Alternatives to Antibiotics - Dr. Cyril Gay, Senior National Program Manager, USDA Agricultural Research Service (ARS), from the 2017 NIAA Annual Conference, U.S. Animal Agriculture's Future Role In World Food Production - Obstacles & Opportunities, April 4 - 6, Columbus, OH, USA.
More presentations at http://www.trufflemedia.com/agmedia/conference/2017_niaa_us_animal_ag_future_role_world_food_production
Campylobacter is a common cause of foodborne illness worldwide and Campylobacter jejuni is a typical organism, which is a gram-negative, motile bacterium that causes both intestinal and systemic infections. Key virulence factors of Campylobacter include lipopolysaccharides and enterotoxins, and pathogenesis involves oral transmission from contaminated food or animals followed by colonization of the small intestine. Symptoms include acute diarrhea and abdominal pain that are usually self-limiting but antibiotics may be used for severe or prolonged cases.
Botulism is caused by a potent neurotoxin produced by Clostridium botulinum bacteria. It causes descending flaccid paralysis beginning with cranial nerves. There are several forms of transmission including foodborne (from contaminated foods), wound, and intestinal (from spore ingestion). Clinical manifestations include nausea, blurred vision, weakness, and respiratory failure. Diagnosis involves detecting toxin in samples or through electromyography. Treatment requires intensive care including ventilator support and administration of botulism antitoxin to prevent progression of paralysis.
An introduction to veterinary microbiologyAmjad Afridi
A disease is a particular abnormal condition that negatively affects the structure or function of all or part of an organism.
Producers have a vested interest to keep their animals healthy
This document discusses mycotoxins, which are toxic secondary metabolites produced by fungi. It covers the history of mycotoxin outbreaks, types of mycotoxins like aflatoxins and fumonisins, factors that influence their production, detection methods, prevention, and treatment. The key points are that mycotoxins can contaminate foods and cause disease in humans and animals, major types include aflatoxins and fumonisins, and prevention focuses on proper storage and treatment includes detoxification and supportive therapies.
This document discusses Escherichia coli (E. coli), a common bacterium found in the intestines of humans and animals. It describes E. coli's morphology, identification, and ability to cause diseases like urinary tract infections, neonatal meningitis, and intestinal diseases. Prevention methods are outlined, including good hygiene practices like handwashing and thoroughly cooking meats to avoid transmission. Treatment focuses on fluid replacement rather than antibiotics in most cases unless the disease has progressed to a systemic stage.
Far from being a historic medical curiosity, plague caused by Yersinia pestis persists as a threat worldwide. The disease is typically transmitted between rodents and humans by flea bites. Prompt diagnosis and immediate antibiotic treatment are essential since mortality rates are high if left untreated. While historically devastating pandemics occurred, modern recognition and management have reduced plague's impact, though it remains a public health concern in some regions.
Campylobacter is a common cause of foodborne illness worldwide and Campylobacter jejuni is a typical organism, which is a gram-negative, motile bacterium that causes both intestinal and systemic infections. Key virulence factors of Campylobacter include lipopolysaccharides and enterotoxins, and pathogenesis involves oral transmission from contaminated food or animals followed by colonization of the small intestine. Symptoms include acute diarrhea and abdominal pain that are usually self-limiting but antibiotics may be used for severe or prolonged cases.
Botulism is caused by a potent neurotoxin produced by Clostridium botulinum bacteria. It causes descending flaccid paralysis beginning with cranial nerves. There are several forms of transmission including foodborne (from contaminated foods), wound, and intestinal (from spore ingestion). Clinical manifestations include nausea, blurred vision, weakness, and respiratory failure. Diagnosis involves detecting toxin in samples or through electromyography. Treatment requires intensive care including ventilator support and administration of botulism antitoxin to prevent progression of paralysis.
An introduction to veterinary microbiologyAmjad Afridi
A disease is a particular abnormal condition that negatively affects the structure or function of all or part of an organism.
Producers have a vested interest to keep their animals healthy
This document discusses mycotoxins, which are toxic secondary metabolites produced by fungi. It covers the history of mycotoxin outbreaks, types of mycotoxins like aflatoxins and fumonisins, factors that influence their production, detection methods, prevention, and treatment. The key points are that mycotoxins can contaminate foods and cause disease in humans and animals, major types include aflatoxins and fumonisins, and prevention focuses on proper storage and treatment includes detoxification and supportive therapies.
This document discusses Escherichia coli (E. coli), a common bacterium found in the intestines of humans and animals. It describes E. coli's morphology, identification, and ability to cause diseases like urinary tract infections, neonatal meningitis, and intestinal diseases. Prevention methods are outlined, including good hygiene practices like handwashing and thoroughly cooking meats to avoid transmission. Treatment focuses on fluid replacement rather than antibiotics in most cases unless the disease has progressed to a systemic stage.
Far from being a historic medical curiosity, plague caused by Yersinia pestis persists as a threat worldwide. The disease is typically transmitted between rodents and humans by flea bites. Prompt diagnosis and immediate antibiotic treatment are essential since mortality rates are high if left untreated. While historically devastating pandemics occurred, modern recognition and management have reduced plague's impact, though it remains a public health concern in some regions.
This document provides an overview of Brucella, the bacteria that causes brucellosis. It discusses the taxonomy of Brucella, describing the nine recognized species. It covers the pathogenesis of Brucellosis, noting that it is a zoonotic disease transmitted from animals to humans. The clinical manifestations of both acute and chronic Brucellosis are explained. The document also summarizes methods for laboratory diagnosis of Brucellosis, including culture, serology, PCR and skin tests. Treatment involves a combination of tetracycline and doxycycline antibiotics. Prevention strategies include pasteurizing milk, vaccinating animals and slaughtering infected herds.
Yersinia pestis is a gram-negative rod that causes plague. It is primarily transmitted between rodents like rats, mice and squirrels via flea bites. Humans are accidental hosts. There are three main forms of plague infection: bubonic plague causes swollen lymph nodes, septicemic plague causes fever and hypotension, and pneumonic plague causes cough and bloody sputum. Yersinia enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis can cause gastrointestinal illness in humans after consuming contaminated food, especially pork.
The document discusses Bacillus anthracis, the bacterium that causes anthrax. It describes the morphological and biochemical characteristics of B. anthracis, how it causes disease, methods for laboratory diagnosis of anthrax, treatment and post-exposure prophylaxis. It also discusses anthrax as a potential biological warfare agent and Pakistan's experience investigating suspected anthrax cases after 2001.
