Dna Basics
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DNA is a large polymer made of nucleotides linked together in a double helix shape. Nucleotides consist of a sugar, phosphate, and one of four nitrogen bases (A, T, C, G). Genetic information is encoded in the sequence of these nitrogen bases along the DNA strands. Specific base sequences called genes code for the production of individual proteins, which determine our physical traits.
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DNA History & Structure
The document discusses the history and structure of DNA. It describes how DNA was discovered to be the genetic material through experiments in the 1800s and 1900s. Key figures like Watson, Crick, Franklin and Chargaff contributed to determining DNA's double helix structure and the rules of base pairing between A-T and G-C. The structure forms a spiral with the bases on the inside and a sugar-phosphate backbone on the outside, held together by hydrogen bonds between the paired bases.
Notes on DNA and DNA structure
DNA is a complex molecule found in all living things that stores and transmits genetic information. It consists of two strands that wrap around each other to form a double helix structure. The sides of the helix are made up of alternating sugar and phosphate groups, while the rungs are composed of pairs of nitrogen bases - adenine pairs with thymine, and cytosine pairs with guanine. This precise base pairing allows DNA to make exact copies of itself during cell replication.
Protein Synthesis
The document summarizes the central dogma of molecular biology and the processes of protein synthesis - transcription and translation. It explains that DNA is transcribed into mRNA in the nucleus, and mRNA is then translated into proteins by ribosomes in the cytoplasm. Transcription involves RNA polymerase copying the DNA code into mRNA. Translation involves tRNAs matching their anticodons to the mRNA codons and adding the corresponding amino acids to form a polypeptide chain. The genetic code is universal and degenerate, with multiple codons coding for each amino acid.
Presentation on DNA structure and Chemical Compositions
DNA is composed of nucleotides that contain nitrogenous bases, deoxyribose sugar, and phosphate groups. The bases adenine and thymine pair together via two hydrogen bonds, while cytosine and guanine pair together via three hydrogen bonds. Watson and Crick discovered that DNA exists as a double helix with two anti-parallel strands coiled around a common axis, with the bases pairing according to Chargaff's rules. Their model explained experimental X-ray crystallography data and is universally accepted as the structure of DNA.
DNA Structure PowerPoint
1. DNA is made up of deoxyribose, phosphate groups, and four nitrogenous bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine).
2. The bases pair up through hydrogen bonding between complementary base pairs (adenine with thymine, cytosine with guanine).
3. The paired bases and sugar-phosphate backbone form the structure of the DNA double helix, with the bases in the middle and the backbones on the outside.
DNA Structure
DNA contains the instructions for making proteins and is found in all organisms. It has a double helix shape with nucleotides as subunits. Each nucleotide contains a deoxyribose sugar, phosphate, and one of four nitrogenous bases: adenine, thymine, cytosine, or guanine. The bases bond together in a complementary pairing between strands with adenine bonding to thymine and cytosine bonding to guanine. DNA replication involves the DNA unraveling from histone proteins, being unzipped by the helicase enzyme, and then new complimentary nucleotides being attached to each strand by DNA polymerase to produce two new DNA molecules.
DNA structure
DNA controls all chemical processes and determines the structure of cells in living organisms. It is composed of nucleotides that form a double helix structure. Each nucleotide contains a phosphate group, sugar, and nitrogenous base. The four bases—adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine—bind together in specific base pairs to form the rungs of the DNA ladder. Genes are sections of DNA that code for proteins. The unique sequence of bases in a gene determines the specific protein produced. DNA is packaged into chromosomes, which contain DNA coiled around histone proteins and condensed into a compact structure.
A complete PPT on DNA
The discovery of the DNA double helix structure in 1953 by James Watson and Francis Crick was one of the greatest scientific achievements of the 20th century. They were able to determine that DNA consists of two strands coiled around each other to form a double helix. Each strand is made up of a backbone of alternating sugar and phosphate groups with nitrogenous bases protruding from the sugars. The bases on one strand form hydrogen bonds with complementary bases on the other strand. Watson and Crick's double helix model explained how DNA could replicate itself and be stable within organisms. Their discovery fundamentally changed our understanding of genetics and laid the foundation for modern molecular biology and genetic engineering.
