The document discusses drugs that affect the circulatory system. It describes drugs used to treat heart failure including diuretic agents, inotropic drugs, ACE inhibitor agents, and beta blockers. It also discusses antihypertensive drugs including diuretic agents, ACE inhibitors, beta blockers, angiotensin II receptor antagonists, aldosterone inhibitors, central alpha agonists, alpha blockers, and calcium channel blockers. Finally, it covers drugs related to coagulation and anticoagulation such as coagulant agents, anticoagulant agents, and thrombolytic agents.
Hypertension. Causes, Effect. Mechanism of Hypertensive activities.
Treatment and Management of hypertension. effect of angiotensin. Investigations. kidney and hypertension. How to keep Normal Bloos Pressure. Normal Ranges of Blood Pressure. Stages Of Hypertension. Complications of Hypertension. Clinical Features of Elevated B.p. Endocrine System . Life style Modification in Hypertension. Pharmacological Therapy in Hypertension
Hypertension. Causes, Effect. Mechanism of Hypertensive activities.
Treatment and Management of hypertension. effect of angiotensin. Investigations. kidney and hypertension. How to keep Normal Bloos Pressure. Normal Ranges of Blood Pressure. Stages Of Hypertension. Complications of Hypertension. Clinical Features of Elevated B.p. Endocrine System . Life style Modification in Hypertension. Pharmacological Therapy in Hypertension
it consist introduction of DIC, definition, etiology and causes, pathophysiology, diagnostic evaluation and its management. it consist of complication too. easy to understand with the help of pictures.
it consist introduction of DIC, definition, etiology and causes, pathophysiology, diagnostic evaluation and its management. it consist of complication too. easy to understand with the help of pictures.
Risk factors
What Is Cholesterol?
Know Your Triglyceride Numbers
Microorganisms
miRNAs: novel players in atherosclerotic processes
Medications Classification
Diagnosis
Surgical procedures
Lifestyle and home remedies
Alternative medicine
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
The Most Common Cholesterol Meds: Statins
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The heart is divided by partitions into four chambers. What are they? (Answer: right and left atria, and right and left ventricles)
Review the remainder of blood circulation. Venous capillaries merge to form larger veins. Blood returns to the heart via vena cava; enters the right atrium. Right atrium contracts; forces blood into right ventricle. Right ventricle contracts, forces blood to lungs. Blood is oxygenated and returned again to left atrium. What are differences between arteries and veins?
Review the exception: The pulmonary artery carries unoxygenated blood. Review the exception: The pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood. Discuss the components of the heart that are affected by cardiac medications. Consider muscle contraction, chamber filling, electrical conduction, and rhythm.
Why do these conditions require medication? Explain the effect position and rate of flow of blood has on the client with heart failure.
What types of patients are vulnerable to heart failure?
Review the rationale for various drug classes that affect the heart.
Weight should be obtained daily, early in morning before eating or drinking; the bladder should be empty.
An inotropic drug such as digoxin may be combined with an ACE inhibitor, a beta-blocking agent, and/or a diuretic.
When would a prescription for digoxin immune Fab be used? With digitalis therapy, the rate of heart contraction is slowed. Normal heart rate is 60 to 80 beats per minute.
These medications assist in the treatment of hypertension by suppressing the formation of angiotensin II. The first dose may induce a severe hypotensive reaction. The patient should be closely monitored. The physician may discontinue diuretic agents 2 to 3 days before beginning ACE inhibitor therapy.
ACE inhibitors are excreted through the kidney. These medications may cause a severe decrease in blood pressure and an increase in serum potassium level. These medications should be used with caution for patients with renal compromise or pregnancy-induced hypertension.
Beta-blocking agents can be used alone or in combination with other agents to treat hypertension.
A low incidence of side effects exists with angiotensin II receptor–blocking agents. What are some side effects? (Answer: skin rash, facial edema, insomnia, and myalgia)
These medications are also useful in treating diabetic nephropathy and are usually well tolerated. Valsartan (Diovan) is the only one of the listed medications approved to treat heart failure. The remainder are used to treat hypertension and diabetic nephropathy. If the patient is receiving other drugs for hypertension or heart failure, the physician may decrease the dose or eliminate those drugs.
Aldosterone inhibitor agents include spironolactone, a potassium-sparing diuretic agent. Aldosterone inhibitor agents should not be used for patients with elevated serum potassium levels or decreased renal function. Aldosterone is suspected of causing myocardial remodeling after myocardial infarction. This limits the efficient function of the heart. By inhibiting aldosterone, the heart responds more efficiently and the risk for heart failure is decreased.
Discuss normal sinus rhythm and its rate. Rate for bradycardia: <60 Rate for tachycardia: >100
What disorders or conditions require the use of vasoconstricting agents? (Answer: shock, rhinorrhea, allergic reaction)
Epinephrine is available as an EpiPen.