Cholera is a serious bacterial disease that usually
causes severe diarrhea and dehydration. The disease is typically spread through contaminated water.
Modern sewage and water treatment have effectively eliminated cholera in most countries. It’s still a problem in countries like Asia, America and Africa. Mostly in India.
Countries affected by war, poverty, and natural disasters have the greatest risk for a cholera outbreak.
Taxonomy:
class : Gamma Proteobacteria
Order: Vibrionales
Family: Vibrionaceae
Genus: Vibrio
Species: v.cholerae, v.parahaemolyticus,
v. vulnificus, v. alginolyticus
MORPHOLOGY:
Gram negative, actively motile, short, rigid curved bacilli
Resembling letter “V”
about 34 genus
most common in water
1.5µ X 0.2 -0.4 µ in size
polar flagellum , strongly aerobic
Smear – fish in stream appearance
PATHOGENESIS:
Source: Ingestion of contaminated water, food,
fruits and vegetables etc.,
Incubation periods: 1-5 days
Symptoms: Watery diarrhoea, vomiting, thirst, dehydration, muscle cramps
Complications: muscular pain, renal failure, pulmonary edema, cardiac arrhythrnias
DIAGNOSIS:
Specimen: stool sample, water sample(envt)
Microscopy: a) Hanging drop : +ve
b) Gram stain :-ve
Culture: Mac conkey Agar :colourless to light pink
TCBS : yellow colonies
Serology: serological tests are no diagnostic value
TREATMENT:
Adequate replacement of fluids and electrolytes.
Oral tetracycline reduces the period of vibrio excreation.
PREVENTION:
Drink and use bottled water
Frequent washing
Sanitary environment
Defecate in water
Cook food thoroughly
Isolation and identification of salmonella &e.coliNoman Ch
This presentation is made by concerning three books. The data used in this is mainly revolve about poultry point of view.
REFERENCE
Isolation and identification of avian pathogen(AAAP)
This document discusses Salmonella, including its isolation, morphology, cultural characteristics, biochemical activities, epidemiology, virulence factors, pathogenesis, clinical diseases, laboratory diagnosis, and treatment. Salmonella was first isolated in 1885 and causes diseases like typhoid fever, paratyphoid fever, and foodborne illness in humans. It is a gram-negative rod found in the intestines of animals and can contaminate foods. Diagnosis involves culturing specimens from blood, feces, urine or vomit. Treatment includes antibiotics like chloramphenicol, ampicillin, and ciprofloxacin.
This document is a presentation on mycotoxins submitted by Group 3 for their Food Chemistry course. It contains sections on various mycotoxins including deoxynivalenol and zearalenone presented by Nawal Haroon, aflatoxins presented by Zakia Akram, and ochratoxin presented by Wajeeha Batool. The presentations define the mycotoxins, discuss where they are commonly found and the fungi that produce them, their history, effects on health, and methods of detection and prevention.
This document discusses the genus Campylobacter, including its general characteristics, habitats, important veterinary pathogens, clinical infections, and diagnostic procedures. Campylobacter species are Gram-negative, microaerophilic, curved rods. Important pathogens include C. fetus subspecies venerealis (bovine genital campylobacteriosis), C. fetus subspecies fetus and C. jejuni (ovine abortion), and C. jejuni (intestinal infections in dogs, avian vibrionic hepatitis, and human intestinal campylobacteriosis). Diagnosis involves isolation and identification of the bacteria from clinical specimens using selective media and microaerophilic conditions.
The document discusses mechanisms of drug resistance in bacteria. It defines intrinsic and acquired antimicrobial resistance. Common pathways that bacteria use to develop resistance include enzymatic degradation or modification of drugs, decreased drug penetration through reduced permeability or increased efflux, and alteration of antimicrobial targets. Specific resistance mechanisms covered include beta-lactamase production, modification of aminoglycosides and chloramphenicol by enzymatic reactions, alterations in outer membrane permeability, and efflux pump activity.
- Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a common bacteria that normally lives in the intestines of humans and animals. However, some strains of E. coli can cause illness, including diarrhea.
- E. coli that causes diarrhea is divided into six groups that produce diarrhea through different pathogenic mechanisms, such as the production of heat-stable or heat-labile toxins. One group, enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), commonly causes travelers' diarrhea.
- In addition to diarrhea, E. coli can cause other illnesses like urinary tract infections, wound or blood infections, and even sepsis. The type of specimen collected for testing depends on the suspected infection.
This document provides an overview of Helicobacter pylori, including its historical discovery in 1982 by Marshall and Warren which revolutionized ulcer treatment. It describes H. pylori's morphology as a spiral-shaped, flagellated, gram-negative bacterium that lives in the stomach mucus layer. The document discusses H. pylori's worldwide prevalence, routes of transmission, virulence factors, mechanisms of infection, associated diseases like ulcers and stomach cancer, and laboratory tests for diagnosis. In conclusion, H. pylori infection typically causes long-term gastritis in most cases, while clinical complications represent an imbalance in gastric homeostasis.
Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite with three morphological forms - tachyzoite, bradyzoite, and oocyst. It can infect humans through undercooked meat, contact with cat feces, or mother-to-child transmission. Clinical manifestations depend on immune status. Diagnosis involves serology, PCR, and imaging. Treatment includes pyrimethamine/sulfadiazine for congenital or AIDS-related toxoplasmosis. Prevention involves hygienic meat handling and contact with cats.
E coli, klebsiella, enterobacter lecture notesBruno Mmassy
E. coli is a common Gram-negative bacteria that normally inhabits the gastrointestinal tract. Certain strains can cause illnesses such as gastroenteritis, urinary tract infections, and neonatal meningitis. E. coli is biochemically identified using tests such as IMViC, which examines indole production, methyl red, Voges-Proskauer, and citrate utilization. Treatment involves antibiotics such as ampicillin, but there is increasing antibiotic resistance in many strains. Preventing the spread of pathogenic E. coli requires proper sanitation and food handling.
1. Mycotoxins are toxic metabolites produced by filamentous fungi under certain environmental conditions that can contaminate foods like cereals, fruits, and vegetables.
2. Major mycotoxins include aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, and patulin. Aflatoxins are produced by Aspergillus species and are carcinogenic, while ochratoxins and fumonisins can cause liver and kidney damage.