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The document discusses the history and structure of DNA. It describes how DNA was discovered to be the genetic material through experiments in the 1800s and 1900s. Key figures like Watson, Crick, Franklin and Chargaff contributed to determining DNA's double helix structure and the rules of base pairing between A-T and G-C. The structure forms a spiral with the bases on the inside and a sugar-phosphate backbone on the outside, held together by hydrogen bonds between the paired bases.
Notes on DNA and DNA structure
DNA is a complex molecule found in all living things that stores and transmits genetic information. It consists of two strands that wrap around each other to form a double helix structure. The sides of the helix are made up of alternating sugar and phosphate groups, while the rungs are composed of pairs of nitrogen bases - adenine pairs with thymine, and cytosine pairs with guanine. This precise base pairing allows DNA to make exact copies of itself during cell replication.
Protein Synthesis
The document summarizes the central dogma of molecular biology and the processes of protein synthesis - transcription and translation. It explains that DNA is transcribed into mRNA in the nucleus, and mRNA is then translated into proteins by ribosomes in the cytoplasm. Transcription involves RNA polymerase copying the DNA code into mRNA. Translation involves tRNAs matching their anticodons to the mRNA codons and adding the corresponding amino acids to form a polypeptide chain. The genetic code is universal and degenerate, with multiple codons coding for each amino acid.
Presentation on DNA structure and Chemical Compositions
DNA is composed of nucleotides that contain nitrogenous bases, deoxyribose sugar, and phosphate groups. The bases adenine and thymine pair together via two hydrogen bonds, while cytosine and guanine pair together via three hydrogen bonds. Watson and Crick discovered that DNA exists as a double helix with two anti-parallel strands coiled around a common axis, with the bases pairing according to Chargaff's rules. Their model explained experimental X-ray crystallography data and is universally accepted as the structure of DNA.
DNA Structure PowerPoint
1. DNA is made up of deoxyribose, phosphate groups, and four nitrogenous bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine).
2. The bases pair up through hydrogen bonding between complementary base pairs (adenine with thymine, cytosine with guanine).
3. The paired bases and sugar-phosphate backbone form the structure of the DNA double helix, with the bases in the middle and the backbones on the outside.
DNA Structure
DNA contains the instructions for making proteins and is found in all organisms. It has a double helix shape with nucleotides as subunits. Each nucleotide contains a deoxyribose sugar, phosphate, and one of four nitrogenous bases: adenine, thymine, cytosine, or guanine. The bases bond together in a complementary pairing between strands with adenine bonding to thymine and cytosine bonding to guanine. DNA replication involves the DNA unraveling from histone proteins, being unzipped by the helicase enzyme, and then new complimentary nucleotides being attached to each strand by DNA polymerase to produce two new DNA molecules.
DNA structure
DNA controls all chemical processes and determines the structure of cells in living organisms. It is composed of nucleotides that form a double helix structure. Each nucleotide contains a phosphate group, sugar, and nitrogenous base. The four bases—adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine—bind together in specific base pairs to form the rungs of the DNA ladder. Genes are sections of DNA that code for proteins. The unique sequence of bases in a gene determines the specific protein produced. DNA is packaged into chromosomes, which contain DNA coiled around histone proteins and condensed into a compact structure.
A complete PPT on DNA
The discovery of the DNA double helix structure in 1953 by James Watson and Francis Crick was one of the greatest scientific achievements of the 20th century. They were able to determine that DNA consists of two strands coiled around each other to form a double helix. Each strand is made up of a backbone of alternating sugar and phosphate groups with nitrogenous bases protruding from the sugars. The bases on one strand form hydrogen bonds with complementary bases on the other strand. Watson and Crick's double helix model explained how DNA could replicate itself and be stable within organisms. Their discovery fundamentally changed our understanding of genetics and laid the foundation for modern molecular biology and genetic engineering.
Structure of DNA
DNA is made up of nucleotides that each contain a sugar, phosphate, and nitrogen base. There are four nitrogen bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine. The order of these bases determines DNA's genetic code. DNA has a double helix structure with two antiparallel strands bonded together via complementary base pairing between adenine and thymine and cytosine and guanine. DNA replication is semi-conservative and relies on this base pairing to produce two new DNA strands from the existing strands.