Vasodilating agents are common medication for home management of angina. Vasodilating agents are often first-line treatment for chest pain in the emergency department. What are the routes of administration? (Answer: sublingual, sustained-release oral tablets and capsules, transdermal, spray, intravenous)
Some medications target the dilation of arteries, increasing cardiac output and tissue perfusion. Some medications target the dilation of veins, easing the work of the ventricles. Some medications target both. Common side effects include postural hypotension, reflex tachycardia, and fluid retention. Nearly one third of patients do not take antihypertensive agents properly.
Most patients have “essential” hypertension (no cause is identified). Other lifestyle issues include the following: obesity, diabetes, arthritis (may affect likelihood of exercise), time constraints Review with students the current American Heart Association blood pressure guidelines (available on the organization’s website). If diet and exercise are not effective, single-drug therapy is begun. If this is not effective, combination therapy is begun with several drugs.
Through vessel dilation, these medications reduce the blood flow and workload of the vessels and the heart. Why is orthostatic hypotension a common side effect for this class of drugs?
Clonidine also may be used to control impulsivity in the hyperactive child or the child with attention deficit disorder. It does not increase school performance. Side effects of Aldomet are drowsiness, impotence, and gynecomastia.
Alpha-blocking agents include prazosin hydrochloride (Minipress), terazosin hydrochloride (Hytrin), and doxazosin mesylate (Cardura). Alpha-blocking agents are also used to treat benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) or hyperplasia.
These medications affect peripheral arterioles, arteries and arterioles of the heart, and cardiac muscle. They have no effect on the veins. These medications also affect the sites of the electrical conduction of the heart: the SA and AV nodes.
These medications must be used carefully with digoxin. How does the action of beta-blocking agents differ from calcium channel–blocking agents? Common side effects include bradycardia, AV block, exacerbation of heart failure, reflex tachycardia, dizziness, and peripheral edema.
Calcium salts include calcium gluconate, calcium chloride, and calcium lactate.
Drugs include the following: Phytonadione (vitamin K 1 oxide), (Mephyton) Phytonadione injection (AquaMEPHYTON) Administered by the oral or intravenous route. Intravenous administration may cause a severe adverse reaction. Vitamin K injection is administered at birth because infants are bone deficient in vitamin K and are at risk for neonatal hemorrhage.
Prothrombin time (PT) is used to evaluate the effectiveness of warfarin and guard against overdose. International normalized ratio (INR) is a system of standardizing the PT values. What is meant when patients say they take a “blood thinner”? How does an anticoagulant agent “thin” the blood?
Subcutaneous administration is seldom used because of the risk for bruising and bleeding. Heparin is used for prevention and treatment of pulmonary embolism, arterial emboli, and treatment of consumption coagulopathies (like disseminated intravascular coagulation [DIC]). Heparin encourages the antithrombin activity by altering the thrombin part of the clotting cascade.
The lab value activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) is used to monitor response to therapy and coagulation. Normal aPTT is approximately 40 seconds. Treatment range for aPTT is usually between 60 and 80 seconds (depends on the patient situation). Review the patient situations that would require heparin treatment. What are the signs and symptoms of the side effects of heparin?
Advantages over unfractionated heparin agents: May be given by subcutaneous injection Have a longer half-life, and thus may be administered less frequently Lower incidence of antiplatelet formation and HIT May be given on a fixed schedule. No need to monitor aPTT because of the low molecular weight. Low–molecular-weight heparin is more expensive than heparin, but many patients can remain at home and self-administer this treatment.
The dose is based on body weight. This medication may be given as prophylaxis to prevent deep vein thrombosis. It may be used to treat an active deep vein thrombosis. Review with students the patient teaching regarding subcutaneous administration, home care, and use of this medication.
Lepirudin directly inhibits thrombin formation. It is used to reverse HIT while maintaining the anticoagulation in the patient. Common side effects include back pain, nausea, hypotension, and hemorrhage.
Heparin must be given for initial treatment while coumarin is being started. Neither large loading doses nor administration using the intramuscular or intravenous route hastens antithrombotic action.
Dose may be adjusted by using the PT or INR.
This therapy is used for acute myocardial infarction, deep vein thrombosis, and massive pulmonary emboli. For myocardial infarction treatment, therapy must be administered within 4 to 6 hours of symptom presentation. Common side effects include hemorrhage, antibody production, fever, and hypotension.
These medications prevent thrombus formation in the arteries. An anticoagulant agent is used to prevent thrombus formation in the veins. They are useful for the prevention of a myocardial infarction (either initial or recurring). They are useful for decreasing the risk for stroke for patients with history of transient ischemic attacks (TIAs).
These medications increase the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding and also increase the risk of hemorrhage and hemorrhagic stroke.
Present guidelines recommend obtaining a complete lipoprotein and triglyceride profile every 5 years beginning at age 20. A low blood cholesterol level is unattainable for many patients using diet alone. Atherosclerosis is the fatty streak in the arterial wall. Atherosclerosis encourages fibrin formation and subsequent thrombi.
Many lipid-lowering drugs must be taken later in the day, with the evening meal. Some drugs decrease production of cholesterol. Others increase the removal of cholesterol from the bloodstream.
Lab testing of lipid levels and liver enzymes is necessary.