3. Mycotoxins are detected using extraction and clean-up methods followed by analytical techniques like chromatography, immunoassays, and PCR to identify mycotoxin-producing fungi. Detection methods help ensure food and feed
This document provides information about the emerging bacterial disease listeriosis. It discusses Listeria monocytogenes, the causative agent. Key points include that L. monocytogenes is a foodborne pathogen commonly transmitted through contaminated foods. It can cause a mild flu-like illness or a severe invasive infection affecting high-risk groups like pregnant women. The document covers the bacteriology, virulence factors, transmission, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of listeriosis. Control relies on proper food handling and sanitation throughout the food supply chain.
- Brucella is a zoonotic, Gram-negative coccobacillus that causes brucellosis in humans and animals. The three main species that infect humans are B. melitensis, B. abortus, and B. suis.
- Brucella is transmitted primarily through the ingestion of contaminated animal products like unpasteurized milk or cheese. Symptoms in humans include undulant fever, sweats, fatigue, and musculoskeletal pain.
- Diagnosis involves blood culture, serology tests like the SAT and ELISA. Treatment consists of a combination of doxycycline and streptomycin or other antibiotics over several weeks. Controlling brucellosis in animals through vaccination
Salmonella is a gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria from the Enterobacteriaceae family. It is classified into two species, Salmonella enterica and Salmonella bongori, with over 2,500 serotypes identified. Salmonella can cause enteric (typhoid) fever through fecal-oral transmission, or gastroenteritis through contaminated food or water. Clinical manifestations depend on the infecting serotype and host factors. Laboratory diagnosis involves culture of blood, bone marrow, or stool to isolate the bacteria. Treatment focuses on hydration and antibiotics such as fluoroquinolones.
Bacillus is a genus of rod-shaped, Gram-positive bacteria that can form dormant endospores. The document focuses on Bacillus anthracis, which causes anthrax. It describes the morphology, cultural characteristics, virulence factors, and methods of diagnosis and prevention of B. anthracis. Key points include that B. anthracis forms encapsulated, non-motile rods and terminal spores. The anthrax toxins are composed of lethal factor, edema factor, and protective antigen, which combine to cause disease. Diagnosis involves microscopy, culture, and serology. Prevention for humans involves vaccination with anthrax toxoid and occupational hygiene, while animals are vaccinated with attenuated spore
Dr. Bill Pomputius - Antimicrobial Resistance in Human Medicine - Impact and ...John Blue
Antimicrobial Resistance in Human Medicine - Impact and Stewardship - Dr. Bill Pomputius, from the 2018 Allen D. Leman Swine Conference, September 15-18, 2018, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2018-leman-swine-conference-material
How can Animal Biotechnology contribute to Agenda 2063, ST&I Strategy for Afr...ILRI
Animal biotechnology can help achieve development goals in Africa by increasing livestock productivity, improving animal health and resilience, and reducing environmental impacts. Key applications include developing disease-resistant animals, improving feed digestibility and reproduction, and selecting animals that produce less methane. Strengthening partnerships, regulatory systems, and Africa's own innovation capacities will be important to facilitate use of animal biotechnology for sustainable development.
This document provides an overview of Brucella, the bacteria that causes brucellosis. It discusses the taxonomy of Brucella, describing the nine recognized species. It covers the pathogenesis of Brucellosis, noting that it is a zoonotic disease transmitted from animals to humans. The clinical manifestations of both acute and chronic Brucellosis are explained. The document also summarizes methods for laboratory diagnosis of Brucellosis, including culture, serology, PCR and skin tests. Treatment involves a combination of tetracycline and doxycycline antibiotics. Prevention strategies include pasteurizing milk, vaccinating animals and slaughtering infected herds.
Yersinia pestis is a gram-negative rod that causes plague. It is primarily transmitted between rodents like rats, mice and squirrels via flea bites. Humans are accidental hosts. There are three main forms of plague infection: bubonic plague causes swollen lymph nodes, septicemic plague causes fever and hypotension, and pneumonic plague causes cough and bloody sputum. Yersinia enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis can cause gastrointestinal illness in humans after consuming contaminated food, especially pork.
The document discusses Bacillus anthracis, the bacterium that causes anthrax. It describes the morphological and biochemical characteristics of B. anthracis, how it causes disease, methods for laboratory diagnosis of anthrax, treatment and post-exposure prophylaxis. It also discusses anthrax as a potential biological warfare agent and Pakistan's experience investigating suspected anthrax cases after 2001.
Cholera is a serious bacterial disease that usually
causes severe diarrhea and dehydration. The disease is typically spread through contaminated water.
Modern sewage and water treatment have effectively eliminated cholera in most countries. It’s still a problem in countries like Asia, America and Africa. Mostly in India.
Countries affected by war, poverty, and natural disasters have the greatest risk for a cholera outbreak.
Taxonomy:
class : Gamma Proteobacteria
Order: Vibrionales
Family: Vibrionaceae
Genus: Vibrio
Species: v.cholerae, v.parahaemolyticus,
v. vulnificus, v. alginolyticus
MORPHOLOGY:
Gram negative, actively motile, short, rigid curved bacilli
Resembling letter “V”
about 34 genus
most common in water
1.5µ X 0.2 -0.4 µ in size
polar flagellum , strongly aerobic
Smear – fish in stream appearance
PATHOGENESIS:
Source: Ingestion of contaminated water, food,
fruits and vegetables etc.,
Incubation periods: 1-5 days
Symptoms: Watery diarrhoea, vomiting, thirst, dehydration, muscle cramps
Complications: muscular pain, renal failure, pulmonary edema, cardiac arrhythrnias
DIAGNOSIS:
Specimen: stool sample, water sample(envt)
Microscopy: a) Hanging drop : +ve
b) Gram stain :-ve
Culture: Mac conkey Agar :colourless to light pink
TCBS : yellow colonies
Serology: serological tests are no diagnostic value
TREATMENT:
Adequate replacement of fluids and electrolytes.
Oral tetracycline reduces the period of vibrio excreation.
PREVENTION:
Drink and use bottled water
Frequent washing
Sanitary environment
Defecate in water
Cook food thoroughly
Isolation and identification of salmonella &e.coliNoman Ch
This presentation is made by concerning three books. The data used in this is mainly revolve about poultry point of view.