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James Watson and Francis Crick discovered that DNA has a double helix structure in 1953. DNA contains the genetic instructions that are used to direct the development and function of living organisms. It was shown that DNA is the genetic material that is faithfully copied and passed from parents to offspring. The four bases in DNA are adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine, which bond together in DNA in a specific pairing between bases to form the double helix structure.
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DNA is made up of four nucleotides that form a double helix structure. Watson and Crick discovered that DNA replicates in a semi-conservative manner where each new DNA molecule contains one original and one new strand. DNA replication is highly regulated and involves several enzymes to ensure its accuracy and fidelity. Errors can occur but are typically corrected by DNA repair mechanisms. The information stored in DNA is used to make RNA and proteins through the central dogma of molecular biology which involves two key processes - transcription of DNA to RNA and translation of RNA to protein.
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Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA are the genetic material found in living cells. DNA carries genetic information from one generation to the next and is made up of deoxyribose, phosphate groups, and nitrogenous bases. DNA replication is semi-conservative and produces two identical DNA molecules, each with one old and one new strand. Transcription produces mRNA from a DNA template, and translation reads mRNA to produce proteins according to the central dogma of biology.
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Frederic Miescher first isolated nucleic acid from salmon sperm in 1869 and named it nuclein. Nucleic acids are polymers composed of nucleotides containing phosphate, sugar, and a nitrogenous base. There are two main types of nucleic acid: DNA and RNA. DNA is usually double-stranded and found in the nucleus, storing genetic information. RNA is mainly single-stranded and found in both the nucleus and cytoplasm, and is involved in protein synthesis. The basic components and structures of DNA and RNA were later elucidated, including the double helix structure of DNA described by Watson and Crick in 1953 using data from experiments like Franklin's X-ray photos and Chargaff's rules.
DNA
DNA is found in the nucleus of cells and carries the genetic code for building organisms. It consists of two strands of nucleotides in a double helix structure, with sugars, phosphates, and nitrogen bases pairing up between the strands via hydrogen bonds. Watson and Crick discovered that DNA has a double helix structure in 1953, with nucleotides containing one of four nitrogen bases - adenine, guanine, cytosine, or thymine - that pair specifically between the strands in the sequence A-T and G-C.
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Protein Synthesis
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The document summarizes the structure and function of DNA. It describes that DNA is composed of nucleotides that polymerize via phosphodiester bonds. DNA exists as a double-stranded helix with complementary base pairing between strands via hydrogen bonds. The structure of DNA allows it to direct its own replication by using one strand as a template for the other. Gene expression involves DNA being transcribed into RNA which is then translated into proteins.
Incomplete dominance
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- Substitution/point mutations involve changing one or a few nucleotides, altering a single codon but not changing the reading frame.
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DNA is made up of nucleotides that contain deoxyribose, phosphates, and one of four nitrogenous bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, or thymine. DNA takes the shape of a double helix with the bases on the inside pairing up via hydrogen bonds between adenine and thymine and cytosine and guanine. This structure was discovered in 1953 by Watson and Crick based on Rosalind Franklin's X-ray crystallography photos, though she was not recognized at the time. DNA encodes the instructions for life and has many applications today including cloning, genetic engineering, forensics, and medical diagnosis.
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This document provides an outline and summary of a presentation on DNA replication in prokaryotes. The presentation was assigned by Mam Fatima and involved several participants who discussed:
1) DNA replication in prokaryotes begins at the origin of replication site (oriC) where DnaA protein binds and unwinds the DNA. Bidirectional replication forks are formed.
2) Enzymes such as helicase, primase, DNA polymerase III and ligase are involved in semi-conservative DNA replication. The leading strand replicates continuously while the lagging strand replicates discontinuously in Okazaki fragments.
3) Elongation occurs as DNA polymerases add nucleotides to the growing DNA strands in
DNA
DNA is a polymer formed from linked nucleotides that contains genetic information. Each nucleotide contains a sugar, phosphate, and one of four nitrogen bases (A, T, G, C). Genes are sequences of these bases that encode the production of specific proteins. DNA carries the instructions to make RNA and proteins, which determine traits by their physical effects. In humans, DNA is organized into 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus of each cell.
