Overview of traditional food markets in Asia PacificILRI
Presentation by Hung Nguyen-Viet, Johanna Lindahl, Fred Unger and Delia Grace at a bi-regional advocacy meeting on risk mitigation in traditional food markets in the Asia Pacific region, 1–2 September 2021.
Presentation by Hung Nguyen-Viet at a workshop on 'Creating impact for One Health and Ecohealth: advancements in implementation, evaluation and governance', Bologna, Italy, 10–12 September 2018.
Zoonoses and food safety related activities in APHCA member statesILRI
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Contextualization nutrition food system and food safety issues in VietnamILRI
Presented by Truong Tuyet Mai, Fred Unger and Stef de Haan at the CRP-A4NH, Vietnam Partner Day Sharing Progress and Planning ahead for Collaborative Research Workshop, Hanoi, Vietnam, 23 March 2018
Presented by Delia Grace, Johanna Lindahl, Hung Nguyen-Viet and Manish Kakkar at the World Veterinary Association (WVA)/World Medical Association (WMA) global conference on One Health, Madrid, Spain, 21-22 May 2015.
Overview of traditional food markets in Asia PacificILRI
Presentation by Hung Nguyen-Viet, Johanna Lindahl, Fred Unger and Delia Grace at a bi-regional advocacy meeting on risk mitigation in traditional food markets in the Asia Pacific region, 1–2 September 2021.
Presentation by Hung Nguyen-Viet at a workshop on 'Creating impact for One Health and Ecohealth: advancements in implementation, evaluation and governance', Bologna, Italy, 10–12 September 2018.
Zoonoses and food safety related activities in APHCA member statesILRI
Presented by Jeff Gilbert at the joint Animal Production and Health Commission for Asia and the Pacific (APHCA) - World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) regional workshop on zoonoses, food-borne diseases and antimicrobial resistance, Thimphu, Bhutan, 24-25 September 2013.
Contextualization nutrition food system and food safety issues in VietnamILRI
Presented by Truong Tuyet Mai, Fred Unger and Stef de Haan at the CRP-A4NH, Vietnam Partner Day Sharing Progress and Planning ahead for Collaborative Research Workshop, Hanoi, Vietnam, 23 March 2018
Presented by Delia Grace, Johanna Lindahl, Hung Nguyen-Viet and Manish Kakkar at the World Veterinary Association (WVA)/World Medical Association (WMA) global conference on One Health, Madrid, Spain, 21-22 May 2015.
Presentation by Bernard Bett at the 14th conference of the International Society for Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics (ISVEE), Merida, Yucatan, Mexico, 3-7 November 2015.
The global livestock sector: Trends and health implicationsILRI
Presented by Timothy Robinson, William Wint, Giulia Conchedda, Giuseppina Cinardi, Thomas Van Boeckel, Bernard Bett and Marius Gilbert at the Workshop on Measuring Progress, Biennial Meeting of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene (RSTMH), Oxford, 27 September 2014
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Livestock, livelihoods and the future of India’s smallholder farmersILRI
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The global livestock sector: Trends, drivers and implications for society, he...ILRI
Presented by Timothy Robinson, William Wint, Giulia Conchedda, Giuseppina Cinardi, Thomas Van Boeckel, Michael Macleod, Bernard Bett, Delia Grace and Marius Gilbert at the annual conference of the British Society of Animal Science (BSAS), Chester, UK, 14-15 April 2015.
Sustainable animal production systems in AfricaILRI
Presented by Timothy Robinson, Catherine Pfeifer, Mario Herrero, Thomas van Boeckel and Marius Gilbert at the 61st International Congress of Meat Science & Technology, France, 23–28 August 2015
Household livelihood strategies and livestock dependence in rural Tanzania: I...ILRI
Poster prepared by Sirak Bahta, Francis Wanyoike, Nils Teufel and Mark Van Wijk for the Tropentag 2020: Food and Nutrition Security and its Resilience to Global Crises, Virtual Conference, 9–11 September 2020.
Prepared and presented
Livestock and food security: An ILRI perspectiveILRI
A series of presentations by ILRI scientists (Thomas Randolph, Hikuepi Katjiuongua, Timothy Robinson, Isabelle Baltenweck, Alessandra Galie, Alan Duncan, Nils Teufel, Mats Lannerstad, Bernard Bett, Johanna Lindahl, Eric Fèvre, Silvia Alonso and Delia Grace) at a seminar on "Sustainable Agricultural Development for Food Security and Nutrition, including the role of Livestock" for the Committee on World Food Security High Level Panel of Experts on food security and nutrition (HLPE), Nairobi, Kenya, 8 May 2015.