REFERENCE
Isolation and identification of avian pathogen(AAAP)
This document discusses Salmonella, including its isolation, morphology, cultural characteristics, biochemical activities, epidemiology, virulence factors, pathogenesis, clinical diseases, laboratory diagnosis, and treatment. Salmonella was first isolated in 1885 and causes diseases like typhoid fever, paratyphoid fever, and foodborne illness in humans. It is a gram-negative rod found in the intestines of animals and can contaminate foods. Diagnosis involves culturing specimens from blood, feces, urine or vomit. Treatment includes antibiotics like chloramphenicol, ampicillin, and ciprofloxacin.
This document is a presentation on mycotoxins submitted by Group 3 for their Food Chemistry course. It contains sections on various mycotoxins including deoxynivalenol and zearalenone presented by Nawal Haroon, aflatoxins presented by Zakia Akram, and ochratoxin presented by Wajeeha Batool. The presentations define the mycotoxins, discuss where they are commonly found and the fungi that produce them, their history, effects on health, and methods of detection and prevention.
This document discusses the genus Campylobacter, including its general characteristics, habitats, important veterinary pathogens, clinical infections, and diagnostic procedures. Campylobacter species are Gram-negative, microaerophilic, curved rods. Important pathogens include C. fetus subspecies venerealis (bovine genital campylobacteriosis), C. fetus subspecies fetus and C. jejuni (ovine abortion), and C. jejuni (intestinal infections in dogs, avian vibrionic hepatitis, and human intestinal campylobacteriosis). Diagnosis involves isolation and identification of the bacteria from clinical specimens using selective media and microaerophilic conditions.
The document discusses mechanisms of drug resistance in bacteria. It defines intrinsic and acquired antimicrobial resistance. Common pathways that bacteria use to develop resistance include enzymatic degradation or modification of drugs, decreased drug penetration through reduced permeability or increased efflux, and alteration of antimicrobial targets. Specific resistance mechanisms covered include beta-lactamase production, modification of aminoglycosides and chloramphenicol by enzymatic reactions, alterations in outer membrane permeability, and efflux pump activity.
- Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a common bacteria that normally lives in the intestines of humans and animals. However, some strains of E. coli can cause illness, including diarrhea.
- E. coli that causes diarrhea is divided into six groups that produce diarrhea through different pathogenic mechanisms, such as the production of heat-stable or heat-labile toxins. One group, enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), commonly causes travelers' diarrhea.
- In addition to diarrhea, E. coli can cause other illnesses like urinary tract infections, wound or blood infections, and even sepsis. The type of specimen collected for testing depends on the suspected infection.
This document provides an overview of Helicobacter pylori, including its historical discovery in 1982 by Marshall and Warren which revolutionized ulcer treatment. It describes H. pylori's morphology as a spiral-shaped, flagellated, gram-negative bacterium that lives in the stomach mucus layer. The document discusses H. pylori's worldwide prevalence, routes of transmission, virulence factors, mechanisms of infection, associated diseases like ulcers and stomach cancer, and laboratory tests for diagnosis. In conclusion, H. pylori infection typically causes long-term gastritis in most cases, while clinical complications represent an imbalance in gastric homeostasis.
Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite with three morphological forms - tachyzoite, bradyzoite, and oocyst. It can infect humans through undercooked meat, contact with cat feces, or mother-to-child transmission. Clinical manifestations depend on immune status. Diagnosis involves serology, PCR, and imaging. Treatment includes pyrimethamine/sulfadiazine for congenital or AIDS-related toxoplasmosis. Prevention involves hygienic meat handling and contact with cats.
E coli, klebsiella, enterobacter lecture notesBruno Mmassy
E. coli is a common Gram-negative bacteria that normally inhabits the gastrointestinal tract. Certain strains can cause illnesses such as gastroenteritis, urinary tract infections, and neonatal meningitis. E. coli is biochemically identified using tests such as IMViC, which examines indole production, methyl red, Voges-Proskauer, and citrate utilization. Treatment involves antibiotics such as ampicillin, but there is increasing antibiotic resistance in many strains. Preventing the spread of pathogenic E. coli requires proper sanitation and food handling.
1. Mycotoxins are toxic metabolites produced by filamentous fungi under certain environmental conditions that can contaminate foods like cereals, fruits, and vegetables.
2. Major mycotoxins include aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, and patulin. Aflatoxins are produced by Aspergillus species and are carcinogenic, while ochratoxins and fumonisins can cause liver and kidney damage.
3. Mycotoxins are detected using extraction and clean-up methods followed by analytical techniques like chromatography, immunoassays, and PCR to identify mycotoxin-producing fungi. Detection methods help ensure food and feed
This document provides information about the emerging bacterial disease listeriosis. It discusses Listeria monocytogenes, the causative agent. Key points include that L. monocytogenes is a foodborne pathogen commonly transmitted through contaminated foods. It can cause a mild flu-like illness or a severe invasive infection affecting high-risk groups like pregnant women. The document covers the bacteriology, virulence factors, transmission, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of listeriosis. Control relies on proper food handling and sanitation throughout the food supply chain.
- Brucella is a zoonotic, Gram-negative coccobacillus that causes brucellosis in humans and animals. The three main species that infect humans are B. melitensis, B. abortus, and B. suis.
- Brucella is transmitted primarily through the ingestion of contaminated animal products like unpasteurized milk or cheese. Symptoms in humans include undulant fever, sweats, fatigue, and musculoskeletal pain.
- Diagnosis involves blood culture, serology tests like the SAT and ELISA. Treatment consists of a combination of doxycycline and streptomycin or other antibiotics over several weeks. Controlling brucellosis in animals through vaccination
Salmonella is a gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria from the Enterobacteriaceae family. It is classified into two species, Salmonella enterica and Salmonella bongori, with over 2,500 serotypes identified. Salmonella can cause enteric (typhoid) fever through fecal-oral transmission, or gastroenteritis through contaminated food or water. Clinical manifestations depend on the infecting serotype and host factors. Laboratory diagnosis involves culture of blood, bone marrow, or stool to isolate the bacteria. Treatment focuses on hydration and antibiotics such as fluoroquinolones.
