echinodermata updated a-stefanova_e_atanassova_e_tatarova_10_1
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1. Echinoderms are marine invertebrates with a hard spiny covering and usually five-fold symmetry, including starfish, sea urchins, and sea cucumbers. 2. They have a water vascular system and tube feet that aid in movement and feeding and come in over 6,000 living species across six main classes. 3. Sea cucumbers live in the Indo-Pacific ocean and can reach over 5 meters long, while sand dollars have a flat shape and feed on larvae and algae.
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- Echinoderms are radially symmetric and marine invertebrates with an endoskeleton and water vascular system. There are five classes: sea stars, brittle stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers, and sea lilies.
- They have various methods of movement, digestion, respiration, circulation, and reproduction. Many can regenerate lost body parts. Echinoderms play important ecological roles through predation and grazing.
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Echinoderms are marine animals characterized by spiny skin, internal skeletons, and tube feet. They exhibit five-part radial symmetry and have a water vascular system for functions like respiration, circulation, and movement. Echinoderms reproduce through external fertilization and have larvae that swim before settling. They lack complex nervous systems but can sense their environments. Common echinoderms include sea stars, sea urchins, sand dollars, sea cucumbers, brittle stars, feather stars, and sea lilies.
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Echinoderms are marine animals characterized by spiny skin, internal skeletons, and tube feet. They exhibit five-part radial symmetry and have a water vascular system for functions like respiration, circulation, and movement. Echinoderms reproduce through external fertilization and have larvae that swim before settling on the sea floor. Common echinoderms include starfish, sea urchins, sand dollars, sea cucumbers, brittle stars, feather stars, and sea lilies.
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The document discusses the issue of overfishing and its negative impacts. It defines overfishing as catching fish faster than populations can replenish. While the world's oceans could theoretically support four planets' worth of fish, many species have become reduced or extinct due to overfishing. The document also examines fishing down the food chain, bycatch, bottom trawling, and how both overfishing and government subsidies of the fishing industry can harm marine ecosystems.
2011 10-5 - air pollution
The document discusses various sources and effects of air pollution. It focuses on nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, ground-level ozone, and particulate matter as major air pollutants. Sources discussed include transportation, industry, power plants, and residential heating. Effects on both human health and the environment are outlined, such as respiratory illnesses, acid rain, smog, and global warming. The document then examines specific issues related to air pollution in Bulgaria and Mexico City, and provides recommendations for reducing air pollution through alternatives to automobiles, cleaner fuels and technologies, better city planning, and individual lifestyle changes.
2011 10.5 overfishing
Overfishing has led to unsustainable depletion of global fish stocks, with 52% of stocks fully exploited, 20% overexploited, and 7% depleted. If overfishing continues at current rates, fish populations will further decline and collapse is expected by 2050, disrupting marine ecosystems and harming economies and food security. Specific concerns include declining tuna populations, with the Mediterranean bluefin tuna facing imminent extinction without fishing reductions.
2011 10 5 dams.ppt
Dams have several ecological impacts. They block sediment and change water flows, damaging fish habitats and interrupting lifecycles. Sediment builds up behind dams, increasing flood risks. Cleared water lacks nutrients and cover for downstream organisms. Stagnant water breeds diseases. Dams displace many people and change flooding patterns vital to agriculture. Major dams like China's Three Gorges and Egypt's Aswan dams displaced over 1 million and 60,000 people respectively.
Vitanova kirilov dimitrov 10 5 eutrophication
Eutrophication refers to an increase in nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus in an aquatic ecosystem. This stimulates an overgrowth of algae known as algal blooms. The main sources of these excess nutrients are fertilizers and sewage from human activities. Algal blooms can deplete oxygen levels and block sunlight, harming other species and reducing biodiversity. Examples of eutrophication include the Baltic Sea and Gulf of Mexico "dead zone". Solutions involve reducing nutrient runoff from agriculture and improving waste water treatment.
Jetcheva filipova kalpakov raynova 10 4 inv species
The document discusses invasive species and their impacts. It provides examples of the brown rat and giant fern. Invasive species are often introduced by human actions and can harm ecosystems by disrupting native species, altering processes, and introducing diseases. They can also negatively impact economies by reducing land values and causing economic losses. Prevention efforts include restricting intentional introductions and early detection of new invaders.
Corrected lina momo iliyan air pollution 10 4
Air pollution is defined as gases, dust, smells, and fumes in harmful amounts that are released into the air. Major causes include factories, increased population, and burning fossil fuels. Examples are acid rain, smog, and the greenhouse effect. Effects are damage to health, environment, and visibility. Solutions proposed include tighter emissions standards, cleaner fuels, and increased public transportation to address traffic as a significant source of pollution especially in cities like Mexico City.
Kolev gergov minkovski_10-3_eutrophication
Eutrophication is the process by which a body of water becomes enriched in dissolved nutrients, usually nitrogen and phosphorus, that stimulate the growth of aquatic plant life usually resulting in the depletion of dissolved oxygen. It can occur naturally or be accelerated by human activities such as agriculture and development. When eutrophication is accelerated by human activities, it can negatively impact the balance of organisms in the body of water and potentially lead to algal blooms and fish kills due to low oxygen levels. Managing eutrophication involves reducing nutrient inputs from fertilizers and erosion.