Presented by Shirley Tarawali, Assistant Director General, ILRI, at the Workshop on Livestock Advocacy and Communications Convening, Addis Ababa, 10–12 November 2015
Food security and animal production—What does the future hold?ILRI
Presented by Jimmy Smith, Dieter Schillinger, Delia Grace, Tim Robinson and Shirley Tarawali at the IFAH Europe Sustainability Conference, Brussels, 11 June 2015
Presentation by Bernard Bett at the 14th conference of the International Society for Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics (ISVEE), Merida, Yucatan, Mexico, 3-7 November 2015.
The global livestock sector: Trends and health implicationsILRI
Presented by Timothy Robinson, William Wint, Giulia Conchedda, Giuseppina Cinardi, Thomas Van Boeckel, Bernard Bett and Marius Gilbert at the Workshop on Measuring Progress, Biennial Meeting of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene (RSTMH), Oxford, 27 September 2014
The role of informal food markets—Towards professionalizing, not criminalizingILRI
Presented by Kristina Roesel at the 16th Annual Meeting of the Inter-Agency Donor Group on Pro-poor-livestock research and development, Berlin, 18-20 November 2015
Livestock, livelihoods and the future of India’s smallholder farmersILRI
Presented by Jimmy Smith at the 12th Agricultural Science Congress on Sustainable Livelihood Security of Smallholder Farmers, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India, 3–6 February 2015
The global livestock sector: Trends, drivers and implications for society, he...ILRI
Presented by Timothy Robinson, William Wint, Giulia Conchedda, Giuseppina Cinardi, Thomas Van Boeckel, Michael Macleod, Bernard Bett, Delia Grace and Marius Gilbert at the annual conference of the British Society of Animal Science (BSAS), Chester, UK, 14-15 April 2015.
Sustainable animal production systems in AfricaILRI
Presented by Timothy Robinson, Catherine Pfeifer, Mario Herrero, Thomas van Boeckel and Marius Gilbert at the 61st International Congress of Meat Science & Technology, France, 23–28 August 2015
Household livelihood strategies and livestock dependence in rural Tanzania: I...ILRI
Poster prepared by Sirak Bahta, Francis Wanyoike, Nils Teufel and Mark Van Wijk for the Tropentag 2020: Food and Nutrition Security and its Resilience to Global Crises, Virtual Conference, 9–11 September 2020.
Prepared and presented
Livestock and food security: An ILRI perspectiveILRI
A series of presentations by ILRI scientists (Thomas Randolph, Hikuepi Katjiuongua, Timothy Robinson, Isabelle Baltenweck, Alessandra Galie, Alan Duncan, Nils Teufel, Mats Lannerstad, Bernard Bett, Johanna Lindahl, Eric Fèvre, Silvia Alonso and Delia Grace) at a seminar on "Sustainable Agricultural Development for Food Security and Nutrition, including the role of Livestock" for the Committee on World Food Security High Level Panel of Experts on food security and nutrition (HLPE), Nairobi, Kenya, 8 May 2015.
Presented by Shirley Tarawali, Assistant Director General, ILRI, at the Workshop on Livestock Advocacy and Communications Convening, Addis Ababa, 10–12 November 2015
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Presented by Jimmy Smith, Dieter Schillinger, Delia Grace, Tim Robinson and Shirley Tarawali at the IFAH Europe Sustainability Conference, Brussels, 11 June 2015
ILRI research on foodborne diseases and antimicrobial resistance associated w...ILRI
Presentation by Delia Grace, Florence Mutua, Fred Unger, Johanna Lindahl, Kristina Roesel, Ram Pratim Deka, Sinh Dang-Xuan, Barbara Wieland and Hung Nguyen-Viet at a regional symposium on research into smallholder pig production, health and pork safety, Hanoi, Vietnam, 27–29 March 2019.
From measuring to managing: The experience of food safety in VietnamILRI
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Food safety research and training in informal/wet markets in Southeast AsiaILRI
Presentation by Hung Nguyen-Viet, Fred Unger, Sinh Dang-Xuan, Phuc Pham-Duc, Pham Van Hung, Sothyra Tum, Chhay Ty, Rortana Chea and Delia Grace at the 5th Asia-Pacific Food Safety International Virtual Conference, 27–28 January 2021.