DNA structure and its basic functions .ppt
The document discusses key concepts in genetics and DNA structure. It defines genes as segments of DNA that carry hereditary information coded in nucleotide sequences. Chromosomes are DNA molecules packaged into structures in cell nuclei that contain genetic material. DNA has a double helix structure formed by pairing of nucleotides containing nitrogenous bases. The base pairing rule dictates that adenine pairs with thymine and guanine pairs with cytosine. Gene sequences on DNA encode unique proteins that determine an organism's traits.
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DNA is made up of nucleotides that each contain a sugar, phosphate, and nitrogen base. There are four nitrogen bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine. The order of these bases determines DNA's genetic code. DNA has a double helix structure with two antiparallel strands bonded together via complementary base pairing between adenine and thymine and cytosine and guanine. DNA replication is semi-conservative and relies on this base pairing to produce two new DNA strands from the existing strands.
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James Watson and Francis Crick discovered that DNA has a double helix structure in 1953. DNA contains the genetic instructions that are used to direct the development and function of living organisms. It was shown that DNA is the genetic material that is faithfully copied and passed from parents to offspring. The four bases in DNA are adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine, which bond together in DNA in a specific pairing between bases to form the double helix structure.
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DNA is made up of four nucleotides that form a double helix structure. Watson and Crick discovered that DNA replicates in a semi-conservative manner where each new DNA molecule contains one original and one new strand. DNA replication is highly regulated and involves several enzymes to ensure its accuracy and fidelity. Errors can occur but are typically corrected by DNA repair mechanisms. The information stored in DNA is used to make RNA and proteins through the central dogma of molecular biology which involves two key processes - transcription of DNA to RNA and translation of RNA to protein.
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Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA are the genetic material found in living cells. DNA carries genetic information from one generation to the next and is made up of deoxyribose, phosphate groups, and nitrogenous bases. DNA replication is semi-conservative and produces two identical DNA molecules, each with one old and one new strand. Transcription produces mRNA from a DNA template, and translation reads mRNA to produce proteins according to the central dogma of biology.
Nucleic acid
Frederic Miescher first isolated nucleic acid from salmon sperm in 1869 and named it nuclein. Nucleic acids are polymers composed of nucleotides containing phosphate, sugar, and a nitrogenous base. There are two main types of nucleic acid: DNA and RNA. DNA is usually double-stranded and found in the nucleus, storing genetic information. RNA is mainly single-stranded and found in both the nucleus and cytoplasm, and is involved in protein synthesis. The basic components and structures of DNA and RNA were later elucidated, including the double helix structure of DNA described by Watson and Crick in 1953 using data from experiments like Franklin's X-ray photos and Chargaff's rules.
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DNA is found in the nucleus of cells and carries the genetic code for building organisms. It consists of two strands of nucleotides in a double helix structure, with sugars, phosphates, and nitrogen bases pairing up between the strands via hydrogen bonds. Watson and Crick discovered that DNA has a double helix structure in 1953, with nucleotides containing one of four nitrogen bases - adenine, guanine, cytosine, or thymine - that pair specifically between the strands in the sequence A-T and G-C.
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The document discusses the nitrogen cycle. It describes how nitrogen exists in the atmosphere but is converted by bacteria and algae into forms that can be used by plants and animals through biological fixation. Lightning and industrial processes also fix nitrogen. Plants take up nitrogen from the soil and animals get nitrogen from eating plants. Nitrogen is returned to the soil through animal waste or decay. Bacteria then convert nitrogen back into forms that can re-enter the atmosphere, completing the cycle. The nitrogen cycle is essential for providing the nutrient needs of all living things.
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Protein synthesis involves two main processes - transcription and translation. In transcription, DNA is read by RNA polymerase to produce mRNA. Transcription includes initiation, elongation, and termination. In translation, ribosomes in the cytoplasm use mRNA to synthesize a polypeptide chain according to the genetic code. Translation occurs through activation, initiation, elongation, and termination. Together, transcription and translation allow the information encoded in genes to be used to direct the synthesis of proteins.
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The document describes two experiments where solids were dissolved in water and the temperature was measured before and after. In the first experiment, dissolving sodium hydroxide caused the temperature to increase, indicating an exothermic reaction where heat is released. In the second experiment, dissolving ammonium chloride caused the temperature to decrease, indicating an endothermic reaction where heat is absorbed. Chemical reactions can be classified as exothermic or endothermic depending on whether heat is released or absorbed during the reaction.
