My all and slides mostly try to simplify pharmacy knowledge. Any time you are free to connect me. It's my pleasure to help you to get simplified pharmacy concepts. You may suggest topics needs to simplify the terminolog
this presentation gives the knowledge about the decongestants are a type of medication that can provide short relief for a blocked nose ................
Dr. Jibachha Sah,M.V.Sc( Veterinary pharmacology, TU,Nepal),posted lecturer notes on AUTONOMIC AND SYSTEMIC PHARMACOLOGY for B.V.Sc & A.H. 6 th semester veterinary students of College of veterinary science,Nepal Polytechnique Institute, Bharatpur, Bhojard, Chitwan, Nepal.I hope this lecture notes may be beneficial for other Nepalese veterinary students. Please send your comment and suggestion .Email:jibachhashah@gmail.com,moble,00977-9845024121
Presentation on Antacids and antiulcer drugs. Introduction to ulcers, classification of antiulcer drugs, their pharmacological actions, uses and adverse effects.
this will give brief about the peptic ulcer and give information about the drug used for peptic ulcer and classification of drugs including drugs and there use adverse effect.
My all and slides mostly try to simplify pharmacy knowledge. Any time you are free to connect me. It's my pleasure to help you to get simplified pharmacy concepts. You may suggest topics needs to simplify the terminolog
this presentation gives the knowledge about the decongestants are a type of medication that can provide short relief for a blocked nose ................
Dr. Jibachha Sah,M.V.Sc( Veterinary pharmacology, TU,Nepal),posted lecturer notes on AUTONOMIC AND SYSTEMIC PHARMACOLOGY for B.V.Sc & A.H. 6 th semester veterinary students of College of veterinary science,Nepal Polytechnique Institute, Bharatpur, Bhojard, Chitwan, Nepal.I hope this lecture notes may be beneficial for other Nepalese veterinary students. Please send your comment and suggestion .Email:jibachhashah@gmail.com,moble,00977-9845024121
Presentation on Antacids and antiulcer drugs. Introduction to ulcers, classification of antiulcer drugs, their pharmacological actions, uses and adverse effects.
this will give brief about the peptic ulcer and give information about the drug used for peptic ulcer and classification of drugs including drugs and there use adverse effect.
Anti Asthmatics Drugs and Pharmacotherapy of AsthmaNikhileshMaruthi
Anti Asthmatic drugs and classification , classification of asthmatic drugs , Drugs acting on the respiratory tract, Pharmacotherapy of Asthma , Asthma and Anti asthmatic drugs.
pharmacothrapy of asthma.pptxBronchial asthma is a chronic respiratory diseas...AbhishekKumarGupta86
pharmacotherpy of asthma M pharm 2nd sem.
Bronchial asthma is a chronic respiratory disease characterized by inflammation and narrowing of airways in the lungs, which cause difficulty in breathing.
Symptoms can include coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath and chest tightness. These symptoms can be mild or severe and can come and go over time.
Although asthma can be a serious condition, it can be managed with the right treatment.
Asthma affected an estimated 262 million people in 2019 (1) and caused 455 000 deaths.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
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- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
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Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
3. Bronchial asthma
• Derived from a Greek word meaning difficulty in
breathing.
• It is the most common chronic disabling disease of
childhood, but it affects all age groups
• CLINICAL FEATURES: Recurrent, episodic bouts of
coughing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and
wheezing.
14. Bronchial asthma
Types of asthma based on etiology:
• Extrinsic asthma:
– Allergy-induced
– Commonly suffer from other atopic diseases,
– Mostly episodic, Less prone to status asthmaticus
• Intrinsic asthma:
– No immunological basis for their condition
– Negative skin test to common inhalant allergens
– Normal serum concentrations of IgE,
– Perennial,
– More prone to status asthmaticus
15. Bronchial asthma
• Types of Asthma based on clinical condition:
• Atopic asthma
• Non-atopic asthma
• Drug induced asthma
• Occupational asthma
• Exercise induced asthma
17. APPROACHES TO TREATMENT
1. Prevention of AG:AB reaction—avoidance of antigen,
hyposensitization—possible in extrinsic asthma and if antigen
can be identified.
2. Neutralization of IgE (reaginic antibody) Omalizumab.
3. Suppression of inflammation and bronchial
hyperreactivity —corticosteroids.
4. Prevention of release of mediators—mast cell stabilizers.
5. Antagonism of released mediators—leukotriene
antagonists, antihistamines, PAF antagonists.
6. Blockade of constrictor neurotransmitter—
anticholinergics.
7. Mimicking dilator neurotransmitter—sympathomimetics.
8. Directly acting bronchodilators—methylxanthines.
21. Sympathomimetics
Salbutamol
– Highly selective β2 agonist
– Inhaled Salbutamol produces bronchodilatation in 5 min
and action lasts for 2-4 hrs
– Side effects: Palpitations, restlessness, nervousness,
throat irritation, ankle edema
– Uses: Reserved for patients who cannot correctly use
inhalers, Used as an adjuvant in severe asthma
– Not suitable for round the clock prophylaxis
Terbutaline:
– Similar to Salbutamol
– Inhaled Salbutamol and Terbutaline are currently the
most popular drugs for quick reversal of bronchospasm
22. Sympathomimetics
Salmeterol:
• It is the first long acting selective β2 agonist (LABA) with
slow onset of action
• Used by inhalation on a twice daily schedule
• Used for maintenance therapy and nocturnal asthma
Formeterol:
• Another LABA
• Acts for 12 hrs
• Compared to Salmeterol it has faster onset of action
23. • Can you differentiate between salbutamol
and salMETEROl ??