Biomagnification 10-2
Bioaccumulation occurs when an organism absorbs a pollutant at a rate greater than it can eliminate it, resulting in increasing concentrations of the pollutant in the organism's body over time. Biomagnification occurs when concentrations of a pollutant increase at each trophic level in a food chain. Certain substances like mercury, DDT, and radioactive materials are prone to bioaccumulation and biomagnification due to their ability to dissolve in fats and persist in the environment. A classic example is the buildup of DDT in birds of prey in North America in the 1960s which impaired reproduction.
Ch 55 ecosystems
The document summarizes key topics in ecosystems, including:
1) Ecosystems are defined as the sum of all organisms in an area and the abiotic factors they interact with. Energy flows and matter cycles through ecosystems.
2) Gross primary production (GPP) is the amount of light energy converted to chemical energy by autotrophs. Net primary production (NPP) is the amount remaining after respiration. NPP determines the base of the food chain.
3) Pyramids illustrate the transfer of numbers, biomass, and energy between trophic levels, with typically only 10% passing to each higher level.
Eutrophication teddy, veli, alex kanov
Eutrophication is the process by which a body of water becomes overly enriched with minerals and nutrients which induces excessive growth of algae. This excess algae growth eventually dies and decomposes, consuming oxygen and releasing toxins. As a result, oxygen levels in the water decrease and some aquatic life may die, creating "dead zones". Two major examples discussed are the Gulf of Mexico dead zone caused by fertilizer runoff from farming, and the Baltic Sea dead zone exacerbated by agricultural and municipal waste. Reducing nutrient inputs from fertilizers and wastewater is necessary to prevent further eutrophication.
Ecological impacts of dams & water diversions
Dams and water diversions can have both positive and negative ecological impacts. Positively, dams provide benefits like hydropower, irrigation, flood control and more. However, they can also harm wildlife such as disrupting fish migration and reducing sediments downstream. This impacts wetland species and water quality. Dams may also cause erosion of downstream areas and change water temperature, flow and salinity levels. Large dam projects have additionally displaced many people from their homes. Examples highlighted are the Hoover Dam on the Colorado River and the Aswan High Dam on the Nile River.
Biomagnification & bioaccumulation_2
Bioaccumulation is the accumulation of substances in an organism that are at higher concentrations than in the environment. Substances more likely to bioaccumulate are hydrophobic, not easily biodegraded, and can bind to fat tissues. Biomagnification occurs across trophic levels as predators accumulate higher concentrations than their prey. Certain persistent organic pollutants and metals like mercury are prone to biomagnification up the food chain. Both processes can lead to toxic effects, especially in top predators like polar bears and humans who face greater risks from consuming biomagnified pollutants in food over time.
Air pollution katya and stoyan
The document discusses various types of air pollution including ground-level ozone, particulate matter, nitrogen oxides, and sulfur oxides. It provides examples of severe air pollution issues in Norilsk, Russia and London, England. Causes, health effects, and some solutions are described for each type of pollution.
Overfishing by yuliya_miryana_bedros
Overfishing has led to declines in fish populations and damaged ocean ecosystems. Early overfishing in the 1800s depleted whale populations for oil. After WWII, efforts to increase protein availability quadrupled fishing capacity. Today the annual global fish catch exceeds 120 million tons, though overfishing is reducing populations of many species. Destructive fishing methods like bottom trawling damage coral reefs and seafloor habitats. Bycatch and discarded catch also contribute to declining fish and other marine species. No-take zones that prohibit all fishing have helped restore some ecosystems and fish populations.
Eutrophication1
Eutrophication is caused by excess nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus entering water bodies from sources like agricultural and urban runoff. This causes harmful algae blooms which can reduce oxygen levels and kill fish and aquatic life. Two examples are the hypoxic "Dead Zone" in the Gulf of Mexico caused by Mississippi River runoff and a large "Dead Zone" in the Baltic Sea from Swedish and Finnish fertilizer use. Preventing eutrophication requires reducing nutrient inputs from fertilizers and sewage as well as planting vegetation to absorb excess nutrients.
Ecological impacts of dams and water diversions
Dams impact rivers and their ecosystems in several ways. They block migratory fish from accessing spawning habitats upstream, as fish ladders are often ineffective. This disrupts fish life cycles and populations. Dams also alter sediment and water flow, affecting water quality, aquatic habitats, and nutrient levels downstream. Large dams significantly change river landscapes and environments, sometimes flooding important habitats and destroying cultural heritage sites.
Biomagnification victoria,sylvia,violetta
The document discusses biomagnification and bioaccumulation of pollutants in food chains. Biomagnification occurs when pollutant concentrations increase at higher trophic levels, such as when predators accumulate larger amounts of pollutants found in their prey. Common pollutants that biomagnify include pesticides, PCBs, dioxins, and mercury. These pollutants can harm organisms and biomagnify up food chains to negatively impact human health. The document provides examples of biomagnification for various pollutants like PCBs and mercury.
Air pollution
This document discusses air pollution in Bulgaria and its causes and effects. It notes that air pollution is worse now due to industrial development, motor vehicles, and population growth. The main sources of air pollutants in Bulgaria are old vehicles without catalytic converters, coal burning for heating, and industries like steel production. The document also examines air pollution measures in Mexico City and its geographical factors contributing to pollution problems from vehicles, power plants, and industry.
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