This document provides information on common cardiac medications, including:
Anticoagulants like warfarin which prevent clotting but don't dissolve existing clots. Antiplatelet agents such as aspirin prevent platelet clumping to reduce clotting. ACE inhibitors like lisinopril relax blood vessels to lower blood pressure and workload on the heart. Calcium channel blockers, beta blockers, and diuretics also help control blood pressure and workload on the heart. Statins lower cholesterol levels to reduce heart disease risk. Each drug class is described with examples, uses, and potential side effects.
This Presentation provides a general introduction to Cardiac Pharmacology, list of various Cardiac disorders and Drugs used to treat Cardiac disorders. An assignment for the subject, Advanced Pharmacology - I, 1st year M.Pharm, 1st semester.
Antihypertensives | Classes of Drugs | Baro ReceptorChetan Prakash
This Presentation provides a knowledge about Antihypertensives, types of blood pressure, hypertension types, normal blood pressure regulation, baro receptors, classes of antihypertensive drugs,recent discovery on hypertension. This is an assignment for the subject, Advanced Pharmacology-I, 1st year M.Pharm, 1st semester.
This Presentation provides a general introduction to Cardiac Pharmacology, list of various Cardiac disorders and Drugs used to treat Cardiac disorders. An assignment for the subject, Advanced Pharmacology - I, 1st year M.Pharm, 1st semester.
Antihypertensives | Classes of Drugs | Baro ReceptorChetan Prakash
This Presentation provides a knowledge about Antihypertensives, types of blood pressure, hypertension types, normal blood pressure regulation, baro receptors, classes of antihypertensive drugs,recent discovery on hypertension. This is an assignment for the subject, Advanced Pharmacology-I, 1st year M.Pharm, 1st semester.
Individualized Webcam facilitated and e-Classroom USMLE Step 1 Tutorials with Dr. Cray. 1 BMS Unit is 4 hr. General Principles and some Organ System require multiple units to complete in preparation for the USMLE Step 1 A HIGH YIELD FOCUS IN Biochemistry / Cell Biology, Microbiology / Immunology and the 4 P’s-Phiso, Pathophys, Path and Pharm. Webcam Facilitated USMLE Step 2 Clinical Knowledge and Clinical Skills diadactic tutorials /1 Unit is 4 hours, individualized one-on-one and group sessions, Including all Internal Medicine sub-sub-specitialities. For questions or more information.. drcray@imhotepvirtualmedsch.com
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Individualized Webcam facilitated and e-Classroom USMLE Step 1 Tutorials with Dr. Cray. 1 BMS Unit is 4 hr. General Principles and some Organ System require multiple units to complete in preparation for the USMLE Step 1 A HIGH YIELD FOCUS IN Biochemistry / Cell Biology, Microbiology / Immunology and the 4 P’s-Phiso, Pathophys, Path and Pharm. Webcam Facilitated USMLE Step 2 Clinical Knowledge and Clinical Skills diadactic tutorials /1 Unit is 4 hours, individualized one-on-one and group sessions, Including all Internal Medicine sub-sub-specitialities. For questions or more information.. drcray@imhotepvirtualmedsch.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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Risk factors
What Is Cholesterol?
Know Your Triglyceride Numbers
Microorganisms
miRNAs: novel players in atherosclerotic processes
Medications Classification
Diagnosis
Surgical procedures
Lifestyle and home remedies
Alternative medicine
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
The Most Common Cholesterol Meds: Statins
Angina pectoris is the medical term for chest pain or discomfort due to coronary heart disease. It occurs when the heart muscle doesn't get as much blood as it needs. This usually happens because one or more of the heart's arteries is narrowed or blocked, also called ischemia.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
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Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
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- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
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These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
1. Common Cardiac Medications
Anticoagulants
(Also known as Blood Thinners)
Commonly prescribed include:
Dalteparin (Fragmin)
Danaparoid (Orgaran)
Enoxaparin (Lovenox)
Heparin (various)
Tinzaparin (Innohep)
Warfarin (Coumadin)
What the medication does:
Decreases the clotting (coagulating) ability of the blood and are sometimes called
blood thinners, although they do not actually thin the blood. They do NOT
dissolve existing blood clots. They are used to treat certain blood vessel, heart,
and lung conditions.
Reasons for taking the medication:
Helps to prevent harmful clots from forming in the blood vessels and may prevent
the clots frombecoming larger and causing more serious problems. Often
prescribed to prevent first or recurrent stroke
Side Effects:
Aspirin is known to prevent more bleeding complications than clopidogrel or
warfarin, however, it may not block clotting as much as the other two. It also can
upset the stomach. Clopidogrel could cause bleeding for up to 7-10 days which
may require you to avoid certain dental work and operations. Warfarin also
increases bleeding and requires careful blood level monitoring by tests. It also
requires you to limit some physical activities to reduce the chances of injury.