More pork and less parasites: A farm to fork approach for assessment and mana...ILRI
Presentation by Kristina Roesel, Peter-Henning Clausen, Reinhard Fries, Maximilian Baumann, Karsten Noeckler and Delia Grace at a parasitological colloquium held at Free University Berlin, Germany, 18 October 2013.
One Health and food safety research in developing countriesILRI
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Safer food for traditional markets from a One health perspectiveILRI
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Presentation by Delia Grace, Florence Mutua, Johanna Lindahl, Kristina Roesel and Silvia Alonso at the Australian Veterinary Association Annual Conference, Perth, Australia, 5–10 May 2019.
Food safety assessment and challenges along small-scale pig systems in VietnamILRI
Presentation by Fred Unger, Hung Nguyen-Viet, Sinh Dang-Xuan, Phuc Pham-Duc, Pham Van Hung, Lucila Lapar, Karen Marshall, Duong Van Nhiem, Kohei Makita and Delia Grace at the first joint conference of the Association of Institutions for Tropical Veterinary Medicine and the Society of Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Berlin, Germany, 4–8 September 2016.
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THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
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Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
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Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
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Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Health and Agri-food systems: Ensuring safe and fair foods for everyone
1. Health and Agri-food systems:
Ensuring safe and fair foods for everyone
Hung Nguyen, regional representative for ILRI E&SEA
International Livestock Research Institute
Emory University Hubert Department of Global Health
29 July 2019, Atlanta, USA
2. Outline
• ILRI and Food systems
• Food safety in LMICs including
environmental health
• Capacity building and policy translation
3. CGIAR Research Centers
CGIAR research is carried out by the 15 Centers, members of the
CGIAR Consortium, in close collaboration with hundreds of
partners, including national and regional research institutes, civil
society organizations, academia, development organizations and
the private sector.
REDUCED
POVERTY
IMPROVED FOOD AND
NUTRITION SECURITY FOR
HEALTH
IMPROVED NATURAL
RESOURCE SYSTEMS AND
ECOSYSTEM SERVICES
EQUITY, CAPACITY
AND ENABLING
ENVIRONMENT
4. Improved food and
nutrition security for
health
Improved natural
resource systems and
ecosystem services
Reduced poverty
International Livestock Research Institute
(www.ilri.org)
ILRI’s mission is
to improve food and nutritional security
and to reduce poverty in developing countries through
research for
efficient, safe and sustainable
use of livestock —
ensuring better lives through livestock.
5. • Food & nutrition
security
• Poverty
eradication
• Environment &
human health
Policies,
institutions and
livelihoods
Sustainable
livestock
systems
Feed and
forage
resources
development Livestock
genetics
Animal &
human
health
Impact at scale BecA-ILRI hub
ILRI programs
6. HLPE 2017 Food Systems and Nutrition Report
Food systems for diets and nutrition
8. FBD- a new priority – most probably from ASF
Millions DALYs lost per year (global)
0
2,000,000
4,000,000
6,000,000
8,000,000
10,000,000
12,000,000
14,000,000
16,000,000
18,000,000
20,000,000
Asia Africa Other
developing
Developed
Other toxins
Aflatoxins
Helminths
Microbial
Havelaar et al., 2015
31 hazards
• 600 mio illnesses
• 420,000 deaths
• 33 million DALYszoonoses
non zoonoses
Burden LMIC
9. Foods implicated in FBD
Painter et al., 2013, Sudershan et al., 2014, Mangan et al., 2014; Tam et al., 2014;
Sang et al., 2014 ; ILRI, 2016
10. Domestic costs may be 20 times
trade costs
Cost estimates for 2016 (US$
billion)
Productivity loss 95
Illness treatment 15
Trade loss or cost 5 to 7
‘Productivity Loss’ =
Foodborne Disease DALYs x Per Capita GNI
Based on WHO/FERG & WDI Indicators Database
Illness treatment =
US$27 x # of Estimated foodborne illnesses
Trade loss or costs =
2% of developing country high value food exports
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11. Research approach: what do we do to
understand and improve food safety?
• Situational analyses of food safety
• Capacity building on risk-based approaches
• Proof of concept: participatory risk assessment
• Pilot testing interventions
12. 12
Hazard identification
Hazard characterization Exposure assessment
Risk characterization
Risk communication
What harm does it cause?
How does harm depend on
dose?