• REMEMBER metro train: that goes long
distance (i.e. long acting )
24. Methyl Xanthines
• Naturally occuring Methyl Xanthine alkaloids are Caffein,
Theophylline and Theobromine
• Mechanism of action:
– Inhibition of phosphodiesterase (PDE) increased
cAMP Bronchodilatation, cardiac stimulation,
vasodilation
– Blockade of adenosine receptorsrelaxes smooth
muscles
• E.g: Theophylline, Aminophylline, Choline theophyllinate,
Hydroxyethyl theophylline, Doxophylline
25.
26. Methyl Xanthines
Theophylline:
– Well absorbed orally, T1/2 is 7-12 hrs
– Side effects: gastric pain (with oral), rectal inflammation (with
rectal suppositories), pain at site of injection (i.m), Rapid IV
can cause precordial pain, syncope and sudden death.
INTERACTIONS:
– metabolism is induced by smoking, phenytoin, rifampicin,
phenobarbitone
– Metabolism is inhibited by erythromycin, ciprofloxacin,
cimetedine, OCPs, allopurinol
USES: Bronchial asthma and COPD, Apnoea in premature
infant,
27.
28. Anticholinergics (Ipratropium bromide,
Tiotropium bromide)
• Atropine drugs cause bronchodilatation by
blocking cholinergic constrictor tone
• Act primarily in larger airways
• Produce slower response than inhaled
sympathomimetics
• Better suited for regular prophylactic use
• Combination of inhaled Ipratropium with β2
agonists produce more marked and longer
lasting bronchodilatation.
29. Leukotriene antagonists
• Competitively antagonize cysLT1 receptor mediated
bronchoconstriction, increased vasodilatation and
recruitment of eisonophils
• Indicated for prophylactic therapy of mild to moderate
asthma as alternative to inhaled glucocorticoids
• May obviate need for inhaled glucocorticoids
• Safe drugs
• Side effetcs: headache, rashes
• E.g: Montelukast, Zafirlukast
30. Mast cell stabilizers
• Inhibits degranulation of mast cells
• Release of mediators like Histamine, LTs, PAF, ILs,
etc is restricted
• Not absorbed orally, administered as an aerosol
through metered dose inhaler (MDI)
• Uses: Long term prophylaxis in mild to moderate
Bronchial asthma, Allergic rhinitis, Allergic
conjunctivitis
• Side effects: Bronchospasm, throat irritation, cough
• E.g: Sodium chromoglycate, Ketotifen
31. Corticosteroids
• These do not cause bronchodilatation,
• Reduce bronchial hyper-reactivity, mucosal edema, by
supressing inflammatory response to AG:AB reaction
• Two forms are used Systemic and Inhalational
1. Systemic/Oral Corticosteroid (OCS)
– Used in severe chronic asthma and Status asthmaticus
– E.g: Hydrocortisone, Prednisolone
2. Inhalational Corticosteroid (ICS)
– Step one for all asthma patients
– Safe during pregnancy
– Side effetcs: mood changes, osteoporosis, bruising, petechiae,
hyperglycemia
– E.g: Beclomethasone, Budesonide, Fluticasone, Flunisolide
33. Using metered dose inhaler
• Remove the cap and hold the inhaler upright.
• Shake the inhaler.
• Tilt your head back slightly and breathe out.
• If your doctor recommends, use a spacer (a hollow, plastic
chamber) to filter the medicine between the inhaler and your
mouth. The chamber protects your throat from irritation from the
medicine.
• Press down on the inhaler to release the medicine as you start
to breathe in slowly.
• Breathe in slowly for 3 to 5 seconds.
• Hold your breath for 10 seconds to allow medicine to go deeply
into your lungs.
• Repeat puffs as directed. Wait 1 minute between puffs to allow
the second puff to get into the lungs better.
37. Anti-IgE monoclonal antibody
omalizumab
• Omalizumab prevents the binding of IgE to mast cell
and thus prevents mast cell degranulation.
• It has no effect on IgE already bound to mast cells.
• It is administered parenterally.
• It is used in moderate to severe asthma and allergic
disorders such as nasal allergy, food allergy, etc.
• local side effects such as redness, stinging, itching
and induration.
38. Acute severe asthma
• Humidified oxygen inhalation
• Nebulized β2 adrenergic agonist (salbutamol 5mg/
terbutaline 10 mg) + anticholinergic agent (ipratropium
bromide 0.5 mg)
• Systemic glucocorticoids: intravenous hydrocortisone 200
mg i.v. stat followed by i.v. hydrocortisone 100 mg q 6 hrs
or prednisolone30-60 mg depending on patients condition.
• Intravenous fluid to correct dehydration
• Pottasium suppliments: to correct the hypokalemia
produced by the repeted doses of salbutamol/terbutaline.
• Sodium carbonate to treat acidosis.
• Antibiotic to treat nfection.
39. • Drugs to be avoided in patients with
bronchial asthma ?