Bacillus is a genus of rod-shaped, Gram-positive bacteria that can form dormant endospores. The document focuses on Bacillus anthracis, which causes anthrax. It describes the morphology, cultural characteristics, virulence factors, and methods of diagnosis and prevention of B. anthracis. Key points include that B. anthracis forms encapsulated, non-motile rods and terminal spores. The anthrax toxins are composed of lethal factor, edema factor, and protective antigen, which combine to cause disease. Diagnosis involves microscopy, culture, and serology. Prevention for humans involves vaccination with anthrax toxoid and occupational hygiene, while animals are vaccinated with attenuated spore
Dr. Bill Pomputius - Antimicrobial Resistance in Human Medicine - Impact and ...John Blue
Antimicrobial Resistance in Human Medicine - Impact and Stewardship - Dr. Bill Pomputius, from the 2018 Allen D. Leman Swine Conference, September 15-18, 2018, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2018-leman-swine-conference-material
How can Animal Biotechnology contribute to Agenda 2063, ST&I Strategy for Afr...ILRI
Animal biotechnology can help achieve development goals in Africa by increasing livestock productivity, improving animal health and resilience, and reducing environmental impacts. Key applications include developing disease-resistant animals, improving feed digestibility and reproduction, and selecting animals that produce less methane. Strengthening partnerships, regulatory systems, and Africa's own innovation capacities will be important to facilitate use of animal biotechnology for sustainable development.
Antibiotic resistance in food and agricultureTENYWADERICK
this presentation addresses the escalating problem of antibiotic resistance in biological systems like agriculture and health, and how they are interelated
- Vaccines play an important role in One Health by preventing disease emergence, restricting pathogen spread, and controlling zoonotic disease transmission. This improves livestock productivity and livelihoods while also benefitting human health.
- Examples of successful One Health vaccination programs include using vaccines to eradicate rabies through dog vaccination campaigns and reducing human brucellosis through livestock vaccination.
- Addressing challenges like concurrent vaccine administration and improving vaccine delivery through public-private partnerships can help increase vaccination coverage and reduce costs. Vaccination is an important tool for improving animal health and welfare while also reducing antibiotic use and antimicrobial resistance.
Sebastian Hielm: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and global health THL
Mr. Sebastian Hielm, Director of Food Safety, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Finland, at One Health Security Conference, 14-15 Oct 2019, THL, Helsinki
The document discusses preharvest food safety and security. It summarizes a meeting of professionals who discussed current preharvest food safety practices, problems caused by pathogens on farms, research needs, and communication priorities. Key topics included the diversity of food production environments; surveillance and risk assessment of foodborne pathogens; incentives for improving safety practices; and the role of trade in affecting practice changes. Research needs focused on detection methods, understanding impacts of illnesses, and microbial ecology/interactions on farms.
Dr. Roxann Brooks Motroni - Antimicrobial Resistance Research at the Agricult...John Blue
Antimicrobial Resistance Research at the Agricultural Research Service - Dr. Roxann Brooks Motroni, National Program Leader for Animal Health, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, from the 2018 NIAA Antibiotic Symposium: New Science & Technology Tools for Antibiotic Stewardship, November 13-15, 2018, Overland Park, KS, USA.
More presentations at https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8ZKJKD9cmEffjOrjbBvQZeN2_SZB_Skc
Curtiss Healthcare is developing novel orally-delivered live recombinant attenuated Salmonella vector (RASV) vaccines to prevent infectious diseases in animals and humans. They have licensed over 100 patents from 3 universities. Their initial focus is on improving food safety and quality in poultry and swine through vaccines targeting diseases like necrotic enteritis, Campylobacter, and Salmonella. Their most advanced vaccine targets necrotic enteritis caused by Clostridium perfringens in poultry and has shown efficacy in studies. They are seeking $12-15 million in Series A funding to advance 5-6 additional vaccines.
In India, bacteria that cause common infections, such as urinary tract and bloodstream infections, are becoming resistant to nearly all antibiotics. This resistance is due to a combination of factors: uncontrolled access to antibiotics, gaps in infection prevention and control (IPC) practices, and high rates of communicable diseases. Antibiotic resistance, or AR, is a serious problem throughout the country, and threatens to reduce the usefulness of antibiotics both in India and around the world.
Because of this emerging threat, India is committed to slowing the spread of AR. Two institutions within India’s Ministry of Health – the Indian Council of Medical Research and National Centre for Disease Control – each developed national networks of public and private hospitals to measure AR trends, prevent healthcare-associated infections (HAIs), and enhance appropriate use of antibiotics. The All India Institute of Medical Sciences is coordinating HAI measurement and prevention efforts in both networks. In addition, efforts in the state of Tamil Nadu focus on building district-level IPC capacity to prevent HAIs, focusing on maternal and neonatal patients.
The Indian Governamnet is is working closely with partners at the national and state level to:
Detect AR pathogens, including novel strains, by developing lab networks and lab expertise.
Use standardized surveillance to monitor and track AR infections in healthcare to learn how often these infections occur and to help develop strategies to prevent them.
Implement focused IPC activities and training.
Optimize use and reduce misuse of critical antibiotics through antibiotic stewardship programs.
Dr. Peter Davies - How Scientific Advances Are Being Used To Meet Consumers' ...John Blue
How Scientific Advances Are Being Used To Meet Consumers' Needs And Ensure Public Health - Dr. Peter Davies, Professor, University of Minnesota, from the 2018 NIAA Antibiotic Symposium: New Science & Technology Tools for Antibiotic Stewardship, November 13-15, 2018, Overland Park, KS, USA.
More presentations at https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8ZKJKD9cmEffjOrjbBvQZeN2_SZB_Skc
This seminar exactly fits the present-day situation, where present situations pose a great threat to human life and food security, animal security, the topic covers all the sectors and related organizations involved in the protection of biosecurity . example and strategic planning and predictive measures
AMR in Animal Origin Products A ChallengeSarzamin Khan
The AMR and its origin from the products of animal based products has been discussed. The AMR as challenge has been described and recommendation to minimize the risk of AMR
Similar to Dr. Cyril Gay - Alternatives to Antibiotics (20)
Jordan Hoewischer - OACI Farmer Certification ProgramJohn Blue
OACI Farmer Certification Program - Jordan Hoewischer, Ohio Farm Bureau, from the 2020 Conservation Tillage and Technology Conference, held March 3-4, 2020, Ada, OH, USA.
Fred Yoder - No-till and Climate Change: Fact, Fiction, and IgnoranceJohn Blue
No-till and Climate Change: Fact, Fiction, and Ignorance - Fred Yoder, Former President, National Corn Growers Association, from the 2020 Conservation Tillage and Technology Conference, held March 3-4, 2020, Ada, OH, USA.