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This document discusses Punnett squares and how they can be used to predict the traits of offspring from genetic crosses. It explains Mendel's work using Punnett squares to determine percentages of traits in offspring from monohybrid and dihybrid crosses. Specifically, it provides examples of Punnett squares showing crosses between parents with different genotypes for traits like eye color to determine the possible offspring genotypes and phenotypes in ratios or percentages.
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The document summarizes the structure and function of DNA. It describes that DNA is composed of nucleotides that polymerize via phosphodiester bonds. DNA exists as a double-stranded helix with complementary base pairing between strands via hydrogen bonds. The structure of DNA allows it to direct its own replication by using one strand as a template for the other. Gene expression involves DNA being transcribed into RNA which is then translated into proteins.
Incomplete dominance
Incomplete dominance is a type of inheritance where neither allele for a trait is dominant. When hybridizing two purebred parents with different alleles, the offspring express a combined intermediate phenotype rather than one or the other parental phenotype. For example, when crossing a red flower with a white flower, the hybrid offspring are pink instead of red or white. A cross between red and blue flowers produces purple offspring rather than red or blue.
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Electron configuration
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Substitution/point mutations and frameshift mutations are similar in that they both alter the genetic code, but they differ in how they alter it:
- Substitution/point mutations involve changing one or a few nucleotides, altering a single codon but not changing the reading frame.
- Frameshift mutations involve inserting or deleting a nucleotide, which shifts the entire reading frame and changes all subsequent codons downstream from the mutation site.
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DNA is made up of nucleotides that contain deoxyribose, phosphates, and one of four nitrogenous bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, or thymine. DNA takes the shape of a double helix with the bases on the inside pairing up via hydrogen bonds between adenine and thymine and cytosine and guanine. This structure was discovered in 1953 by Watson and Crick based on Rosalind Franklin's X-ray crystallography photos, though she was not recognized at the time. DNA encodes the instructions for life and has many applications today including cloning, genetic engineering, forensics, and medical diagnosis.
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This document provides an outline and summary of a presentation on DNA replication in prokaryotes. The presentation was assigned by Mam Fatima and involved several participants who discussed:
1) DNA replication in prokaryotes begins at the origin of replication site (oriC) where DnaA protein binds and unwinds the DNA. Bidirectional replication forks are formed.
2) Enzymes such as helicase, primase, DNA polymerase III and ligase are involved in semi-conservative DNA replication. The leading strand replicates continuously while the lagging strand replicates discontinuously in Okazaki fragments.
3) Elongation occurs as DNA polymerases add nucleotides to the growing DNA strands in
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The nucleus contains DNA which directs the production of proteins through transcription and translation. DNA is copied into messenger RNA (mRNA) during transcription. The mRNA then leaves the nucleus and attaches to ribosomes in the cytoplasm where it is translated into a protein sequence. Transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules match amino acids to the mRNA codons to link them together into proteins.
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The document discusses the genetic control of protein structure and function. It describes how DNA and RNA are made up of nucleotides containing phosphate, sugar, and nitrogenous base groups. DNA exists as two polynucleotide strands held together by complementary base pairing between adenine and thymine or cytosine and guanine. Genes located on DNA code for specific proteins. The structure of DNA was discovered by Watson and Crick in 1953 using X-ray crystallography which showed the double helix structure. DNA replicates semi-conservatively as demonstrated by Meselson-Stahl experiments. Genetic information is passed accurately from parent to offspring cells during replication.
DNA Structure.ppt
DNA consists of a double helix structure made up of nucleotides. Each nucleotide contains a phosphate, pentose sugar, and one of four nitrogenous bases: adenine, thymine, guanine, or cytosine. The bases bond specifically with each other - adenine pairs with thymine and cytosine pairs with guanine. The sequence of these base pairs encodes genetic information.
Genes code for gene products. What does this statement mean Briefly.pdf
Genes code for gene products. What does this statement mean? Briefly describe the structure of
DNA by using the following terms: nucleotide, strand, complementary, deoxyribose, phosphate,
anti-parallel, base pairing, adenine, cytosine. How many DNA molecules are in a chromosome?