Can it be present in food?
Can it cause harm?
How and to what extent does it
get from source to victim?
What is the harm?
What is its likelihood?
Participatory methods
fit well
Approach: risk analysis or risk-based decision making
Hazards vs Risk
13. Pork value chain and safety in Vietnam:
from research to interventions
14. Issue of pork value chain and food safety in
Vietnam
• Large pig production (30 million heads) mainly
produced by 2.5 mio small scale farms (70%)
• Pork is the main ASF (60%) in Vietnamese diet
“fresh” pork preferred
• Food safety among the most pressing issues,
more important than education or health care
• Modern food safety legislation but weak
enforcement
• Risk perception towards chemical hazards is
important, issue of risk communication
• Food exports relatively well managed but
deficits in domestic markets.
Nguyen-Viet et al, 2017
15.
16. Microbial and Chemical Risk Assessment
• Salmonella risk pathways developed for producers, slaughterhouse and
consumers, quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) risk for consumer
• Chemical risk assessment: antibiotic residues, banned chemicals, heavy metals
PigRISK: Pork safety in Vietnam (2012-2017)
Farm Transportation to SH Slaughterhouse ConsumersRetailer
• Feed in bags, remaining feeds
at the cages, environment
• Pork• Liver
• Kidney
• Consumption
survey
PigRISK project (2012-2017)
Food safety risk assessment along the pork value chain
Sinh Dang et al, 2017
17. Actor Sample type Prev (%)
Producer Drink-FA 19.4
Producer Floor Swab-FA 36.1
Producer Waste Water-FA 38.9
Slaughter house CarcassM Swab 38.9
Slaughter house Feces 33.6
Slaughter house Mesenteric LN 35.6
Slaughter house SwabFlo-SH 22.4
Slaughter house Water-SH 20.4
Market Overall 34.1
PigRISK - microbial contamination
Dang Xuan Sinh et al, 2019
18. Risk assessment
The annual incidence of foodborne salmonellosis in the Asian region including
Vietnam was 1% (range 0.2-7%) (Havelaar 2015)
Age and gender groups
Estimated annual salmonellosis
incidence rate (Mean (90% CI)) (%)
Children (under 5 years old) 11.18 (0 – 45.05)
Adult female (6-60 years old) 16.41 (0.01 – 53.86)
Adult male (6-60 years old) 19.29 (0.04 – 59.06)
Elder (over 60 years old) 20.41 (0.09 – 60.76)
Overall 17.7 (0.89 – 45.96)
Dang Xuan Sinh et al, 2017, Hanh Tran et al, 2017
QMRA for salmonellosis
Chemical risk assessment: minimal risks
19. Economic impact of food borne diseases
• Costs per treatment episode and per hospitalization day for
foodborne diarrhea case were US$ 106.9 and US$ 33.6
respectively.
• 51.3%: Indirect cost (costs of times to patient, their relatives due
to the patient’s illness)
• 33.8%: Direct medical costs
• 14.9%: Direct non-medical costs (patient and their relatives)
Hoang Van Minh et al, 2015, JKMS
20. Serological prevalence and factors associated with human
trichinellosis and cysticercosis in Hoa Binh Province, Northwest
Vietnam
Trichinellosis
Cysticercosis
Positive case Suspected case
Knowledge of participants about diseases
• 300 participants with blood samples in Hoa Binh.
• ELISA for trichinellosis and cysticercosis (Demeditec®
and apDia®).
22. Technological interventions coupled
with training of value chain actors
savings on firewood / month
= 900,000 UGX (260 US$) + >100 trees
Reach:
50% of all pork butchers and
their 300,000 customers in Kampala
23. • Branding & certification of milk
vendors in Kenya & Guwahti,
Assam led to improved milk safety.