Dr. John Grove - Fifty Years Of No-till Research In KentuckyJohn Blue
Long-term no-till research can provide valuable insights into crop production over many seasons. This research found that no-till soils generally had higher yields than tilled soils over time. No-till soils had cooler temperatures, held more water after rain, and had different soil biological properties and nutrient stratification compared to tilled soils. The impacts of no-till and fertilizer nitrogen on soil organic carbon and crop yields changed over the 50 years of the study.
Dr. Warren Dick - Pioneering No-till Research Since 1962John Blue
Pioneering No-till Research Since 1962 - Dr. Warren Dick, OSU-OARDC (retired), from the 2020 Conservation Tillage and Technology Conference, held March 3-4, 2020, Ada, OH, USA.
Dr. Christine Sprunger - The role that roots play in building soil organic ma...John Blue
The role that roots play in building soil organic matter and soil health - Dr. Christine Sprunger, OSU - SENR, from the 2020 Conservation Tillage and Technology Conference, held March 3-4, 2020, Ada, OH, USA.
Dr. Leonardo Deiss - Stratification, the Role of Roots, and Yield Trends afte...John Blue
Stratification, the Role of Roots, and Yield Trends after 60 years of No-till - Dr. Leonardo Deiss, OSU, from the 2020 Conservation Tillage and Technology Conference, held March 3-4, 2020, Ada, OH, USA.
Dr. Steve Culman - No-Till Yield Data AnalysisJohn Blue
No-Till Yield Data Analysis - Dr. Steve Culman, OSU Soil Fertility Extension Specialist, from the 2020 Conservation Tillage and Technology Conference, held March 3-4, 2020, Ada, OH, USA.
Alan Sundermeier and Dr. Vinayak Shedekar - Soil biological Response to BMPs John Blue
This document summarizes the results of soil health tests conducted on five fields with different tillage and cover cropping histories. Biological, chemical, and physical soil health indicators such as microbial biomass, soil organic matter, active carbon, and bulk density showed improved soil health in fields that were no-tilled or had cover crops for longer durations compared to conventionally tilled fields or fields with shorter cover cropping histories. Long-term no-till and cover cropping practices increased soil organic matter, microbial activity, and nutrient availability and decreased bulk density compared to conventional tillage systems.
Dr. Curtis Young - Attracting And Protecting PollinatorsJohn Blue
Attracting And Protecting Pollinators - Dr. Curtis Young, OSU Extension, from the 2020 Conservation Tillage and Technology Conference, held March 3-4, 2020, Ada, OH, USA.
Sarah Noggle - Cover Crop Decision Tool SelectorJohn Blue
Cover Crop Decision Tool Selector - Sarah Noggle, OSU Extension, from the 2020 Conservation Tillage and Technology Conference, held March 3-4, 2020, Ada, OH, USA.
Hemp Regulations - Jim Belt, ODA, Head of Hemp for Ohio, from the 2020 Conservation Tillage and Technology Conference, held March 3-4, 2020, Ada, OH, USA.
John Barker - UAVs: Where Are We And What's NextJohn Blue
UAVs: Where Are We And What's Next - John Barker, OSU Extension, from the 2020 Conservation Tillage and Technology Conference, held March 3-4, 2020, Ada, OH, USA.
Dr. Rajbir Bajwa - Medical uses of MarijuanaJohn Blue
Medical uses of Marijuana - Dr. Rajbir Bajwa, Coordinator of legal medical marijuana sales, from the 2020 Conservation Tillage and Technology Conference, held March 3-4, 2020, Ada, OH, USA.
Dr. Jeff Stachler - Setting up a Corn and Soybean Herbicide Program with Cove...John Blue
Setting up a Corn and Soybean Herbicide Program with Cover Crops - Dr. Jeff Stachler, OSU Extension, from the 2020 Conservation Tillage and Technology Conference, held March 3-4, 2020, Ada, OH, USA.
Dr. Chad Penn - Developing A New Approach To Soil Phosphorus Testing And Reco...John Blue
Developing A New Approach To Soil Phosphorus Testing And Recommendations - Dr. Chad Penn, USDA-ARS, from the 2020 Conservation Tillage and Technology Conference, held March 3-4, 2020, Ada, OH, USA.
Jim Hoorman - Dealing with Cover Crops after Preventative PlantingJohn Blue
Dealing with Cover Crops after Preventative Planting - Jim Hoorman, Hoorman Soil Health Services, from the 2020 Conservation Tillage and Technology Conference, held March 3-4, 2020, Ada, OH, USA.
Dr. Sjoerd Duiker - Dealing with Poor Soil Structure and Soil Compaction John Blue
Dealing with Poor Soil Structure and Soil Compaction - Dr. Sjoerd Duiker, Extension Agronomist, Penn State University, from the 2020 Conservation Tillage and Technology Conference, held March 3-4, 2020, Ada, OH, USA.
Christine Brown - Canadian Livestock Producers Efforts to Improve Water QualityJohn Blue
Canadian Livestock Producers Efforts to Improve Water Quality - Christine Brown, Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, from the 2020 Conservation Tillage and Technology Conference, held March 3-4, 2020, Ada, OH, USA.
Dr. Lee Briese - Details Matter (includes details about soil, equipment, cove...John Blue
Details Matter (includes details about soil, equipment, cover crops...) - Dr. Lee Briese, North Dakota, 2017 International Crop Adviser of the Year, from the 2020 Conservation Tillage and Technology Conference, held March 3-4, 2020, Ada, OH, USA.
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
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The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
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share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Hiranandani Hospital in Powai, Mumbai, is a premier healthcare institution that has been serving the community with exceptional medical care since its establishment. As a part of the renowned Hiranandani Group, the hospital is committed to delivering world-class healthcare services across a wide range of specialties, including kidney transplantation. With its state-of-the-art facilities, advanced medical technology, and a team of highly skilled healthcare professionals, Hiranandani Hospital has earned a reputation as a trusted name in the healthcare industry. The hospital's patient-centric approach, coupled with its focus on innovation and excellence, ensures that patients receive the highest standard of care in a compassionate and supportive environment.