For women who need anticoagulants during pregnancy, it is important to take
special precautions. Warfarin can have significant risk on the fetus, especially in
the first trimester. Please consult with your doctor, both your cardiologist and
obstetrician, about which medication would best fit your health and your fetus’
health.
2. Antiplatelet Agents
Commonly prescribed include:
Aspirin
Ticlopidine
Clopidogrel
Dipyridamole
What the medication does:
Antiplatelet Agents keep blood clots from formingby preventing blood
plateletsfrom stickingtogether.
Reasons for taking the medication:
Helps prevent clotting in patientswho have had a heart attack,unstable angina,
ischemicstrokes, TIA (transient ischemicattacks, or “little strokes”) andother
forms of cardiovasculardisease. Usually prescribedpreventively, when plaque
buildupis evident but there is not yet alarge obstruction in the artery.
Side effects:
The most common minor side effects are bloating or gas. These problems
usually go away as the body adjusts to the drug and do not require medical
treatment.
Angiotensin-ConvertingEnzyme (ACE) Inhibitors
Commonly prescribed include:
Benazepril (Lotensin)
Captopril (Capoten)
Enalapril (Vasotec)
Fosinopril (Monopril)
Lisinopril (Prinivil, Zestril)
Moexipril (Univasc)
Perindopril (Aceon)
Quinapril (Accupril)
Ramipril (Altace) and
Trandolapril (Mavik)
What the medication does:
It expands blood vessels anddecreases resistance by loweringlevels of
angiotensin II. Allowsblood to flow more easily andmakes the heart's work easier
ormore efficient.
3. Reasons for taking the medication:
Used to treat or improvesymptoms of cardiovascularconditions including high
bloodpressure and heart failure.
Side effects:
The most common side effects are:
Cough, elevated blood potassium levels, low blood pressure,
dizziness,headache, drowsiness,weakness, abnormal taste (metallic or salty
taste), and
rash.
Angiotensin II ReceptorBlockers (or Inhibitors)
(Also known as ARBs,Angiotensin-2 ReceptorAntagonists and AT-2)
Commonly prescribed include:
Candesartan (Atacand)
Eprosartan (Teveten)
Irbesartan (Avapro)
Losartan (Cozaar)
Telmisartan (Micardis) and
Valsartan (Diovan)
What the medication does:
Rather than loweringlevels of angiotensin II (as ACEinhibitors do), angiotensin
IIreceptor blockers prevent thischemical from having anyeffects on the heart and
bloodvessels; this keeps bloodpressure from rising.
Reasons for taking the medication:
Used to treat or improvesymptoms of cardiovascularconditions including high
bloodpressure and heart failure.
Side effects:
Possible side effects may include:
Headache, Dizziness, Diarrhea, Back and leg pain, Lightheadedness, Nasal
congestion.
Beta Blockers
(Also known as Beta-AdrenergicBlocking Agents)
Commonly prescribed include:
Acebutolol (Sectral)
Atenolol (Tenormin)
Betaxolol (Kerlone)
Bisoprolol/
4. hydrochlorothiazide (Ziac)
Bisoprolol (Zebeta)
Carteolol (Cartrol)
Metoprolol (Lopressor,
Toprol XL)
Nadolol (Corgard)
Propranolol (Inderal)
Sotalol (Betapace) and
Timolol (Blocadren)
What the medication does:
Decreases the heart rate andcardiac output, which lowersblood pressure and
makes theheart beat more slowly and withless force.
Reasons for taking the medication:
It is used to lower blood pressure and with therapy for cardiacarrhythmias
(abnormal heartrhythms) and in treating chestpain (angina).It is also used to
prevent future heartattacks in patients who have hada heart attack.
Possible side effects:
Side effects may occur in taking beta blockers, including fatigue, cold hands,
dizziness, and weakness. Beta blockers aren’t used in people with asthma, and
require monitoring for people with diabetes.
Calcium Channel Blockers
(Also known as CalciumAntagonists or Calcium Blockers)
Commonly prescribed include:
Amlodipine (Norvasc, Lotrel)
Bepridil (Vascor)
Diltiazem (Cardizem, Tiazac)
Felodipine (Plendil)
Nifedipine (Adalat, Procardia)
Nimodipine (Nimotop)
Nisoldipine (Sular) and
Verapamil (Calan, Isoptin, Verelan)
What the medication does:
Interrupts the movement of calcium into the cells of the heart and blood vessels
and could decreasethe heart’s pumping strength and relax blood vessels.
Reasons for taking the medication:
It is used to treat high blood pressure, chest pain (angina). This is caused by
reduced blood supply to the heart muscle and some arrhythmias (abnormal heart
rhythms).
