankton, decaying organisms, eat with the help of feeding tentacles Locomotion: its tube feet help it for crawling along Ecological role: support the life cycle by serving as food while eating other organism Human uses: food, medicine Fun Fact: inspiration (haiku, song, novel) (4) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Espardenya_(animal).jpg

20. Sea Daisies (9) Latin name: Asteriscus Maritimus Representative of Concentricycloidea class Found only on pieces of wood that have sunk below 1000m Location: only in New Zealand (Pacific ocean), and the Bahamas Diet: bacteria, decaying organisms on sunken woods; micro – molluskus Locomotion: they can move through a series of pulsations movements of stomach Ecology role: support the life cycle by serving as food while eating other organism Human use: no interaction with humans Fun Fact: they are as big as a pencil’s diameter; also do not have mouth, guts, or anus (9) http://www.teara.govt.nz/files/a5200eta.gif

21. Sea Urchin Latin name: Sterechinos Neumayeri (6) Representatives of Echinoidea class (5) They are found in all oceans and almost all seas (6) Location: example of location is White sea (Greece), Pacific ocean (New Zealand) (6) Diet: plants, decaying matter, dead fish, sponges, mussels, seaweed (5) Locomotion: have five rows of tube feet that function for slow motion Ecology role: support the life cycle by serving as food (6) while eating other organism Human use: food (6) Fun Fact: can be combined with cream, soy sauce, butter, etc. (6) http://www.scubaequipmentusa.com/marine/NOV04/images/Heliocidaris_erythrogramma.jpg

22. Human Uses/ Interactions Delicacy Sea Urchins - more than 50, 000 tons of are captured per year; distributed and consumed primarily in Japan, Peru, France; characterized with soft taste, as of a mixture of fruit and seafood (6) Sea Cucumbers – delicacy in south-east Asia; eaten when dried only if the poisonous parts have been removed; medicine – prevent the growth of tumor cells in the body (4) Source of lime in parts of the world where limestone is not available (6) Decoration (6) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Uniryori.jpg http://img4.coastalliving.com/i/2008/12/christmas-wreath-8-l.jpg

23. Work Cited Campbell, Neil A., and Jane B. Reece. Biology. 18th ed. San Francisco: Pearson, Benjamin Cummings, 2008. Print. (1) "Echinoderm." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Web. 28 Mar. 2010. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinoderm>. (2) "Echinodermata." Tree of Life Web Project. Wray, Gregory. Web. 28 Mar. 2010. <http://tolweb.org/Echinodermata>. (3) "Sea Cucumber." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Web. 28 Mar. 2010. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_cucumber>. (4) "Sea Urchin." Echanted Learning. Web. 28 Mar. 2010. <http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/invertebrates/echinoderm/Seaurchin.shtml>. (5) "Sea Urchin." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Web. 28 Mar. 2010. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_urchin>. (6) Speer, Brian. "UCMP Web Lift to Taxa." UCMP - University of California Museum of Paleontology. 18 Apr. 1996. Web. 28 Mar. 2010. <http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/help/taxaform.html>. (7) "Starfish." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Web. 28 Mar. 2010. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starfish>. (8) “Sea Daisy.” Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Web. 28 Mar. 2010. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_daisy>. (9)