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune Disease
Dr. Cyril Gay - Alternatives to Antibiotics
1. Cyril Gerard Gay, DVM, PhD
Senior National Program Leader
Animal Production and Protection
Agricultural Research Service
cyril.gay@ars.usda.gov
Alternatives to Antibiotics
4. Secretary
Deputy Secretary
Chief Financial
Officer
General Counsel
Inspector
General
Executive
Operations
Chief Information
Officer
Director of
Communications
Forest Service
Natural Resource
Conservation Service
Under Secretary for
Natural Resources and
Environment
Farm Service Agency
Foreign Agricultural
Service
Risk Management
Agency
Under Secretary for
Farm and Foreign
Agricultural Services
Rural Utilities Service
Rural Business-
Cooperative Service
Rural Housing Service
Under Secretary for
Rural Development
Food and Consumer
Service
Under Secretary for
Food, Nutrition, and
Consumer Services
Food Safety and
Inspection Service
Under Secretary for
Food Safety
Agricultural Research
Service
National Institute for Food
and Agriculture
Economic Research
Service
National Agricultural
Statistics Service
Under Secretary for
Research, Education
and Economics
Assistant Secretary for Administration
Office of Civil Rights
Human Resources Management
Office of Operations
Administrative Law Judges
Judicial Officer
Board of Contract Appeals
Property and Procurement Management
OSDBU
Office of Congressional
Relations
Office Intergovernmental
Relations
Assistant Secretary for
Congressional Relations
Agricultural Marketing
Service
Animal and Plant Health
Inspection Service
Grain Inspection, Packers
and Stockyards
Administration
Assistant Secretary for
Marketing and
Regulatory Programs
2
Agricultural Research
Service
Animal and Plant Health
Inspection Service
Food Safety and
Inspection Service
Foreign Agricultural Service
National Institute for Food
and Agriculture
5. • Dr. Salmon’s research assistant, USDA BAI
• Discoverer of Salmonella
• Research on Cattle Tick Fever
• Water sanitation
• Comparative pathology
(1859 – 1934)
Theobald Smith, MD
(1850 – 1914)
Daniel Elmer Salmon, DVM, Ph.D
• First class to be awarded a DVM in the U.S
• Director of the USDA Bureau of Animal Industries
• Eradicated Contagious Bovine Pleural Pneumonia
• Cattle Tick Fever Program
• Established federal meat inspection program
• Studied effect of animal diseases on public health
Bureau of Animal IndustryBureau of Animal Industry
6. Agricultural Research
Service
• In-house science research arm of USDA
• 1500+ scientists and post docs
• 6,500 + other employees
• 90+ laboratories
• 17 National Programs
• 1,000+ projects
• $1.1 billion annual budget
7. ARS National Programs
• Food Animal
Production
• Animal Health
• Arthropod Pests of
Animals and
Humans
• Aquaculture
• Water Quality &
Management
• Soil Resource Management
• Air Quality
• Global Change
• Rangeland, Pasture &
Forages
• Manure & Byproduct
Utilization
• Integrated Agricultural
Systems
• Bioenergy and Energy
Alternatives
Animal Production &
Protection
(~15%)
Natural Resources &
Sustainable Agricultural
Systems
(~20%)
• Plant, Microbial &
Insect Germplasm
Conservation &
Development
• Plant Biological &
Molecular
Processes
• Plant Diseases
• Crop Protection &
Quarantine
• Crop Production
• Methyl Bromide
Alternatives
Crop Production&
Protection
(~35%)
• Human Nutrition
• Food Safety
• New Uses, Quality
& Marketability of
Plant & Animal
Products
Nutrition, Food
Safety & Quality
(~30%)
8
8. ARS Mission
“Our mission is to conduct research to
develop and transfer solutions to agricultural
problems of high national priority . . .”
10. “But I would like to sound one note of warning.
Penicillin is to all intents and purposes non-
poisonous so there is no need to worry about
giving an overdose and poisoning the patient.
There may be an danger, though, in under
dosage. It is not difficult to make microbes
resistant to penicillin in the laboratory
exposing them to concentrations not sufficient
to kill them, and the same thing has
occasionally happened in the body…..”
Alexander Fleming
Penicillin
Nobel Lecture, December 11, 1945
Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)
11. 13. To support relevant research to improve the
understanding of the efficacy of current antimicrobial
agents with the aim to prolong their usage while
minimising the development of resistance, to develop
new molecules and to find alternatives that could be
used in animal production for antimicrobial agent
substitutions.
Recommendations
http://www.oie.int/eng/A_AMR2013/Recommendations.htm
13. Recommendation 3. Fundamental Research
(1)Expand fundamental research relevant to
developing new antibiotics and alternatives for
treating bacterial infections.
(2)Develop alternatives to antibiotics in agriculture.
Goal 5: Research and Development:
Incentivize development of therapeutics and
diagnostics for humans and animals.
5.5 Establish and promote international collaboration
and public-private partnerships to incentivize
development of new therapeutics to counter
antibiotic resistance including new, next-generation,
and other alternatives to antibiotics; vaccines; and
affordable, rapidly deployable, point-of-need
diagnostics.
http://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2014/09/18/pcast-releases-new-report-combating-antibiotic-res
http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2014/09/18/executive-order-combating-
antibiotic-resistant-bacteria
16. USDA AMR Action Plan
Objective 1: Determine and/or model patterns,
purposes, and impacts of antibiotic use in food-
producing animals.
Objective 2: Monitor antibiotic drug susceptibilities of
selected bacterial organisms in food-producing animals,
production environments, and meat and poultry.
Objective 3: Identify feasible management practices,
alternatives to antibiotic use, and other mitigations to
reduce AMR associated with food-producing animals
and their production environments.
