This document discusses drug therapy used for bronchial asthma. It begins by describing asthma as an inflammatory condition that affects the airways, causing them to narrow. It then discusses the pathophysiology and causes of asthma. The main classes of drugs used to treat asthma are bronchodilators like beta-2 agonists, methylxanthines, anticholinergics, leukotriene antagonists, mast cell stabilizers, corticosteroids, and anti-IgE antibodies. Specific drugs from each class are discussed in detail, including their mechanisms of action and side effects.
Anti Tubercular Drugs - Mechanism of Action and Adverse effects Thomas Kurian
A brief outline of the mechanism of action and adverse effects of anti tubercular drugs
Only First line and second line drugs are dealt with.First line drugs may be useful for MBBS students and the rest is directed for postgraduate students.
Hope you find it useful.
This PPT covers drug therapy for tuberculosis. It includes classification of antitubercular drugs, chemotherapy for tuberculosis, strategies for addressing resistance and pharmacotherapy of antitubercular drugs
this presentation gives the knowledge about the decongestants are a type of medication that can provide short relief for a blocked nose ................
DRUGS USED IN THE TREATMENT OF BRONCHIAL ASTHMA AND COPD
Characterized by hyper responsiveness of bronchial smooth muscle to a variety of stimuli”
Resulting in:
Narrowing of air ways
Increased secretion
Mucosal edema
Mucus plugging
The fixed dose combination of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole is called cotrimoxazole.
Adverse Drug Reaction, Spectrum, Resistance and Use of Cotrimoxazole.
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways that is characterized by increased responsiveness of the tracheobranchial tree to a variety of stimuli resulting in widespread spasmodic narrowing of the air passages which may be relieved spontaneously or by therapy.
Cough is a protective reflex, its purpose being expulsion of respiratory secretions or foreign particles from air passages.
It occurs due to stimulation of mechano or chemoreceptors in throat,
respiratory passages or stretch receptors in the lungs.
Act peripherally in the respiratory tract to reduce tussal impulses.
They aim to control rather than eliminate cough.
Many H-1 anti histamines have been conventionally added to antitussive /expectorant formulations.
Antihistamines afford relief in cough due to their sedative and Anticholinergic actions but lack selectivity for cough centre.
Analeptics stimulate respiration and can have resuscitative value in
Coma or fainting.
They stimulate respiration in sub convulsive doses,
but margin of safety is narrow.
Anti Tubercular Drugs - Mechanism of Action and Adverse effects Thomas Kurian
A brief outline of the mechanism of action and adverse effects of anti tubercular drugs
Only First line and second line drugs are dealt with.First line drugs may be useful for MBBS students and the rest is directed for postgraduate students.
Hope you find it useful.
This PPT covers drug therapy for tuberculosis. It includes classification of antitubercular drugs, chemotherapy for tuberculosis, strategies for addressing resistance and pharmacotherapy of antitubercular drugs
this presentation gives the knowledge about the decongestants are a type of medication that can provide short relief for a blocked nose ................
DRUGS USED IN THE TREATMENT OF BRONCHIAL ASTHMA AND COPD
Characterized by hyper responsiveness of bronchial smooth muscle to a variety of stimuli”
Resulting in:
Narrowing of air ways
Increased secretion
Mucosal edema
Mucus plugging
The fixed dose combination of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole is called cotrimoxazole.
Adverse Drug Reaction, Spectrum, Resistance and Use of Cotrimoxazole.
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways that is characterized by increased responsiveness of the tracheobranchial tree to a variety of stimuli resulting in widespread spasmodic narrowing of the air passages which may be relieved spontaneously or by therapy.
Cough is a protective reflex, its purpose being expulsion of respiratory secretions or foreign particles from air passages.
It occurs due to stimulation of mechano or chemoreceptors in throat,
respiratory passages or stretch receptors in the lungs.
Act peripherally in the respiratory tract to reduce tussal impulses.
They aim to control rather than eliminate cough.
Many H-1 anti histamines have been conventionally added to antitussive /expectorant formulations.
Antihistamines afford relief in cough due to their sedative and Anticholinergic actions but lack selectivity for cough centre.
Analeptics stimulate respiration and can have resuscitative value in
Coma or fainting.