• It benefited the national economy
by $33 million per year in Kenyan
and $6 million in Assam
• 70% of traders in Assam and 24%
in Kenya are currently registered
• 6 milllion consumers in Kenya and
1.5 million in Assam are benefiting
from safer milk
Towards impact at scale
24. Investments in FS can save lives and $$$
• 94 million people
• Cases of foodborne diseases by
Salmonella in pork at 17%: 16
million get sick
• Cost $ 107 to treat a case: if 1/3
looks for medical treatment, $570
million (0.26% GDP)
• Intervention to reduce 20%
burden: $ 340 million SAVED from
total population
26. 1. Actionable evidence on FBD burden associated with animal
source foods (ASF)
2. Pilot incentive-based approach to improving food safety
among ASF traders
3. Cambodian-led Theory of Change for improving food safety
4. Gender and equity research
5. Building capacity in food safety risk assessment, management,
communication
Safe Food Fair Food for Cambodia
Project objectives
27. 1. Risk profiling
1. Scoping visits
2. Systematic literature
review
3. Risk profiles
4. Training in risk ranking
5. Stakeholder prioritisation
2. Generate
evidence on FBD
Five Urban Survey
Study
QMRA
Markets
Cost of
Illness
Household
Nutrition
3. Develop & test solutions for wet
markets
RCT intervention
Taskforce
Gender TOC
NutritionImpact
28. Risk profiling
1. Scoping visits
2. Systematic literature review
3. Risk profiles
4. Training in risk ranking
5. Stakeholder prioritisation
Generate Evidence on FBD
Five Survey Study
1. National traders hazard survey
2. Urban household consumption
3. Urban household nutrition
4. Urban hospital COI
5. Quantitative RISK Assessment
30. APPROACH : SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW (SLR)
AND GREY LITTERATURE REVIEW
which foods???
• Foods associated with FBD: noodles, rice, seafood, dog meat, water
spinach, rice wine, raw game meat
• Foods associated with chemicals: sausage, dry fish, seafood,
noodles and meat balls produced from beef and pork;
• Catering foods at big events
which hazards???
• Vibrio spp., Salmonella spp., Staphyloccus aureus, Bacillus cereus
• borax, formalin
32. Multi-pathogen survey in Cambodian
traditional market
• Pork and poultry
• Salmonella & Staphylococcus
aureus
• Traditional markets in 25 provinces
of Cambodia 12.2018 -3.2019
• Urban focus: Phnom Penh
municipal and Siem Reap
province, Sihanoukville,
Battambang (repeated survey) 7 -
8.2019
33. RESULTS
• All samples of the first round was collected for the multi-
pathogen survey in Cambodian markets in 25 provinces. In
total 416 samples (pork = 156, pork cutting board swabs=52)
chicken (chicken meat = 156, cutting board swabs = 52) were
collected. 312 shop owners were interviewed during the
sampling.
• In total of 184 samples positive to Salmonella (36%) and 133
to S. aureus (32%).
• Isolates are being kept for further analysis on antimicrobial
resistance.
34. Cost of per episode of hospitalization of FBD by group of
health facilities
Cost National
Hospital
(n=44)
Referral
Hospital
(n=60)
Regional
Hosp.
(n=100)
Communi
ty Clinic
(n=62)
Overall
(n=266)
Direct medical cost
Amount [usd] 125.77 9.42 27.85 4.19 34.38
Direct non-medical
cost
Amount [usd] 40.64 8.36 26.33 0.30 18.58
Indirect cost
Amount [usd] 21.43 6.38 10.89 3.08 9.80
Total cost [usd] 185.88 24.16 65.07 7.57 62.76
36. Ecohealth research on human and animal waste
management in Vietnam: VAC model
Health and environmental issues & livestock?
Crop Livestock
Fishery
Nguyen-Viet et al, 2014
37. Interventions (biomedical, systems, engineering, behavioral or in combination):
Efficacy, effectiveness and equity studies measured in relation to risks
Critical control points: comprehensive biomedical, epidemiological, ecological, social,
cultural and economic assessment
Analysis of interrelations between environmental sanitation systems, health status and well-being
Health status
Exposure to pathogens (viruses, bacteria, protozoa,
helminths)
Health related and help seeking behavior
Food chain
Excreta, Wastewater, Water
Nutrients: N, P
Chemical pollutants
Ecological risks and use
of resources
MFA
Health risks-impacts,
Affected population
QMRA
Vulnerability, resilience and
equity patterns
SSA
Structure of society
Empowerment
Economic status
EPI
Physical environment Social, cultural and
economic environmentbetween systems and
interventions
Dynamic interactions
(Water and Sanitation)
Nguyen-Viet – Ecohealth, 2009
38. Risk assessment: Vegetable and fish from
wastewater in Hanam
• High risk from eating morning glory
and tilapia (diarrhea risks due to E.
coli 13%, G. lamblia and C. parvum: 0
– 23% respectively.
• Highly contaminated Pb level, but low
risk for tilapia.
• Local people knew the risk.
• They sold contaminated vegetable
and fish to other towns.