18. ad hocad hoc Group on prioritisation of diseases forGroup on prioritisation of diseases for
which vaccines could reduce antimicrobial usewhich vaccines could reduce antimicrobial use
in animalsin animals
• “Provide guidance on prioritisation of disease for
which the use of already available and new vaccines
could reduce antimicrobial use in animals, focusing
the first step on pigs, poultry and fish “
• Identify actions to improve utilisation of such vaccines
• To support the WHO Global Action Plan on AMR
which makes provision for such approach
April 21-23, 2015
19. Key syndrome
Primary pathogen(s)
(disease)
Antibiotic use
Commercial*
vaccine exists
Major constraints to use of vaccine /
vaccine development
Vaccine
research
priority
Systemic
(respiratory)
Streptococcus suis High Yes • Strain coverage too narrow
• Lack of cross-protection
• Poor immunogenicity due to being a capsule
based vaccine
High
Haemophilus parasuis Medium Yes • Serotype specific with variable cross-
protection
• Maternal antibody interference
Medium
Respiratory Pasteurella multocida (for
pneumonic disease)
High No • No vaccine with approved label claim for
pneumonia
(There is a vaccine for atrophic rhinitis)
High
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae High Yes • Does not completely prevent lung lesions
• Animals continue to shed pathogen
• Diagnostics not always accurately done
Low
Actinobacillus
pleuropneumoniae
High Yes • Limited coverage
• Good immunity only if serotype specific
• Sub-unit vaccine which affords cross-
protection
High
Porcine Reproductive and
Respiratory Syndrome virus
(secondary bacterial infections)
High Yes • Strain coverage limited
• High virus mutation rate
• Modest cross-protection
• Vaccine evasion
High
Swine Influenza Virus
(secondary bacterial infections)
High Yes • Strain matching
• Vaccine-associated enhanced respiratory
disease (VAERD)
• Lack of cross-protection
• Efficacy in piglets limited
High
Enteric – neonatal Escherichia coli High for the
syndrome,
Low for E. coli
Yes • Maternal vaccine provides effective
lactogenic immunity
• Coverage of enterotoxigenic E. coli may
occasionally need to be updated
Low
Enteric
(weaners/finishers)
Escherichia coli High Yes • Maternal antibody interference
• Short window for induction of immunity
High
Lawsonia intracellularis High Yes • Other pathogens in the syndrome
(Brachyspira) not included
• Antibiotic-free window for vaccination
required (live attenuated oral vaccine)
Low
(see also
Brachyspira)
Brachyspira spp
B. hyodysenteriae,
B. pilosicoli
Medium-high No • Low current research investment as changes
in husbandry largely eliminated the disease
• Technical barriers to vaccine development
High
Rotaviruses (secondary
bacterial infections)
High Yes • Reasons limiting wider adoption unknown High
Table 2: Infections for which new or improved vaccines would
significantly reduce the need for antibiotic use in swine
20. Outcome
Vaccine research could have a significant
impact, particularly if it addressed the following
four priority gaps:
•Maternal antibody interference
•Cross-protection or inclusion of relevant strains
in vaccine formulations
•Occurrence of immunological interference in
multivalent vaccines
•Innovative delivery systems to enable mass-
vaccination
2020
21. What are alternatives to antibiotics?
Alternatives to antibiotics are broadly
defined as any substance that can be
substituted for therapeutic drugs that are
increasingly becoming ineffective against
pathogenic bacteria, viruses or parasites.
www.ars.usda.gov/alternativestoantibiotics
Gay C.G., Seal B.S., Lillehoj H.S., Donovan D.M. (2014) Alternatives to Antibiotics: Recent Scientific
Advancements. OIE Conference Booklet, Ed. 2014: Responsible and Prudent Use of Antimicrobial Agents
for Animals; 74-75
23. • Discovery of antibiotic alternatives with
defined mechanisms of action
• Discovery of antibiotic alternatives that are
not only safe, but effective
• Discovery of antibiotic alternatives for the
prevention or treatment of infectious diseases
• Discover antibiotic alternatives that are less
susceptible to antimicrobial resistance
• Discover antibiotic alternatives to maintain
the health of animals throughout their
production cycle
PrioritiesPriorities
ResearchResearch
24. PrioritiesPriorities
DevelopmentDevelopment
• Clear regulatory pathways
• Business incentives to invest in the development
of new and innovative products: feed additives
versus drugs and biologics
• Antibiotic alternatives are very distinct
molecules, with different effects, doses and
mechanisms of action, and need to be
developed accordingly
• Conducting a “general” evaluation of the effect
of antibiotic alternatives on production
performance is difficult but paramount in
achieving commercial success
26. Questions
• A paradigm shift for antimicrobial drug discovery:
bactericidal, bacteriostatic, or new approaches that
target virulence or modulate the host response?
• Broad spectrum versus narrow spectrum?
• Definition of drugs versus biologics?
• Co-development of interdependent products?
• Achieving disease resistance outcomes?
28. • Defining the mechanisms of action of alternatives to antibiotics is
paramount to enable their effective use
• A portfolio of alternatives to antibiotics may need to be considered to
achieve optimum health and disease management for different
animal production systems
• There is a need to integrate nutrition, health, and disease research
• Regulatory support and new approaches to enable the licensing of
antibiotic alternatives
• Public-private partnerships to advance the research, development,
and commercialization antibiotic alternatives
CONCLUSIONS
www.ars.usda.gov/alternativestoantibiotics
30. ConclusionsConclusions
1. Technological advances are providing new research tools
and opportunities that afford scientists a hitherto
unprecedented ability to solve 21st century problems
2. Scientific discovery is delivering promising new tools and
technologies to take on seemingly intractable diseases
3. There is a need to establish public-private partnerships to
develop veterinary medical countermeasures that are
designed for a specific purpose.
The Bureau of Animal Industry was an organization that was established in the United States Department of Agriculture by an act (23 Stat. 31) on May 29, 1884. The bureau combined the research functions of the Veterinary Division and the Department of Agriculture (1881-1884) with the enforcement responsibilities of the Treasury Cattle Commission (1883-1884).
Its functions were to conduct scientific investigations, administer statutes and regulations to protect the public from infection or disease contaminated meat products, eradicate animal diseases and improve livestock quality. Daniel Salmon was born in Mount Olive Township, New Jersey.[1] Dr. Salmon's father, Daniel L. Salmon, died in 1851 and his mother, Eleanor Flock Salmon, died in 1859, leaving him an orphan at the age of 8. He was then raised by his second cousin, Aaron Howell Salmon and spent time working both on Aaron's farm and as a clerk in a country store. His early education was at the Mount Olive District School, Chester Institute, and Eastman Business College.[2] He then attended Cornell University and graduated with the degree of Bachelor of Veterinary Medicine in 1872. After an additional four years of study, in veterinary health and science, he was awarded the professional degree of Doctor of Veterinary Medicine from Cornell in 1876, the first D.V.M. degree granted in the United States.[3]
One of the first directors was Emil Alexander de Schweinitz, a bacteriologist who was director from 1890 to 1904.[1]
The Bureau of Animal Industry was abolished by Secretary's Memorandum 1320, suppl. 4, on November 2, 1953. This established the Agricultural Research Service.