They stimulate respiration in sub convulsive doses,
but margin of safety is narrow.
pharmacothrapy of asthma.pptxBronchial asthma is a chronic respiratory diseas...AbhishekKumarGupta86
pharmacotherpy of asthma M pharm 2nd sem.
Bronchial asthma is a chronic respiratory disease characterized by inflammation and narrowing of airways in the lungs, which cause difficulty in breathing.
Symptoms can include coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath and chest tightness. These symptoms can be mild or severe and can come and go over time.
Although asthma can be a serious condition, it can be managed with the right treatment.
Asthma affected an estimated 262 million people in 2019 (1) and caused 455 000 deaths.
we are going to discuss asthma and COPD in the pharmacologicl perspective.
this presentation is done by :
Fatimah Fathi - Noura Bandar - Ahad Fahid - Shuruq Fahad
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways causing airflow obstruction
and recurrent episodes of
wheezing,
breathlessness,
chest tightness and
coughing.
Chronic inflammatory airway disease associated with increased airway responsiveness and reversible airway obstruction.
It can present at any age; majority of cases diagnosed in childhood
Most of them become asymptomatic by adolescence
Disease severity rarely progresses; patients with severe asthma have it at the onset.
FACTORS EFFECTING ASTHMA:
The inside lining of the airways becomes red and swollen (inflammation)
Extra mucus (sticky fluid) may be produced
The muscle around the airways tightens
(bronchoconstriction)
DIAGNOSIS:
Pulse oximetry and ABG analysis
Chest Xray
Blood Test
Peak Flow meter + Spirometry- PEFR + FEV1 decrease
PEFR + FEV1 increase >15% after β agonist inhalation
Skin Testing
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
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Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...
Drug therapy used in asthma
1. Drug therapy USED
IN
BRONCHIAL ASTHMA
Submitted By :
Abu Bakr Ansari
Pharm. D 5th Year
Roll No. 1601096001
Enroll No. 1600100627
Submitted To :
Dr. Mohd Ahmad Sir
Associate Professor
Integral University, Lucknow
Faculty of Pharmacy
2. Bronchial Asthma
• Asthma as an inflammatory illness
• In the year 2015, an estimated of nearly 65 million
people in India suffered from asthma
• Asthma is a condition in which your airways
narrow and swell and may produce extra mucus.
This can make breathing difficult and trigger
coughing, a whistling sound (wheezing) when you
breathe out and shortness of breath.
5. Causes
Airborne allergens, such as pollen,
dust mites, mold spores, pet dander or
particles of cockroach waste
Respiratory infections, such as the
common cold
Physical activity
Cold air
Air pollutants and irritants, such as
smoke
6. Symptoms
Shortness of breath
Chest tightness or pain
Wheezing when exhaling, which is a common sign of
asthma in children
Trouble sleeping caused by shortness of breath,
coughing or wheezing
Coughing or wheezing attacks that are worsened by a
respiratory virus, such as a cold or the flu
7. Approaches to Treatment
• Prevention of antigen-antibody reaction
• Neutralization of IgE - Omalizumab
• Suppression of inflammation and bronchial
hyperactivity - corticosteroids
• Prevention of release of mediators – mast cell
stabilizers
• Antagonism of released mediators – Leukotriene
antagonists, antihistamines and PAF antagonists.
• Blockade of constrictor neurotransmitter -
anticholinergics
• Mimicking dilator neurotransmitter - sympathomimetics
• Directly acting bronchodilators – methylxanthines
8. Classification
I. Bronchodilators
A. β2 Sympathomimetics: Salbutamol, Terbutaline,
Bambuterol, Salmeterol, Formoterol,Ephedrine.
B. Methylxanthines: Theophylline
(anhydrous),Aminophylline, Choline theophyllinate,
Hydroxyethyl theophylline, Theophylline
ethanolate of piperazine, Doxophylline.
C. Anticholinergics: Ipratropium bromide,Tiotropium
bromide.
II. Leukotriene antagonists
Montelukast, Zafirlukast.
9. III. Mast cell stabilizers
Sodium cromoglycate, Ketotifen.
IV. Corticosteroids
A. Systemic: Hydrocortisone, Prednisolone and
others.