Truc et al (2014)
41. Taskforce of Risk assessment for food
safety in Vietnam
• Linking research to policy
• Taskforce: composed by
experts from universities,
research institutes, policy
makers from the ministries
(health, agriculture)
• Risk analysis capacity
development for researchers
and policy makers
• Taskforce now
institutionalized and
sustainable
42. Capacity building impact: curriculum
development & trainings
• Guidelines on FS risk assessment:
more accessible and understandable
in use in 17 universities, 7 cities
• Curriculum developed to teach 200
students per year: majority of future
food safety human resources
• Trainings for veterinary and public
health staff at ministry level
• Hand-on training on risk assessment
for researchers, students
43. Policy impact: translational research for
interventions in modernizing food system
• CGIAR/ILRI niche - risk assessment
and policy / regulatory analysis for
fresh foods in domestic markets
• World Bank convenes overall
support to government: ILRI led
technical works
• Upcoming projects based on WB
report we led will improve food
safety for 20 million people in
major cities of Vietnam
46. Bangladesh: capacity building on risk-
based approaches
Risk assessment workshop in Dhaka 22-24 October
2018: 33 participants
47. Conclusions
1. Food systems to achieve nutrition, food safety and health
outcomes are complex and challenging.
2. Informal / wet markers play important role in food
security and safety
3. Microbial vs. chemical risk: role of risk assessment.
4. Huge health and economic burden of foodborne diseases
in LMIC
5. Capacity to develop food safety research in LMIC is
important, risk communication need
6. Research translation to actions and policy: timely and
opportunistic
48. Conclusions
1. Interventions: control & command approaches don’t work
but solutions based on working with the informal sector
more promising.
2. Previous investments not in line with modern
understanding, interventions successful in short term,
long term, wide-reaching impacts likely require:
• Training & technology
• Incentives
• Enabling environment
49. Acknowledgement
• Fred Unger, Sinh Dang, Delia Grace, Kristina Roesel, Silvia
Alonso, Johanna Lindahl: ILRI
• PigRISK and SafePORK team
• Sothyra Tum, Chhay Ty, Rortana Chea, Melissa Young,
Morgan Brown and SFFF Cambodia team
• BMZ project team
• Vietnam Food Safety report team
• ComAcross project in Laos: Vannaphone Phouthana
• Funding: ACIAR, CGIAR A4NH, World Bank, BMZ, USAID
through LSIL, IAFP, Emory University
50.
51. Bibliography
• Hung Nguyen-Viet, Tran Thi Tuyet-Hanh, Unger, F., Sinh Dang-Xuan and Grace, D. 2017.
Food safety in Vietnam: where we are at and what we can learn from international
experiences. Infectious Diseases of Poverty 6: 39. http://hdl.handle.net/10568/79981
• Sinh Dang-Xuan, Hung Nguyen-Viet, Meeyam, T., Fries, R., Huong Nguyen-Thanh, Phuc
Pham-Duc, Lam, S., Grace, D. and Unger, F. 2016. Food safety perceptions and practices
among smallholder pork value chain actors in Hung Yen province, Vietnam. Journal of Food
Protection 79(9): 1490–1497. http://hdl.handle.net/10568/77065
• Sinh Dang-Xuan, Hung Nguyen-Viet, Unger, F., Phuc Pham-Duc, Grace, D., Ngan Tran-Thi,
Barot, M., Ngoc Pham-Thi and Makita, K. 2017. Quantitative risk assessment of human
salmonellosis in the smallholder pig value chains in urban of Vietnam. International Journal
of Public Health 62(Supplement 1): 93–102. http://hdl.handle.net/10568/77739
• Tran Thi Tuyet-Hanh, Dang Xuan Sinh, Pham Duc Phuc, Tran Thi Ngan, Chu Van Tuat,
Grace, D., Unger, F. and Hung Nguyen-Viet. 2017. Exposure assessment of chemical hazards
in pork meat, liver, and kidney, and health impact implication in Hung Yen and Nghe An
provinces, Vietnam. International Journal of Public Health 62(Supplement 1): 75–82.
http://hdl.handle.net/10568/77702
• Nguyen-Viet, H. et al (2018). Research and training partnership to assist policy and capacity
building in improving food safety in Vietnam. Global Food Security
52. This presentation is licensed for use under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence.
better lives through livestock
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ILRI thanks all donors and organizations who globally supported its work through their contributions
to the CGIAR system