5. Side effects:
The most common side effects of calcium channel blockers included: Abdominal
pain (stomach pain), constipation, drowsiness, fatigue, feelings of a rapidly or
forcefully beating heart (palpitations), flushing or hot flashes, headaches, nausea,
sore throat, and/or swelling or water retention in the hands, feet, or lower legs.
Diuretics
(Also known as Water Pills)
Commonly prescribed include:
Amiloride (Midamor)
Bumetanide (Bumex)
Chlorothiazide (Diuril)
Chlorthalidone (Hygroton)
Furosemide (Lasix)
Hydrochlorothiazide (Esidrix,
Hydrodiuril)
Indapamide (Lozol) and
Spironolactone (Aldactone)
What the medication does:
This medication causes the body to rid itself of excess fluids and sodium through
urination and also helps to relieve the heart's workload. It decreases the buildup
of fluid in the lungs and other parts of the body, such as the ankles and legs.
Different diuretics remove fluid at varied rates and through different methods.
Reasons for taking the medication:
It is used to help lower blood pressure and to help reduce swelling (edema) from
excess buildup of fluid in the body.
Side Effects:
The side effects of diuretics are common. The most important by far is that they
actually take too much fluid out of the body. Diuretics are designed to remove
salt from the body, and with salt comes water and sometimes too much of a
diuretic effect can cause a patient to become too dry. This can cause dizziness
and light-headedness, and that can eventually, if it gets bad enough, cause some
dysfunction of your kidneys.
Vasodilators
6. (Also known as Nitrates.Nitroglycerin tablets are a form of vasodilator)
Commonly prescribed include:
Isosorbide dinitrate (Isordil)
Nesiritide (Natrecor)
Hydralazine (Apresoline)
Nitrates
Minoxidil
What the medication does:
Relaxes blood vessels andincreases the supply of bloodand oxygen to the heart
whilereducing its workload. Prescribedto patients who cannot tolerateACE
inhibitors (another type ofmedicine that relaxes the bloodvessels.)This medicine
is available in pills to be swallowed,chewable tablets and as a topicalapplication
(cream).
Reasons for taking the medication:
Used to ease chest pain(angina).
Side effects:
Vasodilators may cause your heartbeat to become rapid. It also may cause heart
palpitations or chest pain. They may cause headaches, dizziness, headaches,
nausea and vomiting, bloating, sore throat and joint pain and/or may experience
swollen feet or legs, swollen lymph nodes, fever, skin blisters or itching. You
also may experience flushing and nasal congestion. Also, hair may grow faster
than normal on the back, limbs and scalp.
Digitalis Preparations
(Also known as Digoxinand Digitoxin)
Commonly prescribed include:
Lanoxin
What the medication does:
Increases the force of the heart's contractions, which can be beneficial in heart
failure and for irregular heart beats.
Reasons for taking the medication:
Used to relieve heart failure symptoms, especially when the patient isn't
responding to ACE inhibitors and diuretics. Also slows certain types of irregular
heartbeat (arrhythmias),particularly atrial fibrillation.
Side effects:
It is important that you are given the right dose of digoxin - your doctor or nurse
will do regular blood tests to check this. If you are given too much digoxin you
7. may lose your appetite or develop nausea (feeling sick), headache or blurred /
coloured vision.
Occasionally, high levels of digoxin can cause abnormal heart rhythms which
could make you experience palpitations or black outs - if you have either of
these symptoms you should see your doctor.
Statins
Common types of cholesterolloweringdrugs include
statins,resins and nicotinic acid (niacin)
gemfibrozil
clofibrate.
What the medication does:
Various medications can lower blood cholesterol levels. They may be prescribed
individually orin combination with other drugs. They work in the body in different
ways. Some affect the liver,some work in the intestines and some interrupt the
formation of cholesterol from circulating in theblood. Please
seeamericanheart.org/cholesterol fordetailed information on thesecomplex drugs.
Reasons for taking the medication:
Used to lower LDL (”bad”)cholesterol, raise HDL(”good”) cholesterol and
lowertriglyceride levels.
Side effects:
Most people who take statin drugs tolerate them very well but the most common
side effects include:
Headache, difficulty sleeping, flushing of the skin, tenderness or weakness
(myalgia), drowsiness, diarrhea, dizziness, nausea and/or vomiting, muscle
achesabdominal cramping and/or pain, bloating and/or gas, constipation, and/or
rash.
Statins also carry warnings that memory loss, mental confusion, high blood
sugar, and type 2 diabetes are possible side effects. It's important to remember
that statins may also interact with other medications you take.
http://www.heart.org/idc/groups/heart-public/@wcm/@hcm/documents/downloadable/ucm_304568.pdf