B. Inhalational: Beclomethasone dipropionate,
Budesonide, Fluticasone propionate,
Flunisolide, Ciclesonide.
V. Anti-IgE antibody
Omalizumab
10. Sympathomimetics
Adrenergic drugs cause bronchodilatation through β2
receptor stimulation → increased cAMP formation in
bronchial muscle cell → relaxation. In addition,
increased cAMP in mast cells and other inflammatory
cells decreases mediator release.Since β2 receptors on
inflammatory cells desensitize quickly, the contribution
of this action to the beneficial effect of β2 agonists in
asthma where airway inflammmation is chronic, is
uncertain, and at best minimal. Adrenergic drugs are
the mainstay of treatment of reversible airway
obstruction, but should be used cautiously in
hypertensives, ischaemic heart disease patients and in
those receiving digitalis. They are the most effective
and fastest acting bronchodilators when inhaled.
11. Salbutomol (Albuterol)
highly selective β2 agonist; cardiac side effects are less
prominent.Selectivity is further increased by inhaling the
drug. Inhaled salbutamol delivered mostly from
pressurized metered dose inhaler (pMDI) produces
bronchodilatation within 5 min and the action lasts for
2–4 hours. It is, therefore, used to abort and terminate
attacks of asthma, but is not suitable for round-the-
clock prophylaxis. Muscle tremors are the dose related
side effect. Palpitation, restlessness, nervousness,
throat irritation and ankle edema can also occur.
Hypokalaemia is a possible complication. Salbutamol
undergoes presystemic metabolism in the gut wall, oral
bioavailability is 50%.
Dose: 2–4 mg oral, 0.25–0.5 mg i.m./s.c., 100–200 µg by
inhalation.
12. Terbutaline
It is similar to salbutamol in properties and use.
Dose: 5 mg oral, 0.25 mg s.c., 250 µg by inhalation.
Methyl Xanthines
• The main compounds in methyl xanthine family are theophylline
and it’s compounds.
• But they are not used as the first line drug in treatment of asthma.
• They are primarily used in the treatment of COPD.
• All these compounds are derived from plant sources as:
1. Caffeine
2. Theophylline
3. Theobromine
13. Leukotriene Antagonists
Drugs
• There are mainly two leukotriene
antagonist drugs. They are:
1. Montelukast
2. Zafirlukast
• Both these two drugs are within the
chemical family of Cysteinyl
Leukotrienes antagonists.
14. • Both the drugs are well absorbed orally.
• They bound with plasma very highly, so the volume of
distribution is very low.
• They are extensively metabolized by CYP2C9
and CYP3A4 isoenzymes in liver.
• Plasma half life: Montelukast: 3-6 hours.
Zafirlukast: 8-12 hours.
• Montelukast and zafirlukast are very safe drugs.
• They produce very few side effects like headache and
rashes.
• Very few cases of Churg-Strauss syndrome
(vasculitis with eosinophilia) has been reported.
Pharmacokinetics
Side effect
15. Mast Cell Stablizers
• Sodium cromoglycate
• Kitotifen
1. Sodium cromoglycate:
• Sodium cromoglycate is not absorbed orally.
• It is absorbed as an aerosol through metered dose inhaler.
• Only a small fraction is absorbed systemically.
• Rest of the portion is rapidly excreted unchanged in urine
and bile.
2. Kitotifen:
• It is absorbed orally.
• Bioavailability is 50% due to first pass metabolism.
• It is largely metabolized.
• Plasma half life is 20-22 hours.
16. Anti – IgE Antibody Drugs
Omalizumab
• It is used only in severe extrinsic asthma.
• It is very expensive, so use of it is restricted for:
1. Resistant asthma patients.
2. Patients giving positive skin test.
3. Patients with raised IgE level who require frequent
hospitalization.
17. MoA
• The drug omalizumab is actually a humanized
monoclonal antibody.
• It is administered i.m or s.c.
• It neutralizes free IgE in circulation without
activating mast cells and other inflammatory cells.
• So IgE level in plasma is down and so, mast cell-
IgE mediated
histamine (inflammatory mediators) release is
inhibited.
• So bronchoconstriction occurs.