How many genes are in an average bacterial chromosome? What is the purpose of DNA
replication? (\"To make more DNA\" would not be a complete answer.) Summarize the process
of DNA replication by using the following terms: replication fork, template, nucleotide, primer,
DNA polymerase, DNA ligase. (Know what each term means.) Summarize the process of RNA
synthesis (transcription) by using the following terms: template, promo RNA polymerase,
rRNA, mRNA, tRNA, terminator. (Know what each term means.) Where are operons found and
what is the advantage of organization of genes within operons? What are some fundamental
differences in organization of genes between prokaryotes and eukaryotes? How do eukaryotes
produce mRNA that they can use for translation? Summarize the process of protein synthesis
(translation) by using the following terms: genetic code, ribosome, mRNA, protein, amino acid,
tRNA, codon, anticodon, start codon, stop codons, polypeptide. (Know what each term means.)
Be able to predict the sequence of a complementary strand in both DNA and RNA synthesis, w
hen the template sequence is given. Be able to use genetic code table to predict amino-acid
sequence of a encoded by a nucleic acid, when the nucleic acid sequence is given. Classify
mutations by type and briefly describe how mutations arise, are prevented or repaired. Explain
why mutations are important by giving at least three different examples. Why do bacteria and
viruses mutate so much faster than eukaryotes? What are some consequences of Briefly explain
(and be able to compare and contrast) three different mechanisms of horizontal gene in bacteria:
transformation, conjugation and transduction. What are some practical implications of these
phenomena?
Solution
3. Genes code for gene products
Gene is a portion of DNA. It is made up of nucleotide sequences. It expresses itself and transfer
from one generation to next generation.
Gene expression means the nucleotide sequence is used for synthesizing a biomolecules-
generally it is protein but it may be RNA molecules. Here gene products are those proteins and
RNAs.
4. Structure of DNA
DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid is the molecule that contains all genetic information of an
organism.
DNA has a double helix shape, which is like a ladder twisted into a spiral. Each spiral is
composed of polynucleotides. Each nucleotide is made up of - deoxyribose, a kind of sugar with
5 carbon atoms; a phosphate group made of phosphorus and oxygen, and nitrogenous base. There
are four types of nucleotide: Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G). Nucleotides
are joined to one another by covalent bonds between the sugar of one nucleotide and the
phosphate of the next, kn.
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Dna Basics
- 1. DNA
- 3. DNA is shaped like a double helix
- 4. DNA is a large polymer formed by linking nucleotides.
- 5. DNA is a large polymer formed by linking nucleotides.
- 7. Nucleotides have 3 parts:
- 8. Nucleotides have 3 parts: 1. Sugar
- 9. Nucleotides have 3 parts: 1. Sugar 2. Phosphate
- 10. Nucleotides have 3 parts: 1. Sugar 2. Phosphate 3. Nitrogen Base
- 11. Nucleotides have 3 parts: 1. Sugar 2. Phosphate 3. Nitrogen Base
- 12. Nitrogen Bases come in 4 amazing flavors (A, T, G, and C)!
- 13. Nitrogen Bases come in 4 amazing flavors (A, T, G, and C)!
- 15. Genetic information is encoded in the sequence of nitrogen bases
- 16. Genetic information is encoded in the sequence of nitrogen bases ATGCTTAAAGCTATA
- 17. Genetic information is encoded in the sequence of nitrogen bases ATGCTTAAAGCTATA TACGAATTTCGATAT
- 18. Genetic information is encoded in the sequence of nitrogen bases ATGCTTAAAGCTATA TACGAATTTCGATAT
- 19. Genetic information is encoded in the sequence of nitrogen bases ATGCTTAAAGCTATA TACGAATTTCGATAT These “coding sequences” are known as genes.
- 21. Each gene codes for the production of a specific protein.
- 22. Each gene codes for the production of a specific protein. DNA
- 23. Each gene codes for the production of a specific protein. DNA
- 24. Each gene codes for the production of a specific protein. DNA Protein
- 25. Each gene codes for the production of a specific protein. DNA Protein Characteristics are the physical expression of the proteins we make!!!
- 26. Each gene codes for the production of a specific protein. DNA Protein Characteristics are the physical expression of the proteins we make!!!
- 27. Each gene codes for the production of a specific protein. DNA Protein trait Characteristics are the physical expression of the proteins we make!!!
- 28. Each DNA molecule in a cell forms a single chromosome. There are 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus of every human body cell.